Ozone therapy

Last updated

Ozone therapy is an alternative medical treatment that introduces ozone or ozonides to the body. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prohibits all medical uses of ozone "in any medical condition for which there is no proof of safety and effectiveness", stating "ozone is a toxic gas with no known useful medical application in specific, adjunctive, or preventive therapy. In order for ozone to be effective as a germicide, it must be present in a concentration far greater than that which can be safely tolerated by man and animals." [1]

Contents

Ozone therapy has been sold as an unproven treatment for various illnesses, including cancer, a practice which has been characterized as "pure quackery". [2] The therapy can cause serious adverse effects, including death. [3]

A man undergoes autohemotherapy, where blood is drawn, exposed to ozone, and reinjected Ozone IV Therapy AMA Skincare.jpg
A man undergoes autohemotherapy, where blood is drawn, exposed to ozone, and reinjected

Proposed uses

Ozone therapy as a dental procedure Ozone for dental application.jpg
Ozone therapy as a dental procedure

Ozone therapy consists of the introduction of ozone into the body via various methods, usually involving its mixture with various gases and liquids before injection, with potential routes including the vagina, rectum, intramuscular (in a muscle), subcutaneously (under the skin), or intravenously (directly into veins). Ozone can also be introduced via autohemotherapy, in which blood is drawn from the patient, exposed to ozone and re-injected into the patient. [4]

This therapy has been proposed as a primary or adjunct therapy for various diseases, including osteoarthritis, [5] [6] [7] herniated disk, [8] chronic wounds, [9] hepatitis B [10] [11] and C, [12] [13] herpes zoster, [14] HIV-AIDS, [15] multiple sclerosis, [16] cancer, heart disease, Alzheimer's dementia, and Lyme disease, though supportive evidence for some of these applications is limited. The American Cancer Society warned in 2010 that evidence for the efficacy of ozone therapy against cancer is inconclusive, and the therapy may be dangerous. [4] For treatment of HIV/AIDS, although ozone deactivates the viral particles outside the body, well-designed studies have shown there is no benefit for living patients. [17]

The United States Food and Drug Administration initially stated in 1976, and reiterated its position in 2006, that when inhaled, ozone is a toxic gas which has no demonstrated safe medical application, though their position statements primarily deal with its potential for causing inflammation and pulmonary edema in the lungs. They also emphasize that for ozone to be effective as a germicide, it must be present at concentrations far greater than can be safely tolerated by humans or other animals. [18] More recent reviews have highlighted that different routes of administration may result in different therapeutic and side-effect profiles, [19] though a statistically robust meta-analysis of available research has not been performed to date.

Some reviews have suggested ozone as a potential treatment for herniated discs [20] and diabetic neuropathy. [21]

There is some controversy about its use by athletes to increase performance despite numerous adverse side effects within the pulmonary and/or skeletal muscle systems. Although its use is not disallowed in and of itself, it can be mixed with banned substances for administration prior to injection. [22]

Safety

Ozone therapy has potentially serious adverse effects, and as of 2012 at least five deaths had been reported due to the therapy's use on people with cancer. [3] From 1975 to 1983 in Germany, research revealed six deaths, four cases of visual disturbance, three cases of paraplegias, four gas embolisms in the pulmonary circuit, two heart attacks, four pulmonary embolisms, two cases of apoplectic paralysis, and two cases of abnormal heart rhythm following ozone therapy. More commonly, pulmonary edema is the most prevalent adverse effect of ozone treatment. In the muscular system, many cases of tendon rupture, osteoarthritis, myositis, synovitis, joint infections, and muscle tears have been documented as results of ozone therapy. In the integumentary system, benign skin discoloration is most common. These all occurred following direct injection of O2/O3 gas: a method now regarded as malpractice by most ozone practitioners. In each case, the clinical picture corresponded either to gas embolism, or allergic shock. The fact that one case of apparent allergic shock followed injection of a very small quantity of gas raises the unknown possibility that other methods of administration might also carry the risk of allergic shock. [23] [24]

