Amanita ceciliae

Last updated

Amanita ceciliae
2009-10-24 Amanita ceciliae group 62030 crop.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Amanitaceae
Genus: Amanita
Species:
A. ceciliae
Binomial name
Amanita ceciliae
(Berk. & Broome) Bas (1984)
Synonyms [1]
  • Agaricus ceciliaeBerk. & Broome (1854)
  • Amanita inaurata Secr. (1833)
  • Amanitopsis ceciliae(Berk. & Broome) (1992)
  • Amanitopsis inaurata(Secr. ex Gillet) (1889)
Amanita ceciliae
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svgFlat cap icon.svg Cap is convex or flat
Free gills icon2.svg Hymenium is free
Volva stipe icon.svg Stipe has a volva
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is white
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Edible.pngMycomorphbox Caution.pngEdibility is edible but not recommended

Amanita ceciliae, commonly called snakeskin grisette, strangulated amanita, and the Cecilia's ringless amanita, [2] is a basidiomycete fungus in the genus Amanita . First described in 1854 by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Christopher Edmund Broome, it was given its current name by Cornelis Bas in 1984. It is characterized by bearing a large fruit body with a brown cap 5–12 cm (2.0–4.7 in) across. The cap has charcoal-grey patches, which are easily removable. The stipe is 7–18 cm (2.8–7.1 in) long, white in colour, and there is no ring on it. It is slightly tapered to the top, and has irregular cottony bands girdling the base. The universal veil is grey. Spores are white, spherical in shape, non-amyloid, and measure 10.2–11.7 micrometres. The mushrooms are considered edible, but field guides typically advise caution in selecting them for consumption, due to risks of confusion with similar toxic species. A. ceciliae is found in woods throughout Europe and North America, where it fruits during summer and autumn.

Contents

Taxonomy and etymology

Amanita ceciliae was first described by Miles Joseph Berkeley, an English cryptogamist and clergyman, and Christopher Edmund Broome, a British mycologist, in 1854. It is placed in the genus Amanita and section Vaginatae. [3] [4] Section Vaginatae consists of mushrooms with special characteristics – such as the absence of a ring, and very few clamp connections at the bases of the basidia. [4]

The name Amanita inaurata, given by Swiss mycologist Louis Secretan in 1833, has also been used for this species. In 1978, the name was declared nomenclaturally incorrect according to the rules of International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. [5] Other synonyms are Agaricus ceciliae, Amanitopsis inaurata and Amanitopsis ceciliae. [1] The present name, Amanita ceciliae, was given by Cornelis Bas, a Dutch mycologist, in 1984. [3] [6]

The species is commonly called "snakeskin grisette". [7] Another common name is "strangulated amanita", referring to the tightly clasping volva. [8] It is also called Cecilia's ringless amanita after Cecilia Berkeley, the wife of M. J. Berkeley. [8] [9] The name was meant "to record the services which have been rendered to Mycology by many excellent illustrations and in other ways". [10]

Description

A collection of Amanita ceciliae showing typical colouration, from mountains in Piacenza. Amanita ceciliae.jpg
A collection of Amanita ceciliae showing typical colouration, from mountains in Piacenza.

Amanita ceciliae is characterized by bearing a large fruit body with a brown cap 5–12 cm (2.0–4.7 in) across. The cap has charcoal-grey patches, which are easily removable. The stipe is 7–18 cm (2.8–7.1 in) long, white in colour, and there is no ring on it. It is slightly tapered to the top, and has irregular cottony bands girdling the base.

The universal veil is grey. Spores are white, spherical in shape, non-amyloid, and measure 10.2–11.7 micrometres.

