Hurricane Carmen was the most intense tropical cyclone of the 1974 Atlantic hurricane season. A destructive storm with widespread impacts,Carmen developed from a tropical wave that emerged from Africa toward the end of August. The disturbance traveled westward,and organized as a tropical depression east of the Lesser Antilles on August 29. The storm moved through the Caribbean Sea,and in an environment conducive to intensification,it quickly strengthened to its initial peak intensity as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. Carmen moved ashore on the Yucatán Peninsula,where,despite striking a sparsely populated region,it caused significant crop damage and killed several people. Before the storm's arrival,officials had set up several evacuation centers,and many residents had moved to higher ground.
The 1957 Atlantic hurricane season featured one of the longest-travelling tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin,Hurricane Carrie. Nevertheless,the season was generally inactive,with eight tropical storms –two of which went unnamed –and three hurricanes,two of which intensified further to attain major hurricane intensity. The season officially began on June 15 and ended on November 15,though the year's first tropical cyclone developed prior to the start of the season on June 8. The final storm dissipated on October 27,well before the official end of the season. The strongest hurricane of the year was Carrie,which reached the equivalent of a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale on two separate occasions in the open Atlantic;Carrie later caused the sinking of the German ship Pamir southwest of the Azores,resulting in 80 deaths.
The 1956 Atlantic hurricane season featured a decent number of tropical cyclones,although most tropical storms and hurricanes affected land. There were twelve tropical storms,a third of which became hurricanes. One of the hurricanes strengthened to the equivalent of a major hurricane,which is a Category 3 or greater on the Saffir–Simpson scale. The strongest hurricane of the season was Betsy,which was also the most damaging storm of the season:it destroyed 15,000 houses and left $40 million in damage in Puerto Rico. Betsy was also the deadliest of the season,having killed 18 people in the French West Indies,two from a shipwreck in the Caribbean Sea,and 16 in Puerto Rico. Tropical Storm Dora struck Mexico in September and killed 27 people.
The 1940 Atlantic hurricane season was a generally average period of tropical cyclogenesis in 1940. Though the season had no official bounds,most tropical cyclone activity occurred during August and September. Throughout the year,fourteen tropical cyclones formed,of which nine reached tropical storm intensity;six were hurricanes. None of the hurricanes reached major hurricane intensity. Tropical cyclones that did not approach populated areas or shipping lanes,especially if they were relatively weak and of short duration,may have remained undetected. Because technologies such as satellite monitoring were not available until the 1960s,historical data on tropical cyclones from this period are often not reliable. As a result of a reanalysis project which analyzed the season in 2012,an additional hurricane was added to HURDAT. The year's first tropical storm formed on May 19 off the northern coast of Hispaniola. At the time,this was a rare occurrence,as only four other tropical disturbances were known to have formed prior during this period;since then,reanalysis of previous seasons has concluded that there were more than four tropical cyclones in May before 1940. The season's final system was a tropical disturbance situated in the Greater Antilles,which dissipated on November 8.
The 1937 Atlantic hurricane season was a below-average hurricane season,featuring eleven tropical storms;of these,four became hurricanes. One hurricane reached major hurricane intensity,equivalent to a Category 3 or higher on the modern Saffir–Simpson scale. The United States Weather Bureau defined the season as officially lasting from June 16 to October 16. Tropical cyclones that did not approach populated areas or shipping lanes,especially if they were relatively weak and of short duration,may have remained undetected. Because technologies such as satellite monitoring were not available until the 1960s,historical data on tropical cyclones from this period are often not reliable. As a result of a reanalysis project which analyzed the season in 2012,a tropical storm and a hurricane were added to the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT). The official intensities and tracks of all storms were also revised by the reanalysis. The year's first storm formed on July 29 in the Gulf of Mexico,and the final system,a hurricane,dissipated over open ocean on October 21.
The 1912 Atlantic hurricane season was an average hurricane season that featured the first recorded November major hurricane. There were eleven tropical cyclones,seven of which became tropical storms;four of those strengthened into hurricanes,and one reached major hurricane intensity. The season's first cyclone developed on April 4,while the final dissipated on November 21. The season's most intense and most devastating tropical cyclone was the final storm,known as the Jamaica hurricane. It produced heavy rainfall on Jamaica,leading to at least 100 fatalities and about $1.5 million (1912 USD) in damage. The storm was also blamed for five deaths in Cuba.