Much of the concern related to ozone therapy revolves around the safety of blood ozonation. When inhaled by mammals in high levels, ozone reacts with compounds in tissues lining the lungs and triggers a cascade of pathological effects, including pulmonary edema, however, ozone therapy does not usually involve inhalation of ozone gas. [19] [25] It has been argued that while peroxides (a product of ozone) are naturally generated inside phagocyte cells to kill bacteria, outside the cell they can damage tissue. [26] Proponents suggest that its effects are tissue dependent, though the subject is still debated. [19] [27]

Other serious incidents reported include transmission of hepatitis C. [28]

Ozone-based treatments can be associated with central nervous system toxicity, termed Ozone Induced Encephalopathy (OIE). [29] OIE may include cortical visual impairment, altered mental status, headache, focal neurological deficits, seizures, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting, regardless of the route of administration. OIE should be considered in patients presenting with neurological symptoms in close relation to Ozone Therapy.

Regulation and ethics

The FDA prohibits the medical use of ozone "in any medical condition for which there is no proof of safety and effectiveness", stating that "ozone is a toxic gas with no known useful medical application in specific, adjunctive, or preventive therapy. In order for ozone to be effective as a germicide, it must be present in a concentration far greater than that which can be safely tolerated by man and animals." [1]

Beginning in 1991 the FDA has prosecuted and sent to jail several people presenting themselves as medical doctors and selling ozone therapy products as a medical cure or operating medical clinics using ozone therapy for healing human illness. [30] [31] Arrests following similar activity have been made in other countries as well, including Uganda and Thailand. [32] [33]

Ozone therapy is sold as an expensive alternative cancer treatment in Germany. David Gorski has described the practice as "pure quackery". [2] Proponents of the therapy falsely claim it is a recognized therapy there, but ozone therapy is not approved by the German medical establishment. [26]

In 2009, a panel of experts consulted by Forbes recommended that ozone therapy be included on a "list of the most egregious, dangerous, aggressively marketed health scams." [34]

Ozone therapy was banned in Malaysia in 2017. The Malaysian Health Ministry determined that the treatment could cause serious harm and had no scientific support as a treatment for any condition. [35]

On 7 August 2023, the Brazilian government legalized ozone therapy as a complementary therapy, ignoring a request for veto due to lack of scientific evidence made in an open letter from the Brazilian National Academy of Medicine. [36]

History

In 1856, just 16 years after its discovery, ozone was first used in a health care setting to disinfect operating rooms and sterilize surgical instruments. [37] By the end of the 19th century the use of ozone to disinfect drinking water of bacteria and viruses was well established in mainland Europe. [37] [38]

In 1892 The Lancet published an article describing the administration of ozone for treatment of tuberculosis. [39] During World War I, ozone was tested at Queen Alexandra Military Hospital in London as a possible disinfectant for wounds. The gas was applied directly to wounds for as long as 15 minutes. This resulted in damage to both bacterial cells and human tissue. Other sanitizing techniques, such as irrigation with antiseptics, were found preferable. [40] [41]

Psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich was a proponent of ozone therapy, which was supposed to enhance an imaginary life force he called orgone. In his work on bioenergetic analysis, Reich developed a device utilizing ozonides which "one inserted [in] their testiculars". [42]

See also

Related Research Articles

Alternative medicine is any practice that aims to achieve the healing effects of medicine despite lacking biological plausibility, testability, repeatability or evidence of effectiveness. Unlike modern medicine, which employs the scientific method to test plausible therapies by way of responsible and ethical clinical trials, producing repeatable evidence of either effect or of no effect, alternative therapies reside outside of mainstream medicine and do not originate from using the scientific method, but instead rely on testimonials, anecdotes, religion, tradition, superstition, belief in supernatural "energies", pseudoscience, errors in reasoning, propaganda, fraud, or other unscientific sources. Frequently used terms for relevant practices are New Age medicine, pseudo-medicine, unorthodox medicine, holistic medicine, fringe medicine, and unconventional medicine, with little distinction from quackery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amygdalin</span> Cyanogenic glycoside present in kernels of fruit

Amygdalin is a naturally occurring chemical compound found in many plants, most notably in the seeds (kernels) of apricots, bitter almonds, apples, peaches, cherries and plums, and in the roots of manioc.