The cap is 5–12 cm (2.0–4.7 in) across, shape ranging from convex to flat. It is upturned, and has a deep-coloured margin. There is a low umbo. It is grey to a brownish black in colour, darkest in the center and paler towards the margin. Generally smooth, the cap surface is slightly sticky when moist. The cap surface is characterized by having loose, fleecy, charcoal-grey patches of volval remnants scattered across it. The patches are easily removed. The margin is strongly striated. The cap colour may vary, and pale forms are known to exist, for example, as in the types A. c. f. decolora and A. c. var. pallida. A. c. var. royeri, first described by mycologist L. Maire in 2008 and occurring in France, is a cinder black-capped variation. [11] [12]

Gills are free and closely spaced, and white in colour. They can be thick, and are often forked. [13] The stem is 7–18 cm (2.8–7.1 in) long, and 120–200 mm (4.7–7.9 in) x 20–40 mm (0.79–1.57 in) thick. [14] It is lightly stuffed (filled with a cottony tissue) and then hollow, and there is a slight tapering to the top. It is white in colour, with flat grey hairs, often in a zig-zag pattern. It does not bear a ring and has fragile, cottony, brownish or charcoal-coloured oblique girdles of volval remnants around the stem base and lower stem. The volva is white to grey, powdery and delicate. [15] The flesh is white and does not change colour when cut. Although it lacks any distinctive odor, it tastes sweet. [16]

Spores are white in colour, spherical and are not amyloid. They measure 10.2–11.7  µm. [17] A few large-sized spores are commonly found in a mount of gill tissue. Clamps are not found at bases of basidia. [18]

Look-alikes

Amanita sinicoflava (occurring in North America) looks quite similar, but it has a sack-like volva, unlike A. ceciliae. [8] A. antillana , of the Antilles islands, is somewhat the same, but it has ellipsoid spores unlike the spherical ones of A. ceciliae. [19] A. ceciliae is often used as a misnomer for A. borealisorora , which largely occurs in North America. A. borealisorora is a provisional name, and the species has not yet been validly published. [20] The spores of A. ceciliae highly resemble those of A. cinctipes (mainly found in Singapore), though the former has larger spores. [21] The discolouration in the volva of A. colombiana (from Colombia, as its name states) probably shows a relationship between the mushroom and A. ceciliae. [22] A. sorocula is another lookalike. This Colombian and Mesoamerican species is often mistaken for A. ceciliae, as both mushrooms have a volva with a weak structure and greying gills. [23] The notable difference is the strong yellow colour of the cap in immature A. ceciliae mushrooms. A. sorocula is not yet validly published, and currently is a newly accepted name. [18] [24] The Chinese species A. liquii is similar but the yellow-brown, red-brown or green-brown coloured cap of A. ceciliae are much different from the brown-black cap of A. liquii. Also, the volval remnants of A. ceciliae converge at the base to form a ring-like zone, unlike A. liquii. Apart from this, the cellular pigments in the sterile strip around the gills and volval remnants are much darker in colour compared to A. ceciliae. [25] [26]

Edibility

An immature specimen from the southern Appalachian mountains Strangulated Amanita.jpg
An immature specimen from the southern Appalachian mountains

Amanita ceciliae is considered an edible mushroom and used as food, [27] although many field guides recommend to avoid eating it. [9] [17] [28] [29] Others recommend it as a good edible species. [30]

Ecology and habitat

Europe

In Europe, Amanita ceciliae is widespread everywhere, though infrequently encountered. [31] It often inhabits deciduous forests with hornbeam (Carpinus), oak (Quercus), beech (Fagus) and birch (Betula), but it can also rarely occur with conifers: pine (Pinus), fir (Abies), spruce (Picea) and cedar (Cedrus). It has a preference for neutral to calcareous soils. [12]

North America

In North America, it is found mainly in areas east of the Mississippi River, but similar mushrooms also occur in the Pacific Northwest, the Southwest, and Texas. Its range also stretches south into Mexico. [32] They are ecologically mycorrhizal, and habitats include hardwood forests and coniferous forests. The mushroom grows alone, scattered, or in groups during summer and autumn. It is primarily eastern in distribution but also reported in the Pacific Northwest, the Southwest, and Texas (with an apparent association with pecan trees). [33]

Introduced species

Apart from its native area, A. ceciliae has also been reported from Asia. These regions include Japan, [34] Azad Kashmir [35] and Iran. [36] There is speculation that North American collections could possibly be an undescribed species differing from the European A. ceciliae. [15]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Amanita fulva</i> Species of fungus

Amanita fulva, commonly called the tawny grisette or the orange-brown ringless amanita, is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus Amanita. It is found frequently in deciduous and coniferous forests of Europe, and possibly North America.