The 1905 Atlantic hurricane season featured five known tropical cyclones,two of which made landfall in the United States. The first system was initially observed near the Windward Islands on September 6. The last system to dissipate,the fourth storm,transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 11,while located well southeast of Newfoundland. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. Between October 5 and October 10,the fourth and fifth system existed simultaneously.
The 1897 Atlantic hurricane season was an inactive season,featuring only six known tropical cyclones,four of which made landfall. There were three hurricanes,none of which strengthened into major hurricanes,which are Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. The first system was initially observed south of Cape Verde on August 31,an unusually late date. The storm was the strongest of the season,peaking as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h). While located well north of the Azores,rough seas by the storm sunk a ship,killing all 45 crewmen. A second storm was first spotted in the Straits of Florida on September 10. It strengthened into a hurricane and tracked northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico,striking Louisiana shortly before dissipating on September 13. This storm caused 29 deaths and $150,000 (1897 USD) in damage.
The 1810s witnessed a series of tumultuous and devastating Atlantic hurricane seasons. These powerful tropical cyclones left a profound impact on the coastal regions and communities of the Americas. In this article,we will delve into the history of the 1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons,exploring their significance,notable storms,and the lessons learned from these natural disasters.
The New Orleans Hurricane of 1915 was an intense Category 4 hurricane that made landfall near Grand Isle,Louisiana,and the most intense tropical cyclone during the 1915 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm formed in late September when it moved westward and peaked in intensity of 145 mph (233 km/h) to weaken slightly by time of landfall on September 29 with recorded wind speeds of 126 mph (203 km/h) as a strong category 3 Hurricane. The hurricane killed 275 people and caused $13 million in damage.
The 1917 Nueva Gerona hurricane was the most intense tropical cyclone to strike the Florida Panhandle until Hurricane Opal in 1995. The eighth tropical cyclone and fourth tropical storm of the season,this system was identified as a tropical storm east of the Lesser Antilles on September 20. After crossing the Lesser Antilles,the system entered the Caribbean Sea and achieved hurricane intensity on September 21. After becoming a Category 2 hurricane,the storm struck the northern coast of Jamaica on September 23. Early on September 25,the cyclone reached Category 4 status and attained maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) soon thereafter. Later that day,the hurricane made landfall in eastern Pinar del Río Province,Cuba. The system entered the Gulf of Mexico shortly thereafter and weakened slightly. Recurving to the northeast,the hurricane briefly threatened Louisiana before turning toward Florida. Early on September 29,the hurricane made landfall near Fort Walton Beach,Florida,with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Once over land,the cyclone rapidly weakened and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone before dissipating on September 30.
The 1852 Atlantic hurricane season was one of only three Atlantic hurricane seasons in which every known tropical cyclone attained hurricane status. Five tropical cyclones were reported during the season,which lasted from late August through the middle of October;these dates fall within the range of most Atlantic tropical cyclone activity,and none of the cyclones coexisted with another. Though there were officially five tropical cyclones in the season,hurricane scholar Michael Chenoweth assessed two of the cyclones as being the same storm. There may have been other unconfirmed tropical cyclones during the season,as meteorologist Christopher Landsea estimated that up to six storms were missed each year from the official database;this estimate was due to small tropical cyclone size,sparse ship reports,and relatively unpopulated coastlines.
Tropical Storm Arlene was a short lived,pre-season tropical storm which made landfall on the central Louisiana coastline on May 30,1959,causing minor damages and one fatality. Arlene,the first named storm of the 1959 Atlantic hurricane season,developed out of a tropical wave which was first noted near the Dominican Republic on May 23. Development of the system was slow before it gained enough convection to be declared Tropical Storm Arlene on May 28. The storm slowly intensified and reached its peak intensity of 60 mph (97 km/h) on May 30. Rapid weakening took place as the storm neared land and Arlene made landfall with winds of 45 mph (72 km/h) later that night. Arlene weakened to what is now classified as a Tropical Depression early the next morning. The system degenerated into a remnant low on the afternoon of May 31 and fully dissipated late on June 2 while located over South Carolina.