Insulin potentiation therapy (IPT) is an unproven alternative cancer treatment using insulin as an adjunct to low-dose chemotherapy. It was promoted by a paper in the controversial and non-peer reviewed journal Medical Hypotheses. It is not an evidence-based cancer treatment, and the costs of IPT are not covered by health insurance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatitis C</span> Human viral infection

Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver; it is a type of viral hepatitis. During the initial infection period, people often have mild or no symptoms. Early symptoms can include fever, dark urine, abdominal pain, and yellow tinged skin. The virus persists in the liver, becoming chronic, in about 70% of those initially infected. Early on, chronic infection typically has no symptoms. Over many years however, it often leads to liver disease and occasionally cirrhosis. In some cases, those with cirrhosis will develop serious complications such as liver failure, liver cancer, or dilated blood vessels in the esophagus and stomach.

Magnetic therapy is a pseudoscientific alternative medicine practice involving the weak static magnetic field produced by a permanent magnet which is placed on the body. It is similar to the alternative medicine practice of electromagnetic therapy, which uses a magnetic field generated by an electrically powered device. Magnet therapy products may include wristbands, jewelry, blankets, and wraps that have magnets incorporated into them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quackery</span> Promotion of fraudulent or ignorant medical practices

Quackery, often synonymous with health fraud, is the promotion of fraudulent or ignorant medical practices. A quack is a "fraudulent or ignorant pretender to medical skill" or "a person who pretends, professionally or publicly, to have skill, knowledge, qualification or credentials they do not possess; a charlatan or snake oil salesman". The term quack is a clipped form of the archaic term quacksalver, from Dutch: kwakzalver a "hawker of salve". In the Middle Ages the term quack meant "shouting". The quacksalvers sold their wares at markets by shouting to gain attention.

Orthomolecular medicine is a form of alternative medicine that aims to maintain human health through nutritional supplementation. The concept builds on the idea of an optimal nutritional environment in the body and suggests that diseases reflect deficiencies in this environment. Treatment for disease, according to this view, involves attempts to correct "imbalances or deficiencies based on individual biochemistry" by use of substances such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, trace elements and fatty acids. The notions behind orthomolecular medicine are not supported by sound medical evidence, and the therapy is not effective for chronic disease prevention; even the validity of calling the orthomolecular approach a form of medicine has been questioned since the 1970s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auriculotherapy</span> Pseudoscientific ear stimulation treatment

Auriculotherapy is a form of alternative medicine based on the idea that the ear is a micro system and an external organ, which reflects the entire body, represented on the auricle, the outer portion of the ear. Conditions affecting the physical, mental or emotional health of the patient are assumed to be treatable by stimulation of the surface of the ear exclusively. Similar mappings are used by several modalities, including the practices of reflexology and iridology. These mappings are not based on or supported by any medical or scientific evidence, and are therefore considered to be pseudoscience.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oxygen therapy</span> Use of oxygen as a medical treatment

Oxygen therapy, also referred to as supplemental oxygen, is the use of oxygen as medical treatment. Supplemental oxygen can also refer to the use of oxygen enriched air at altitude. Acute indications for therapy include hypoxemia, carbon monoxide toxicity and cluster headache. It may also be prophylactically given to maintain blood oxygen levels during the induction of anesthesia. Oxygen therapy is often useful in chronic hypoxemia caused by conditions such as severe COPD or cystic fibrosis. Oxygen can be delivered via nasal cannula, face mask, or endotracheal intubation at normal atmospheric pressure, or in a hyperbaric chamber. It can also be given through bypassing the airway, such as in ECMO therapy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Craniosacral therapy</span> Pseudoscientific alternative medicine technique