<i>Amanita gemmata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita gemmata, commonly known as the gemmed amanita or the jonquil amanita, is an agaric mushroom of the family Amanitaceae and genus Amanita. The fruit body has a cap that is a dull to golden shade of yellow, and typically 2.5–12 centimetres in diameter. The cap surface is sticky when moist, and characterized by white warts, which are easily detached. It is initially convex, and flattens out when mature. The flesh is white and does not change colour when cut. The gills are white and closely spaced. The stem is pale yellow, and measures 4–12 cm long by 0.5–1.9 cm thick. The partial veil that covers the young fruit body turns into the ring on the stem at maturity. The spore print is white. It resembles numerous other species.

<i>Amanita cokeri</i> Species of fungus

Amanita cokeri, commonly known as Coker's amanita and solitary lepidella, is a poisonous mushroom in the family Amanitaceae. First described as Lepidella cokeri in 1928, it was transferred to the genus Amanita in 1940.

<i>Amanita brunnescens</i> Species of fungus

Amanita brunnescens, also known as the brown American star-footed amanita or cleft-footed amanita is a native North American mushroom of the large genus Amanita. It differs from A. phalloides by its fragile volva and tendency to bruise brown.

<i>Amanita arocheae</i> Species of fungus

Amanita arocheae, also known as the Latin American death cap, is a mushroom of the large genus Amanita, which occurs in Colombia, Central America and South America. Deadly poisonous, it is a member of section Phalloideae and related to the death cap, A. phalloides.

<i>Amanita ovoidea</i> Species of fungus

The European white egg, bearded amanita or European egg amidella, is a species of fungus of the genus Amanita in the family Amanitaceae. It is a large, white-colored fungus, often tinged with cream. Native to Europe, it is found on plains as well as mountains in the Mediterranean region. It is similar to some deadly poisonous species.

<i>Amanita vaginata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita vaginata, commonly known as the grisette or the grisette amanita, is an edible mushroom in the fungus family Amanitaceae. The cap is gray or brownish, 5 to 10 centimetres in diameter, and has furrows around the edge that duplicate the gill pattern underneath. Unlike many other Amanita mushrooms, A. vaginata lacks a ring on the stem.

<i>Amanita abrupta</i> Species of fungus

Amanita abrupta, commonly known as the American abrupt-bulbed amanita or the American abrupt-bulbed lepidella, is a toxic species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. Named for the characteristic shape of its fruit bodies, this white Amanita has a slender stem, a cap covered with conical white warts, and an "abruptly enlarged" swollen base. This terrestrial species grows in mixed woods in eastern North America and eastern Asia, where it is thought to exist in a mycorrhizal relationship with a variety of both coniferous and deciduous tree species.

<i>Amanita onusta</i> Species of fungus

Amanita onusta, commonly known as the loaded Lepidella, the gunpowder Lepidella or the gunpowder amanita, is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Amanitaceae. It is characterized by its small to medium-sized fruit bodies that have white to pale gray caps crowded with roughly conical, pyramidal, or irregular gray warts. The stipe is whitish-gray with woolly or wart-like veil remnants, and at the base is a spindle- or turnip-shaped base that is rooted somewhat deeply in the soil.

<i>Amanita aestivalis</i> Species of fungus

Amanita aestivalis, commonly known as the white American star-footed amanita, is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Amanitaceae. The cap of the white fruit body is 5 to 8.5 centimetres in diameter. It sits atop a stem that is 8.5 to 16 cm long. The entire fruit body will slowly stain a reddish-brown color in response to bruising. A. aestivalis may be a synonym for A. brunnescens, and may be confused with several other white-bodied amanitas. The fungus is distributed in eastern North America.

<i>Amanita australis</i> Species of fungus

Amanita australis is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It produces small- to medium-sized fruit bodies, with brown caps up to 9 centimetres in diameter covered with pyramidal warts. The gills on the underside of the cap are white, closely crowded together, and free from attachment to the stem. The stem, up to 9 cm long, has a ring and a bulbous base. The mushroom may be confused with another endemic New Zealand species, A. nothofagi, but can be distinguished by differences in microscopic characteristics.

