Amanita silvicola | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Basidiomycota |
Class: | Agaricomycetes |
Order: | Agaricales |
Family: | Amanitaceae |
Genus: | Amanita |
Species: | A. silvicola |
Binomial name | |
Amanita silvicola Kauffman 1925 | |
Amanita silvicola, also known as the Woodland Amanita or Kauffman's Forest Amanita, is a species of Amanita found in coniferous woods the Pacific Northwest and California. [1] [2] [3]
A. silvicola is a small to medium-sized white mushroom, distinguishable from most other white Amanita species by its short stalk. [4] [5] Its cap ranges from 5–12 cm and is pure white, convex to flat, often with an incurved margin. [6] The cap is initially rounded, covered in a "wooly" [3] outer veil that later leaves soft patchy remnants across its surface as it flattens. [1] [7] The stem is patched with volva remains, and is slightly larger at its base. [7] Gills are white, close and crowded, and free, just reaching the stem, or to narrowly adnate. [8] [9] [1] The flesh of A. silvicola does not change colour when bruised or cut, but it's cap may discolour with age. [10] [8]
Amanita silvicola | |
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Gills on hymenium | |
Cap is convex or flat | |
Hymenium is free or adnate | |
Stipe has a volva | |
Spore print is white | |
Ecology is mycorrhizal | |
Edibility is not recommended |
The edibibility of A. Silivicola is uncertain, [11] but, due to its close resemblance to two poisonous mushrooms in the Amanita genus, A. pantherina and A. Smithiana , experimentation with this mushroom is strongly advised against. [6] [7] [12] [13] [14]
The cap of A. silvicola are 5 to 12 cm wide, dry and pure white in color. [1] [8] In advanced age and with decay, the cap may discolour, developing, as observed by Kauffman, "bright rose-colored spots and streaks." [9] Younger fruiting bodies (mushrooms) are covered by a fluffy continuous universal veil, which breaks up irregularly across its slightly sticky surface into soft powdery patches instead of firm warts. [1] [6] [3] [15] The flesh of the cap thins considerably at its margin, which remains incurved into maturity. [9] The gills are white and crowded together and have a free to narrowly adnate attachment, though sometimes reach towards the stipe in a deccurent tooth. [1] [15] The gills are medium broad, 6-7mm, with cottony edges, and in maturity they project below the margin of the cap. [1] [15] A. silvicola spores 8.0-10.0 µm by 4.2-6.0 µm, they are smooth, amyloid, ellipsoid and colourless, leaving a white spore print. [1] [12]
The stem is 50 to 120mm long,12 to 25mm thick and stout, tapering slightly as it reaches the cap. [3] [6] It sometimes has a slight ring on its cap. [7] A. silvicola rarely roots, it has a basal marginate bulb (distinctly separate from the stem) at its base, about 3–4 cm thick with wooly veil remnants on its margin. [12] [16] [17] The flesh of A. silvicola is white and does not change color when cut. [18]
Amanita silvicola is found in the Pacific northwest of North America, California, and more rarely in the Sierra Nevada mountains. The IUCN Red List has assessed it as Least Concern (LC), as the population is stable and "locally common" in the Pacific northwest and California. [2]
A. silvicola is a terrestrial species, it can be found as a solitary mushroom or in small groups in coniferous woods, especially under Western Hemlock. [2] [12] [19] It has a preference for areas of high rainfall. [2]
The species was first described and named by Kauffman in 1925, who had collected the type specimen in Mt. Hood, Oregon on September 30, 1922. [8] [9] [20] [21] The species epithet silvicola is derived from silva, Latin for "wood" or "forest," and -cola, Latin suffix for "dweller of" or "inhabiting," referring to its habitat. [22]
Amanita fulva, commonly called the tawny grisette or the orange-brown ringless amanita, is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus Amanita. It is found frequently in deciduous and coniferous forests of Europe, and possibly North America.
Amanita porphyria, also known as the grey veiled amanita or the porphyry amanita, is a fairly common, inedible mushroom of the genus Amanita found in Europe and North America.
Amanita gemmata, commonly known as the gemmed amanita or the jonquil amanita, is an agaric mushroom of the family Amanitaceae and genus Amanita. The fruit body has a cap that is a dull to golden shade of yellow, and typically 2.5–12 centimetres in diameter. The cap surface is sticky when moist, and characterized by white warts, which are easily detached. It is initially convex, and flattens out when mature. The flesh is white and does not change colour when cut. The gills are white and closely spaced. The stem is pale yellow, and measures 4–12 cm long by 0.5–1.9 cm thick. The partial veil that covers the young fruit body turns into the ring on the stem at maturity. The spore print is white. It resembles numerous other species.
Amanita calyptroderma also known as coccora, coccoli or the Pacific amanita, is a white-spored mushroom that fruits naturally in the Sierra Nevada mountains and coastal forests of the western United States during the fall, winter and spring.