Craniosacral therapy (CST) or cranial osteopathy is a form of alternative medicine that uses gentle touch to feel non-existent rhythmic movements of the skull's bones and supposedly adjust the immovable joints of the skull to achieve a therapeutic result. CST is a pseudoscience and its practice has been characterized as quackery. It is based on fundamental misconceptions about the anatomy and physiology of the human skull and is promoted as a cure-all for a variety of health conditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quackwatch</span> American alternative medicine watchdog website

Quackwatch is a United States-based website, self-described as a "network of people" founded by Stephen Barrett, which aims to "combat health-related frauds, myths, fads, fallacies, and misconduct" and to focus on "quackery-related information that is difficult or impossible to get elsewhere". Since 1996 it has operated the alternative medicine watchdog website quackwatch.org, which advises the public on unproven or ineffective alternative medical remedies. The site contains articles and other information criticizing many forms of alternative medicine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Max Gerson</span> American physician

Max Gerson was a German-born American physician who developed the Gerson Therapy, a dietary-based alternative cancer treatment that he claimed could cure cancer and most chronic, degenerative diseases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dasatinib</span> Chemical compound

Dasatinib, sold under the brand name Sprycel among others, is a targeted therapy medication used to treat certain cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Specifically it is used to treat cases that are Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+). It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alternative cancer treatments</span> Alternative or complementary treatments for cancer that have not demonstrated efficacy

Alternative cancer treatment describes any cancer treatment or practice that is not part of the conventional standard of cancer care. These include special diets and exercises, chemicals, herbs, devices, and manual procedures. Most alternative cancer treatments do not have high-quality evidence supporting their use and many have been described as fundamentally pseudoscientific. Concerns have been raised about the safety of some purported treatments and some have been found unsafe in clinical trials. Despite this, many untested and disproven treatments are used around the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Energy medicine</span> Pseudo-scientific alternative medicine

Energy medicine is a branch of alternative medicine based on a pseudo-scientific belief that healers can channel "healing energy" into a patient and effect positive results. The field is defined by shared beliefs and practices relating to mysticism and esotericism in the wider alternative medicine sphere rather than any sort of unified terminology, leading to terms such as energy healing or vibrational medicine being used as synonymous or alternative names. In most cases there is no empirically measurable energy involved: the term refers instead to so-called subtle energy. Practitioners may classify the practice as hands-on, hands-off, and distant where the patient and healer are in different locations. Many schools of energy healing exist using many names: for example, biofield energy healing, spiritual healing, contact healing, distant healing, therapeutic touch, Reiki or Qigong.

Discolysis, also called chemonucleolysis or nucleolysis, is a treatment for a herniated disc that seeks to alleviate associated neurological symptoms through enzymatic or chemical destruction or softening of the nucleus pulposis. The procedure was first reported by Lyman W. Smith in 1964, and used chymopapain. Discolysis using chymopapain is no longer practiced because of the risk of anaphylaxis and of transverse myelitis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radionics</span> Form of alternative medicine

Radionics—also called electromagnetic therapy (EMT) and the Abrams method—is a form of alternative medicine that claims that disease can be diagnosed and treated by applying electromagnetic radiation (EMR), such as radio waves, to the body from an electrically powered device. It is similar to magnet therapy, which also applies EMR to the body but uses a magnet that generates a static electromagnetic field.

Autologous blood therapy, also known as autologous blood injection or autohemotherapy, comprises certain types of hemotherapy using a person's own blood. There are several kinds, the original belonging only to traditional medicine, alternative medicine, and some newer kind of medicine under investigation. The original, unscientific form is "the immediate intramuscular or subcutaneous reinjection of freshly drawn autologous blood". It was used in the early 20th century, when some physicians believed that it had efficacy and a logical mechanism of action; it was abandoned as advancing science made clear that it lacked those.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Low-level laser therapy</span> Treatment using irradiation with light of low power intensity

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), cold laser therapy, photobiomodulation (PBM) or red light therapy is a form of medicine that applies low-level (low-power) lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to the surface of the body. Whereas high-power lasers are used in laser medicine to cut or destroy tissue, it is claimed that application of low-power lasers relieves pain or stimulates and enhances cell function. The effects appear to be limited to a specified set of wavelengths and new research has demonstrated effectiveness at myopia control. Several such devices are cleared by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and research shows potential for treating a range of medical problems including rheumatoid arthritis and oral mucositis.