<i>Amanita nothofagi</i> Species of fungus

Amanita nothofagi is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. Endemic to New Zealand, the species was first described by mycologist Greta Stevenson in 1962. The fruit bodies have dark brown caps that are up to 13 cm (5.1 in) in diameter and covered with patches of soft greyish-brown scales or warts. The gills underneath the cap are crowded together, free from attachment to the stem, and white, becoming tinged with yellow in age. The stem of the mushroom is 4–14 cm (1.6–5.5 in) long by 0.5–2.5 cm (0.2–1.0 in) thick, and has a ring. The spore print is white, and individual spores are spherical to ellipsoid, measuring 7.5–9 by 7.5–9 micrometres. The mushroom may be confused with another New Zealand species, A. australis, but can be distinguished by certain characteristics. Amanita nothofagi is a mycorrhizal species, and grows in association with native New Zealand trees such as Southern Beech.

<i>Amanita jacksonii</i> Species of fungus

Amanita jacksonii, also known as Jackson's slender amanita, American Slender Caesar, and Eastern Caesar's Amanita, is a North American species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It is a reddish-orange colored mushroom species which can be identified by its yellow gills, large, white, sacklike volva.

<i>Amanita atkinsoniana</i> Species of fungus

Amanita atkinsoniana, also known as the Atkinson's amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The fruit body is white to brownish, with caps up to 12.5 centimetres in diameter, and stems up to 20 cm long. The surface of the cap is covered with brownish conical warts.

<i>Amanita crocea</i> Species of fungus

Amanita crocea, the saffron ringless amanita, is a species of Amanita widely distributed in Europe. It is not recommended for consumption due to its similarity to poisonous species of the genus.

<i>Amanita albocreata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita albocreata, also called the ringless panther or the ringless panther amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It was discovered in 1944, by William Murrill. It is commonly found in northeastern United States and southeastern Canada and elsewhere in North America. This species, that grows about 5 to 15 centimeters in length, is doubted to be fatally toxic. It normally grows between the rainy months of June and August.

<i>Amanita pachycolea</i> Species of fungus

Amanita pachycolea, commonly known as the western grisette or the Stuntz's great ringless amanita, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Amanitaceae.

<i>Amanita sinicoflava</i> Species of fungus

Amanita sinicoflava, the mandarin yellow ringless amanita, is an edible species of fungus in the large genus Amanita.

Amanita groenlandica is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It has been placed in Amanita sect. Vaginatae.

