Cuneiform | |
---|---|
Range | U+12000..U+123FF (1,024 code points) |
Plane | SMP |
Scripts | Cuneiform |
Major alphabets | Sumerian Akkadian Elamite Hittite Hurrian |
Assigned | 922 code points |
Unused | 102 reserved code points |
Unicode version history | |
5.0 (2006) | 879 (+879) |
7.0 (2014) | 921 (+42) |
8.0 (2015) | 922 (+1) |
Unicode documentation | |
Code chart ∣ Web page | |
Note: [1] [2] |
In Unicode , the Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform script is covered in three blocks in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane (SMP):
The sample glyphs in the chart file published by the Unicode Consortium [3] show the characters in their Classical Sumerian form (Early Dynastic period, mid 3rd millennium BCE). The characters as written during the 2nd and 1st millennia BCE, the era during which the vast majority of cuneiform texts were written, are considered font variants of the same characters.
The final proposal for Unicode encoding of the script was submitted by two cuneiform scholars working with an experienced Unicode proposal writer in June 2004. [4] The base character inventory is derived from the list of Ur III signs compiled by the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative of UCLA based on the inventories of Miguel Civil, Rykle Borger (2003), and Robert Englund. Rather than opting for a direct ordering by glyph shape and complexity, according to the numbering of an existing catalogue, the Unicode order of glyphs was based on the Latin alphabetic order of their 'main' Sumerian transliteration as a practical approximation.
Of the 907 signs listed by Borger (2003), some 200 have no encoding at a single code point. Conversely, a number of combinations considered reducible by Borger were assigned unique code points. These differences are due to the difficulty of establishing what represents a single character in cuneiform, and indeed most of Borger's items not encoded have straightforward etymological decomposition. There are still quite a number of universally recognized signs missing, and criticism has been voiced to the effect that the encoding "disregards an important part of the accumulated knowledge of generations of assyriologists about what actually function as single signs in normal texts, and are reflected in the traditional sign lists, most recently and comprehensively Borger's Mesopotamische Zeichenliste". [5] For example, there are signs written as ligatures of varying constituent signs, such as KURUM7 (Borger 2003 no. 729) that was written IGI.NÍG in early times, but later IGI.ERIM. Since there is no code point for KURUM7, the sign must be expressed as either IGI.NÍG (U+12146 U+1243C, 𒅆𒐼) or IGI.ERIM (U+12146 U+1209F, 𒅆𒂟) depending on the shape of the glyph, in violation[ citation needed ] of the basic principle of Unicode to encode characters, not glyphs. While those signs can in principle still be added by a "Cuneiform Extended" range in the future, as has been done for a number of other scripts ("Latin Extended" etc.), their absence as of Unicode 7.0 means that the standard's usability for the encoding of actual texts is limited.
Rather than opting for an ordering by glyph shape and complexity, the Unicode order of characters is the Latin alphabet order of their "main" Sumerian transliteration (placing signs on Š-, transliterated as SH-, between SAR and SI). In most (but not all) cases, the "etymological" decomposition of originally complex signs ("ligatures") has been chosen, even if the sign's most familiar value is another. For example, U+12066𒁦DAG KISIM5 TIMES LU PLUS MASH2 is better known as AMAŠ, U+12258𒉘NINDA2 TIMES NE is better known as ÁG, and U+1212F𒄯HI TIMES ASH2 is better known as ḪAR or ḪUR.
The following table allows matching of Borger's 1981 and 2003 numbering with Unicode characters [6] The "primary" transliteration column has the glyphs' Sumerian values as given by the official glyph name, slightly modified here for legibility by including traditional assyriological symbols such as "x" rather than "TIMES". The exact Unicode names can be unambiguously recovered by prefixing, "CUNEIFORM [NUMERIC] SIGN", replacing "TIMES" for "x", "PLUS" for "+" and "OVER" for "/", "ASTERISK" for "*", "H" for "Ḫ", "SH" for "Š", and switching to uppercase.
