The 2002 California Courts of Appeal election was held November 5, 2002. The judges of the California Courts of Appeal are either approved to remain in their seat or rejected by the voters. All of the judges kept their seats.
| Elections in California |
|---|
 |
The 2002 California Courts of Appeal election was held November 5, 2002. The judges of the California Courts of Appeal are either approved to remain in their seat or rejected by the voters. All of the judges kept their seats.
Final results from the California Secretary of State:
| Presiding Justice James J. Marchiano | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 663,597 | 76.10% | ||||
| No | 209,045 | 23.90% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 615,848 | 41.37% | ||||
| Totals | 1,488,490 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice William D. Stein | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 644,297 | 74.60% | ||||
| No | 219,388 | 25.40% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 624,805 | 41.98% | ||||
| Totals | 1,488,490 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Sandra Margulies | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 683,972 | 77.30% | ||||
| No | 201,261 | 22.70% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 603,257 | 40.53% | ||||
| Totals | 1,488,490 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice J. Anthony Kline | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 654,552 | 75.30% | ||||
| No | 215,546 | 24.70% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 618,392 | 41.54% | ||||
| Totals | 1,488,490 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Presiding Justice William R. McGuiness | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 657,367 | 76.60% | ||||
| No | 201,811 | 23.40% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 629,312 | 42.28% | ||||
| Totals | 1,488,490 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Stuart R. Pollak | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 630,611 | 73.50% | ||||
| No | 228,350 | 26.50% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 629,529 | 42.29% | ||||
| Totals | 1,488,490 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Joanne C. Parrilli | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 682,288 | 78.00% | ||||
| No | 192,741 | 22.00% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 613,461 | 41.21% | ||||
| Totals | 1,488,490 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Presiding Justice Laurence D. Kay | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 639,534 | 74.80% | ||||
| No | 216,448 | 25.20% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 632,508 | 42.49% | ||||
| Totals | 1,488,490 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Patricia K. Sepulveda | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 670,495 | 77.20% | ||||
| No | 198,229 | 22.80% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 619,766 | 41.64% | ||||
| Totals | 1,488,490 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Maria P. Rivera | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 668,285 | 76.70% | ||||
| No | 203,749 | 23.30% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 616,456 | 41.41% | ||||
| Totals | 1,488,490 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Presiding Justice Barbara Jones | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 683,724 | 78.60% | ||||
| No | 187,130 | 21.40% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 617,636 | 41.49% | ||||
| Totals | 1,488,490 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Linda M. Gemello | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 660,764 | 76.50% | ||||
| No | 203,771 | 23.50% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 623,955 | 41.92% | ||||
| Totals | 1,488,490 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Mark Simons | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 633,549 | 74.40% | ||||
| No | 218,008 | 25.60% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 636,933 | 42.79% | ||||
| Totals | 1,488,490 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Miriam A. Vogel | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 948,720 | 72.50% | ||||
| No | 360,511 | 27.50% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 876,117 | 40.09% | ||||
| Totals | 2,185,348 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Robert M. Mallano | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 969,015 | 73.50% | ||||
| No | 349,902 | 26.50% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 866,431 | 39.65% | ||||
| Totals | 2,185,348 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Kathryn Doi Todd | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 927,296 | 71.10% | ||||
| No | 377,215 | 28.90% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 880,837 | 40.31% | ||||
| Totals | 2,185,348 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Judith M. Ashmann | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 942,120 | 72.40% | ||||
| No | 359,563 | 27.60% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 883,665 | 40.44% | ||||
| Totals | 2,185,348 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Presiding Justice Joan Dempsey Klein | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 964,401 | 73.20% | ||||
| No | 354,401 | 26.80% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 866,546 | 39.65% | ||||
| Totals | 2,185,348 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Gary Hastings | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 896,728 | 69.70% | ||||
| No | 390,112 | 30.30% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 898,508 | 41.12% | ||||
| Totals | 2,185,348 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Presiding Justice Paul A. Turner | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 898,572 | 70.00% | ||||
| No | 386,391 | 30.00% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 900,385 | 41.20% | ||||
| Totals | 2,185,348 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Richard M. Mosk | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 903,730 | 69.30% | ||||
| No | 400,434 | 30.70% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 881,184 | 40.32% | ||||
| Totals | 2,185,348 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Presiding Justice Arthur Gilbert | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 947,926 | 73.00% | ||||
| No | 352,187 | 27.00% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 885,235 | 40.51% | ||||