References

  1. 1 2 "Synonymy: Amanita ceciliae". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
  2. ↑ "Standardized Common Names for Wild Species in Canada". National General Status Working Group. 2020.
  3. 1 2 Jenkins, David T. (1986). Amanita of North America. Eureka: Mad River Press. pp. 74–5. ISBN   0-916422-55-0.
  4. 1 2 Tulloss, R. E. "Section Vaginatae". Amanitaceae.org. Retrieved 2012-10-17.
  5. ↑ Miller, Orson K.; Laursen, Gary A.; Farr, David F. (1982). "Notes on Agaricales from Arctic Tundra in Alaska". Mycologia. 74 (4): 576–91. doi:10.2307/3792745. JSTOR   3792745.
  6. ↑ "Amanita ceciliae". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  7. ↑ "Common names for Snakeskin Grisette (Amanita ceciliae)". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
  8. 1 2 3 Roody, William C. (2003). Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN   0-8131-9039-8.
  9. 1 2 Metzler, Susan; Metzler, Van; Miller Orson K. Jr. (1992). Texas Mushrooms: A Field Guide (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 70. ISBN   0-292-75125-7.
  10. ↑ Berkeley, M. J.; Broome, C. E. (1854). "Notices of British fungi". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 2. 13 (77): 396–7. doi:10.1080/03745485709496362.
  11. ↑ " Amanita ceciliae f. royeri". International Mycological Association. MycoBank. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  12. 1 2 Fraiture, A. (1993). Les Amanitopsis d'Europe (in French). Jardin Botanique Nationale de Belgique. pp. 41–4. ISBN   90-72619-09-9. ISSN   0775-9592. OCLC   29368524.
  13. ↑ Berkeley, M. J.; Broome, C. E. (1854). "XXXV.—Notices of British fungi". Journal of Natural History. Series 2. 13 (77): 396–407. doi:10.1080/03745485709496362.
  14. ↑ Snowarski, Marek. "Amanita ceciliae" (in Polish). Fungi of Poland. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  15. 1 2 Kuo, Michael (March 2006). "Amanita ceciliae". MushroomExpert.Com Web site. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
  16. ↑ Pala, Shauket Ahmed; Wani, Abdul Hamid; Mir, Riyaz Ahmad (2012). "Diversity of macrofungal genus Russula and Amanita in Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern Kashmir Himalayas". Biodiversitas. 13 (2): 65–71. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d130203 . ISSN   2085-4722.
  17. 1 2 Phillips, Roger. "Amanita ceciliae". Rogers Plants Ltd. Archived from the original on 2011-11-07. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
  18. 1 2 Tulloss, Rod E. "Amanita ceciliae (Berk. & Broome) Bas". Amanitaceae.org. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
  19. ↑ Tulloss, R. E. "Amanita antillana". Amanitaceae.org. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  20. ↑ Tulloss, R. E. "Amanita borealisorora". Amanitaceae.org. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  21. ↑ Tulloss, R. E. "Amanita cinctipes". Amanitaceae.org. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  22. ↑ Tulloss, R. E. "Amanita colombiana". Amanitaceae.org. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  23. ↑ Tulloss, R. E.; Ovrebo, C. L.; Halling, R. E. (1992). Studies on Amanita (Amanitaceae) from Andean Colombia. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Vol. 66. New York: New York Botanical Garden. p. 19. ISBN   978-0-89327-371-2.
  24. ↑ Tulloss, R. E. "Amanita sorocula". Amanitaceae.org. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  25. ↑ Yang, Z. L.; Weiß, M.; Oberwinkler, F. (2004). "New species of Amanita from the eastern Himalaya and adjacent regions". Mycologia. 96 (3): 636–46. doi:10.2307/3762180. ISSN   0027-5514. JSTOR   3762180. PMID   21148883.
  26. ↑ Tulloss, R. E. "Amanita liquii". Amanitaceae.org. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  27. ↑ Boa, Eric (2004). Wild Edible Fungi: A Global Overview of Their Use and Importance to People. Rom: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p.  132. ISBN   92-5-105157-7.
  28. ↑ Kibby, Geoffrey (1992). Mushrooms and Other Fungi. New York: Smithmark Publications. p. 87. ISBN   978-0-8317-6970-3. Edible but best avoided.
  29. ↑ Weber, Nancy S.; Smith, Alexander H.; Guravich, Dan (1985). A Field Guide To Southern Mushrooms. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 147. ISBN   978-0-317-13507-7. Reported to be edible, but not recommended.
  30. ↑ Dann, Geoff (2017). Edible mushrooms : a forager's guide to the wild fungi of Britain, Ireland and Europe. Cambridge, England: Green Books. ISBN   9780857843975.
  31. ↑ Courtecuisse, Régis; Duhem, Bernard (1995). Mushrooms & Toadstools of Britain And Europe. London: Harper Collins. pp. 272–3. ISBN   0-00-220025-2.
  32. ↑ Villanueva-Jimenez, Emmanuel; Villegas-Rios, Margarita; Cifuentes-Blanco, Joaquin; León–Avendaño, Hugo (2006). "Diversidad del género Amanita en dos áreas con diferente condición silvícola en Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca, México". Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad (in Spanish). 77 (1): 17–22. ISSN   1870-3453.
  33. ↑ McKnight, Kent H.; McKnight, Vera B. (1998). "Gilled fungi (Agarics)". A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 226. ISBN   0-395-91090-0.
  34. ↑ Neda, Hitoshi; Sato, Hiroki (2008). "List of agaricoid fungi reported from subtropical area of Japan". Nippon Kingakukai Kaiho. 49 (1): 64–90. ISSN   0029-0289.
  35. ↑ Gardezi, S. R. A; Ayub, N.; Khan, S. M. (2002). "Mushrooms of Kashmir III". Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology. 14 (1): 23–31. ISSN   1019-763X.
  36. ↑ Bahram, M; Asef, M. R.; Zarre, Sh.; Abbasi, M.; Reidl, S. (2006). "Addition to the knowledge of Amanita (Agaricales, Pluteaceae) from Iran". Rostaniha. 7 (2): 107–19. ISSN   1608-4306.
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