The 1909 Grand Isle hurricane was a large and deadly Category 3 hurricane that caused severe damage and killed more than 400 people throughout Cuba and the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Forming out of a tropical disturbance just south of Hispaniola on September 13,1909,the initial depression slowly intensified as it moved west-northwest towards Jamaica. Two days later,the system attained tropical storm intensity and turned northwestward towards Cuba. On September 16,it attained the equivalent of a modern-day Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale and further strengthened to attain winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) before making landfall in Pinar del Río Province,Cuba on September 18. After a briefly weakening over land,the system regained strength over the Gulf of Mexico,with peak winds reaching 120 mph (195 km/h) the following day. After only slightly weakening,the hurricane increased in forward motion and made landfall near Grand Isle,Louisiana on September 21. The system quickly lost strength after moving over land,dissipating the following day over Missouri.
The 1860 Atlantic hurricane season featured three severe hurricanes that struck Louisiana and the Gulf Coast of the United States within a period of seven weeks. The season effectively began on August 8 with the formation of a tropical cyclone in the eastern Gulf of Mexico,and produced seven known tropical storms and hurricanes until the dissipation of the last known system on October 24. Six of the seven storms were strong enough to be considered hurricanes on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale,of which four attained Category 2 status and one attained Category 3 major hurricane strength. The first hurricane was the strongest in both winds and pressure,with peak winds of 125 miles per hour (201 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 950 millibars (28 inHg). Until contemporary reanalysis discovered four previously unknown tropical cyclones that did not affect land,only three hurricanes were known to have existed;all three made landfall in Louisiana,causing severe damage.
The 1863 Atlantic hurricane season featured five landfalling tropical cyclones. In the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies,only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded,so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 has been estimated. There were seven recorded hurricanes and no major hurricanes,which are Category 3 or higher on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale. Of the known 1863 cyclones,seven were first documented in 1995 by JoséFernández-Partagás and Henry Diaz,while the ninth tropical storm was first documented in 2003. These changes were largely adopted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic hurricane reanalysis in their updates to the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT),with some adjustments.
The 1933 Texas tropical storm produced record rainfall in the south-central United States in July of the 1933 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the third storm of the season,developing on July 14 near the Lesser Antilles. While moving westward through the Caribbean Sea,the cyclone passed just south of Jamaica on July 16. The storm dropped heavy rainfall on the island that caused flooding and road washouts. On July 18,the storm struck Belize and later moved across the Yucatán Peninsula. Initially it was believed that the storm continued into Mexico and dissipated while another storm formed to its northeast,but it was discovered in 2012 that the storm followed one continuous track.
The 1926 Louisiana hurricane caused widespread devastation to the United States Gulf Coast,particularly in Louisiana. The third tropical cyclone and hurricane of the 1926 Atlantic hurricane season,it formed from a broad area of low pressure in the central Caribbean Sea on August 20. Moving to the northwest,the storm slowly intensified,reaching tropical storm strength on August 21 and subsequently attaining hurricane strength after passing through the Yucatán Channel. The hurricane steadily intensified as it recurved northwards in the Gulf of Mexico,before reaching peak intensity just prior to landfall near Houma,Louisiana on August 25 with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). After moving inland,the tropical cyclone moved to the west and quickly weakened,before dissipating on August 27.
The 1875 Indianola hurricane brought a devastating and deadly storm surge to the coast of Texas. The third known system of the 1875 Atlantic hurricane season,the storm was first considered a tropical cyclone while located east of the Lesser Antilles on September 8. After passing through the Windward Islands and entering the Caribbean Sea,the cyclone gradually began to move more northwestward and brushed the Tiburon Peninsula of Haiti late on September 12. On the following day,the storm made a few landfalls on the southern coast of Cuba before moving inland over Sancti Spíritus Province. The system emerged into the Gulf of Mexico near Havana and briefly weakened to a tropical storm. Thereafter,the storm slowly re-intensified and gradually turned westward. On September 16,the hurricane peaked as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Later that day,the hurricane made landfall near Indianola,Texas. The storm quickly weakened and turned northeastward,before dissipating over Mississippi on September 18.