Panaeolus africanus is a little brown mushroom that contains irregular amounts of the hallucinogens psilocybin and psilocin. It has been found in central Africa and southern Sudan.
Panaeolus olivaceus is a widely distributed, seldom identified, little brown mushroom that contains the hallucinogen psilocybin; it is often mistaken for Panaeolus foenisecii and is distinguished by its black spore print and darker gill coloration when mature alongside a slightly thicker stem. It is even more easily mistaken for Panaeolus cinctulus or Panaeolus fimicola and can be distinguished from them both by its slightly roughened spores. It is also easily confused with Panaeolina castaneifolia, a species which has spores that are dark brown and significantly more roughened.
Amanita brunnescens, also known as the brown American star-footed amanita or cleft-footed amanita is a native North American mushroom of the large genus Amanita. It differs from A. phalloides by its fragile volva and tendency to bruise brown.
Agaricus augustus, known commonly as the prince, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Agaricus.
Clitocybe nebularis or Lepista nebularis, commonly known as the clouded agaric, cloudy clitocybe, or cloud funnel, is an abundant gilled fungus which appears both in conifer-dominated forests and broad-leaved woodland in Europe and North America. Appearing in Britain from mid to late autumn, it is edible, but may cause gastrointestinal issues.
Inocybe corydalina var. corydalina, commonly known as the greenflush fibrecap, is a member of the genus Inocybe which is widely distributed in temperate forests. It is a small mycorrhizal mushroom which contains a small amount of the hallucinogen psilocybin.
Agaricus albolutescens, commonly known as the amber-staining agaricus, is a moderate-sized, stocky-statured mushroom with a pleasant odor; it bruises slowly but persistently yellow.
Amanita daucipes is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae of the mushroom order Agaricales. Found exclusively in North America, the mushroom may be recognized in the field by the medium to large white caps with pale orange tints, and the dense covering of pale orange or reddish-brown powdery conical warts on the cap surface. The mushroom also has a characteristic large bulb at the base of its stem with a blunt short rooting base, whose shape is suggestive of the common names carrot-footed lepidella, carrot-foot amanita, or turnip-foot amanita. The mushroom has a strong odor that has been described variously as "sweet and nauseous", or compared to an old ham bone, or soap. Edibility is unknown for the species, but consumption is generally not recommended due its position in the Amanita subgroup Lepidella, which contains some poisonous members.
Cortinarius traganus, also known as the gassy webcap or lilac conifer cortinarius, is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus Cortinarius. The mushrooms are characterized by their lilac color, the rusty-brown gills and spores, and rusty-brown flesh in the stem.
Cortinarius anomalus, also known as the variable webcap, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Cortinarius. It produces a medium-sized mushroom with a grayish-brown cap up to 5 cm (2 in) wide, gray-violet gills and a whitish stem with pale yellow belts below. The mushroom grows solitarily or in scattered groups on the ground in deciduous and coniferous forests. It is found throughout the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere.
Amanita atkinsoniana, also known as the Atkinson's amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The fruit body is white to brownish, with caps up to 12.5 centimetres in diameter, and stems up to 20 cm long. The surface of the cap is covered with brownish conical warts.
Amanita ravenelii, commonly known as the pinecone lepidella, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The whitish fruit bodies are medium to large, with caps up to 17 centimetres wide, and stems up to 25 cm (10 in) long. The cap surface has large warts and the stem has a scaly, bulbous base. The mushrooms have a unique chlorine like odor.
Amanita ceciliae, commonly called snakeskin grisette, strangulated amanita, and the Cecilia's ringless amanita, is a basidiomycete fungus in the genus Amanita. First described in 1854 by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Christopher Edmund Broome, it was given its current name by Cornelis Bas in 1984. It is characterized by bearing a large fruit body with a brown cap 5–12 cm (2.0–4.7 in) across. The cap has charcoal-grey patches, which are easily removable. The stipe is 7–18 cm (2.8–7.1 in) long, white in colour, and there is no ring on it. It is slightly tapered to the top, and has irregular cottony bands girdling the base. The universal veil is grey. Spores are white, spherical in shape, non-amyloid, and measure 10.2–11.7 micrometres. The mushrooms are considered edible, but field guides typically advise caution in selecting them for consumption, due to risks of confusion with similar toxic species. A. ceciliae is found in woods throughout Europe and North America, where it fruits during summer and autumn.
Amanita albocreata, also called the ringless panther or the ringless panther amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It was discovered in 1944, by William Murrill. It is commonly found in the northeastern United States and parts of southeastern Canada. It normally grows between the rainy months of June and August.
Agaricus flavorubens, also known as the yellow American blusher or the yellow American blushing amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae.
Amanita longipes is a small inedible mushroom species of the Amanita genus. It feeds on decaying leaves of some woods and can be found around the Appalachian Mountains. It is a food source for various insects.