| Totals | 2,185,348 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Steven Z. Perren | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 942,523 | 72.10% | ||||
| No | 365,233 | 27.90% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 877,592 | 40.16% | ||||
| Totals | 2,185,348 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Kenneth R. Yegan | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 889,067 | 69.50% | ||||
| No | 391,366 | 30.50% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 904,915 | 41.41% | ||||
| Totals | 2,185,348 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Presiding Justice Mildred L. Lillie | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 914,505 | 70.40% | ||||
| No | 384,800 | 29.60% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 886,043 | 40.54% | ||||
| Totals | 2,185,348 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Dennis M. Perluss | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 883,033 | 69.20% | ||||
| No | 393,855 | 30.80% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 908,460 | 41.57% | ||||
| Totals | 2,185,348 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Presiding Justice Candace D. Cooper | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 971,476 | 74.70% | ||||
| No | 330,069 | 25.30% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 883,803 | 40.44% | ||||
| Totals | 2,185,348 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Paul Boland | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 918,263 | 71.40% | ||||
| No | 368,592 | 28.60% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 898,493 | 41.11% | ||||
| Totals | 2,185,348 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Paul Boland | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 925,228 | 71.40% | ||||
| No | 371,988 | 28.60% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 888,132 | 40.64% | ||||
| Totals | 2,185,348 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Presiding Justice Arthur G. Scotland | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 450,795 | 73.30% | ||||
| No | 164,524 | 26.70% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 334,856 | 35.24% | ||||
| Totals | 950,175 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Rod Davis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 440,807 | 72.40% | ||||
| No | 168,519 | 27.60% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 340,849 | 35.87% | ||||
| Totals | 950,175 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Vance W. Raye | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 431,224 | 70.80% | ||||
| No | 173,176 | 29.20% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 340,333 | 35.82% | ||||
| Totals | 950,175 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Richard Sims | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 440,339 | 71.90% | ||||
| No | 171,176 | 28.10% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 336,770 | 35.44% | ||||
| Totals | 950,175 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Ronald B. Robie | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 432,611 | 70.70% | ||||
| No | 179,640 | 29.30% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 337,924 | 35.56% | ||||
| Totals | 950,175 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Daniel M. Kolkey | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 427,122 | 70.60% | ||||
| No | 178,008 | 29.40% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 345,045 | 36.31% | ||||
| Totals | 950,175 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice James A. McIntyre | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 883,256 | 73.50% | ||||
| No | 318,664 | 26.50% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 777,896 | 36.31% | ||||
| Totals | 1,979,816 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Terry B. O'Rourke | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 886,952 | 73.10% | ||||
| No | 327,927 | 26.90% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 764,937 | 39.29% | ||||
| Totals | 1,979,816 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Alex C. McDonald | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 883,300 | 73.20% | ||||
| No | 324,320 | 26.80% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 772,196 | 39.00% | ||||
| Totals | 1,979,816 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Judith McConnell | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 886,645 | 72.00% | ||||
| No | 345,814 | 28.00% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 747,357 | 37.75% | ||||
| Totals | 1,979,816 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Gilbert Nares | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 850,934 | 70.30% | ||||
| No | 361,078 | 29.70% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 767,804 | 38.78% | ||||
| Totals | 1,979,816 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Thomas E. Hollenhorst | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 844,544 | 70.40% | ||||
| No | 355,996 | 29.60% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 779,276 | 39.36% | ||||
| Totals | 1,979,816 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice William F. Rylaarsdam | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 823,614 | 69.30% | ||||
| No | 366,015 | 30.70% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 790,187 | 39.91% | ||||
| Totals | 1,979,816 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Eileen C. Moore | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 865,832 | 71.60% | ||||
| No | 343,592 | 28.40% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 770,392 | 38.91% | ||||
| Totals | 1,979,816 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Richard D. Fybel | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 787,686 | 66.60% | ||||
| No | 395,917 | 33.40% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 796,213 | 40.22% | ||||
| Totals | 1,979,816 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Kathleen E. O'Leary | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 886,612 | 72.50% | ||||
| No | 336,530 | 27.50% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 756,674 | 38.22% | ||||
| Totals | 1,979,816 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Richard M. Aronson | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 833,047 | 70.30% | ||||