References

  1. 1 2 Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Sec. 801.415 Maximum acceptable level of ozone (FDA Website, as of 2022-07-18)
  2. 1 2 Gorski, David (24 October 2016). "German alternative cancer clinics: Combining experimental therapeutics with rank quackery and charging big bucks for it". Science-Based Medicine.
  3. 1 2 Cassileth BR, Yarett IR (August 2012). "Cancer quackery: the persistent popularity of useless, irrational 'alternative' treatments". Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.) (Review). 26 (8): 754–8. PMID   22957409.
  4. 1 2 "Oxygen Therapy". American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  5. ↑ Arias‐Vázquez, Pedro Iván; Tovilla‐Zárate, Carlos Alfonso; Hernández‐Díaz, Yazmín; González‐Castro, Thelma Beatriz; Juárez‐Rojop, Isela Esther; López‐Narváez, María Lilia; Bermudez‐Ocaña, Deysi Yadira; Barjau‐Madrígal, Hugo Adrián; Legorreta‐Ramírez, Gabriela (30 May 2019). "Short‐Term Therapeutic Effects of Ozone in the Management of Pain in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Meta‐Analysis". PM&R. 11 (8): 879–887. doi:10.1002/pmrj.12088. PMID   30689297. S2CID   59307186.
  6. ↑ Raeissadat, Seyed Ahmad; Tabibian, Elnaz; Rayegani, Seyed Mansoor; Rahimi-Dehgolan, Shahram; Babaei-Ghazani, Arash (October 2018). "An investigation into the efficacy of intra-articular ozone (O2–O3) injection in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Pain Research. 11: 2537–2550. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S175441 . PMC   6207244 . PMID   30498370.
  7. ↑ Noori-Zadeh, Ali; Bakhtiyari, Salar; Khooz, Roghayeh; Haghani, Karimeh; Darabi, Shahram (1 February 2019). "Intra-articular ozone therapy efficiently attenuates pain in knee osteoarthritic subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 42: 240–247. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.11.023. PMID   30670248. S2CID   58951422.
  8. ↑ Steppan, Jim; Meaders, Thomas; Muto, Mario; Murphy, Kieran J. (1 April 2010). "A Metaanalysis of the Effectiveness and Safety of Ozone Treatments for Herniated Lumbar Discs". Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 21 (4): 534–548. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2009.12.393. PMID   20188591.
  9. ↑ Fitzpatrick, Erin; Holland, Olivia J; Vanderlelie, Jessica J (August 2018). "Ozone therapy for the treatment of chronic wounds: A systematic review". International Wound Journal. 15 (4): 633–644. doi:10.1111/iwj.12907. PMC   7949634 . PMID   29536625. S2CID   3855845.
  10. ↑ Cespedes-Suarez, Javier; Martin-Serrano, Yanisley; Carballosa-Peña, Maria Rosa; Dager-Carballosa, Diana Rosa (15 December 2018). "Response of patients with chronic Hepatitis B in one year of treatment with Major Autohemotherapy". Journal of Ozone Therapy. 2 (3). doi: 10.7203/jo3t.2.3.2018.11459 . hdl: 10550/72124 . S2CID   196554051.
  11. ↑ Jiao, XJ; Peng, X (December 2008). "[Clinilal study of medical ozone therapy in chronic hepatitis B of 20 patients]". Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing du Xue Za Zhi = Zhonghua Shiyan He Linchuang Bingduxue Zazhi = Chinese Journal of Experimental and Clinical Virology. 22 (6): 484–5. PMID   19544653.
  12. ↑ Zaky, Saad; Kamel, Sherif Ebrahiem; Hassan, Magda Shahata; Sallam, Nadia Abdel; Shahata, Mohamad Ahmad; Helal, Shaaban Redwan; Mahmoud, Heba (March 2011). "Preliminary Results of Ozone Therapy as a Possible Treatment for Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C". The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 17 (3): 259–263. doi:10.1089/acm.2010.0016. PMID   21417811.