| No | 353,027 | 29.70% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 793,742 | 40.09% | ||||
| Totals | 1,979,816 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Dennis A. Cornell | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 308,496 | 73.30% | ||||
| No | 112,550 | 26.70% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 156,693 | 27.12% | ||||
| Totals | 577,739 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Nick J. Dibiaso | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 286,755 | 68.20% | ||||
| No | 133,889 | 31.80% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 157,095 | 27.19% | ||||
| Totals | 577,739 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Gene M. Gomes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 298,193 | 69.80% | ||||
| No | 129,231 | 30.20% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 150,315 | 26.02% | ||||
| Totals | 577,739 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Patricia Bamattre-Manoukian | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 243,355 | 76.50% | ||||
| No | 75,117 | 23.50% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 238,741 | 42.85% | ||||
| Totals | 567,213 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice William M. Wunderlich | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 240,027 | 76.70% | ||||
| No | 73,369 | 23.30% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 243,817 | 43.76% | ||||
| Totals | 567,213 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Conrad L. Rushing | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 235,834 | 75.60% | ||||
| No | 76,372 | 24.40% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 245,007 | 43.97% | ||||
| Totals | 567,213 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Eugene M. Premo | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 237,594 | 75.80% | ||||
| No | 76,355 | 24.20% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 243,264 | 43.66% | ||||
| Totals | 567,213 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
| Associate Justice Franklin D. Elia | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote on retention | Votes | % | ||||
| Yes | 235,123 | 75.60% | ||||
| No | 76,138 | 24.40% | ||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 245,952 | 44.14% | ||||
| Totals | 567,213 | 100.00% | ||||
| Voter turnout | % | |||||
The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit is the U.S. federal court of appeals that has appellate jurisdiction over the U.S. district courts in the following federal judicial districts:
The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit is a United States federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the following United States district courts:
The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts:
The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit is the U.S. federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the courts in the following districts:
The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit is one of the thirteen United States Courts of Appeals. It has the smallest geographical jurisdiction of any of the U.S. federal appellate courts, and covers only one district court: the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. It meets at the E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse, near Judiciary Square, Washington, D.C.
The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit is a United States court of appeals that has special appellate jurisdiction over certain types of specialized cases in the U.S. federal court system. It has exclusive appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal cases involving patents, trademarks, government contracts, veterans' benefits, public safety officers' benefits, Federal employees' benefits, and various other categories. Unlike other federal courts, the Federal Circuit has no jurisdiction over cases involving criminal, bankruptcy, immigration, or U.S. state law.
Consuelo María Callahan is a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
The 2006 California Courts of Appeal election was held November 7. The judges of the California Courts of Appeal are either approved to remain in their seat or rejected by the voters. All of the judges kept their seats.
California's state elections were held on November 5, 2002. Necessary primary elections were held on March 5. Up for election were all the seats of the California State Assembly, 20 seats of the California Senate, seven constitutional officers, all the seats of the California Board of Equalization, as well as votes on retention of two Supreme Court justices and various appeals court judges. Seven ballot measures were also up for approval. Municipal offices were also included in the election.
The 1994 California Courts of Appeal election was held November 8, 1994. The judges of the California Courts of Appeal are either approved to remain in their seat or rejected by the voters. All of the judges kept their seats.
James Keith Singleton Jr. is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Alaska.
Percy Anderson is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California.
Ferdinand Francis Fernandez is a Senior United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and a former United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California.
Jacqueline Hong-Ngoc Nguyen is an American lawyer who serves as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. She previously served as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California from 2009 to 2012 and as a California superior court judge from 2002 to 2009.
Lucy Haeran Koh is an American lawyer serving as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Koh previously served as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California from 2010 to 2021. She also served as a California state court judge of the Santa Clara County Superior Court from 2008 to 2010. She is the first Korean American woman to serve on a federal appellate court in the United States.
John Byron Owens is an American judge and lawyer who serves as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Michelle Taryn Friedland is a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Andrew Stephen Oldham is a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and former General Counsel to Texas Governor Greg Abbott.
Daniel Aaron Bress is an American lawyer and jurist who serves as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.