  13. ↑ Mawsouf, M.N.; Tanbouli, T.T.; Viebahn-Hänsler, R. (November 2012). "Ozone Therapy in Patients with Viral Hepatitis C: Ten Years' Experience". Ozone: Science & Engineering. 34 (6): 451–458. doi:10.1080/01919512.2012.720161. S2CID   96088027.
  14. ↑ Huang, Jian; Xiang, Yaping; Gao, Lihua; Pan, Yizhi; Lu, Jianyun; Huang, Jinhua (28 February 2018). "[Topical ozone therapy: An innovative solution to patients with herpes zoster]". Zhong Nan da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical Sciences. 43 (2): 168–172. doi:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2018.02.011. PMID   29559601.
  15. ↑ Cespedes-Suarez, Javier; Martin-Serrano, Yanisley; Carballosa-Peña, Maria Rosa; Dager-Carballosa, Diana Rosa (15 December 2018). "The immune response behavior in HIV-AIDS patients treated with Ozone therapy for two years". Journal of Ozone Therapy. 2 (3). doi: 10.7203/jo3t.2.3.2018.11458 . S2CID   196563719.
  16. ↑ Delgado-Roche, Livan; Riera-Romo, Mario; Mesta, Fernando; Hernández-Matos, Yanet; Barrios, Juan M.; Martínez-Sánchez, Gregorio; Al-Dalaien, Said M. (September 2017). "Medical ozone promotes Nrf2 phosphorylation reducing oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines in multiple sclerosis patients". European Journal of Pharmacology. 811: 148–154. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.06.017. PMID   28623000.
  17. ↑ Green S (1997). "Oxygenation Therapy: Unproven Treatments for Cancer and AIDS". Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine.
  18. ↑ "Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Vol 8 section 801.415". United States Food & Drug Administration. 1 April 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
  19. 1 2 3 Zanardi I, Borrelli E, Valacchi G, Travagli V, Bocci V (2016). "Ozone: A Multifaceted Molecule with Unexpected Therapeutic Activity". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 23 (4): 304–14. doi:10.2174/0929867323666151221150420. hdl: 11365/998522 . PMID   26687830.
  20. ↑ Steppan J, Meaders T, Muto M, Murphy KJ (April 2010). "A metaanalysis of the effectiveness and safety of ozone treatments for herniated lumbar discs". Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 21 (4): 534–48. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2009.12.393. PMID   20188591.
  21. ↑ Braidy N, Izadi M, Sureda A, Jonaidi-Jafari N, Banki A, Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM (April 2018). "Therapeutic relevance of ozone therapy in degenerative diseases: Focus on diabetes and spinal pain". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 233 (4): 2705–2714. doi:10.1002/jcp.26044. PMID   28594115. S2CID   10266228.
  22. ↑ "Belgian Court Continuing Investigation Of Ozone-therapy Doctor". Cycling News. 9 February 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  23. ↑ Ozon-Therapie, Ozon-Eigenbluttherapie, Sauerstoff-OzonEigenbluttherapie, Oxyontherapie, Hyperbare Ozontherapie: Zusammenfassender Bericht des Arbeitsausschusses "Ärztliche Behandlung" des Bundesausschusses der Ärzte und Krankenkassen [Ozone therapy, Autologous ozone blood therapy, Oxygen-ozone autologous blood therapy, Oxyon therapy, Hyperbaric ozone therapy: Summary report of the "Medical Treatment" Working Committee of the Federal Committee of Doctors and Health Insurance Companies](PDF) (in German). Köln: Geschäftsführung des Arbeitsausschusses "Ärztliche Behandlung" des Bundesausschusses der Ärzte und Krankenkassen. 30 March 2001. pp 17-18.
  24. ↑ Eisenmenger W. Zur Ozontherapie. In: Oepen I, Prokop O, editors. Außenseitermethoden in der Medizin. Ursprünge, Gefahren, Konsequenzen. Darmstadt. Darmstadt: 1986, 195-220. https://core.ac.uk/reader/12167629
  25. ↑ Bocci V, Borrelli E, Travagli V, Zanardi I (July 2009). "The ozone paradox: ozone is a strong oxidant as well as a medical drug". Medicinal Research Reviews. 29 (4): 646–82. doi:10.1002/med.20150. PMID   19260079. S2CID   206250706.
  26. 1 2 Green S (17 June 2001). "Oxygenation therapy: Unproven treatments for Cancer and AIDS". Quackwatch.
  27. ↑ Bocci V, Zanardia I, Valacchi G, Borrelli E, Travagli V (2015). "Validity of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy as Integrated Medication Form in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases". Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders Drug Targets. 15 (2): 127–38. doi:10.2174/1871529x1502151209114642. hdl: 11365/1000206 . PMID   26126818.
  28. ↑ Ernst E (January 2001). "A primer of complementary and alternative medicine commonly used by cancer patients". The Medical Journal of Australia. 174 (2): 88–92. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143161.x. PMID   11245510. S2CID   45055625. [citation requires membership to industry magazine]. This article also reports 5 fatalities, which are included in the 6 fatalities reported by Eisenmenger (1986).
  29. ↑ Haggiag S, Prosperini L, Stasolla A, Gerace C, Tortorella C, Gasperini C (March 2021). "Ozone-induced encephalopathy: A novel iatrogenic entity". Eur J Neurol. 28 (8): 2471–2478. doi:10.1111/ene.14793. PMID   33657263. S2CID   232114612.
  30. ↑ Knotts B (19 October 1990). "Judge Won't Reduce Bail For Ozone Therapy Advocate". The Sentinel Sun. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  31. ↑ Whitlock C (2001). MediScams : how to spot and avoid health care scams, medical frauds, and quackery from the local physician to the major health care providers and drug manufacturers (1st ed.). Los Angeles: Renaissance Books. p. 139. ISBN   9781580631808 . Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  32. ↑ Malaba T, Kiwanuka C (15 December 2008). "Ozone Therapy Lands Kampala Doctor in Trouble". Uganda Radio Network. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  33. ↑ "Woman who sought Thai "Ozone Therapy" dies". The New Zealand Herald. 7 September 2006. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  34. ↑ Detwiler, Jacqueline (5 January 2009). "Most Dangerous Health Scams". Forbes.
  35. ↑ Kannan, Hashini Kavishtri (3 May 2017). "Ozone therapy treatments now banned in Malaysia". New Straits Times. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  36. ↑ "Lula sanciona lei que autoriza ozonioterapia no Brasil; texto diz que tratamento é complementar" [Lula signs law authorizing ozone therapy in Brazil; text states that the treatment is complementary] (in Portuguese). 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  37. 1 2 Chemical Technology Encyclopedia; Barnes & Noble 1968 vol. 1 pp. 82–83
  38. ↑ Suchkov BP (June 1964). "[Study of the ozonization of drinking water containing pathogenic bacteria and viruses]". Gigiena i Sanitariia (in Russian). 29: 22–9. PMID   14235449.
  39. ↑ "The Internal Administration of Ozone in the Treatment of Phthisis". Lancet. 140 (3612): 1180–1181. 1892. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)92422-5.
  40. ↑ Jacewicz N (2017). "A Killer of a Cure". Distillations. 3 (1): 34–37. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  41. ↑ Stoker G (1916). "The Surgical Uses of Ozone". Lancet. 188 (4860): 712. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)31717-8.
  42. ↑ MazzocchI, Alberto. "A Preliminary Study of the Reich Orgone Accumulator Effects on Human Physiology".
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.