Sign | Code point | "Primary" transliteration | Borger (2003) | Borger (1981) | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
𒀀 | U+12000 | A | 839 | 579 | DU23 |
𒀁 | U+12001 | A x A | 845 | 583 | EDURU |
𒀂 | U+12002 | A x BAD | 840 | 580 | AGAM |
𒀃 | U+12003 | A x GAN2tenû | |||
𒀄 | U+12004 | A x ḪA | 846 | 584; 587 | ZAḪ3 |
𒀅 | U+12005 | A x IGI | 844 | 581 | ÍR |
𒀆 | U+12006 | A x LAGAR gunû | 843 | 582 | |
𒀇 | U+12007 | A x MUŠ | 842 | ||
𒀈 | U+12008 | A x SAG | 841 | 585 | |
𒀉 | U+12009 | A2 | 560 | 334 | ED, ID |
𒀊 | U+1200A | AB | 223 | 128 | ABBA, EŠ3 |
𒀋 | U+1200B | AB x AŠ2 | 227 | 128**,200a | |
𒀌 | U+1200C | AB x DUN3gunû | |||
𒀍 | U+1200D | AB x GAL | 228 | 194 | IRIGAL |
𒀎 | U+1200E | AB x GAN2tenû | 225 | 198 | |
𒀏 | U+1200F | AB x ḪA | 236 | 200 | NINA |
𒀐 | U+12010 | AB x IGI gunû | 229 | 196 | |
𒀑 | U+12011 | AB x IMIN | 237 | ||
𒀒 | U+12012 | AB x LAGAB | 234 | ||
𒀓 | U+12013 | AB x ŠEŠ | 226 | 200c | |
𒀔 | U+12014 | AB x U + U + U | 232 | UNUG | |
𒀕 | U+12015 | AB gunû | ÚNU, URUGAL2 | ||
𒀖 | U+12016 | AB2 | 672 | 420 | LID |
𒀗 | U+12017 | AB2 x BALAG | 676 | 422 | LILIZ |
𒀘 | U+12018 | AB2 x GAN2tenû | 674 | 423 | KIR6 |
𒀙 | U+12019 | AB2 x ME + EN | 679 | 426 | |
𒀚 | U+1201A | AB2 x ŠA3 | 677 | 424 | LIBIŠ |
𒀛 | U+1201B | AB2 x TAK4 | 673 | 420,8 | |
𒀜 | U+1201C | AD | 258 | 145 | ADDA |
𒀝 | U+1201D | AK | 127 | 97 | AG |
𒀞 | U+1201E | AK x ERIN2 | 129 | 98 | ME3 |
𒀟 | U+1201F | AK x ŠITA + GIŠ | 128 | ||
𒀠 | U+12020 | AL | 474 | 298 | |
𒀡 | U+12021 | AL x AL | 478 | ||
𒀢 | U+12022 | AL x DIM2 | 480 | ||
𒀣 | U+12023 | AL x GIŠ | 477 | 301 | |
𒀤 | U+12024 | AL x ḪA | 482 | 305 | |
𒀥 | U+12025 | AL x KAD3 | |||
𒀦 | U+12026 | AL x KI | 481 | 303 | |
𒀧 | U+12027 | AL x ŠE | 348,479 | 205 | IL |
𒀨 | U+12028 | AL x UŠ | 476 | 300 | |
𒀩 | U+12029 | ALAN | 573 | 358 | |
𒀪 | U+1202A | aleph | 635 | 397 | late variant of AḪ; HZL nr. 332 |
𒀫 | U+1202B | AMAR | 695 | 437 | ZUR |
𒀬 | U+1202C | AMAR x ŠE | 696 | 438 | SISKUR |
𒀭 | U+1202D | AN | 010 | 13 | |
𒀮 | U+1202E | AN / AN | |||
𒀯 | U+1202F | AN three times | MUL | ||
𒀰 | U+12030 | AN + NAGA opposing AN + NAGA | |||
𒀱 | U+12031 | AN + NAGA squared | DNAGA, DALḪAMUN | ||
𒀲 | U+12032 | ANŠE | 353 | 208 | "donkey" |
𒀳 | U+12033 | APIN | 090 | 56 | ÀBSIN, ENGAR |
𒀴 | U+12034 | ARAD | 0018 | 50 | NITA2 |
𒀵 | U+12035 | ARAD x KUR | 0019 | 51 | |
𒀶 | U+12036 | ARKAB | 859v | NIG2.IB, ARGAB | |
𒀷 | U+12037 | ASAL2 | |||
𒀸 | U+12038 | AŠ | 001 | 001 | also DIŠ, DILI, DIDLI (plural) |
𒀹 | U+12039 | AŠ ZIDA tenû | 575 | 209 | DIŠ tenû, ĜE23 |
𒀺 | U+1203A | AŠ KABA tenû | 647? | ||
𒀻 | U+1203B | AŠ / AŠ TUG2 / TUG2 TUG2 / TUG2 PAP | |||
𒀼 | U+1203C | AŠ / AŠ / AŠ | 505 | 325* | EŠ16, "THREE", "3" |
𒀽 | U+1203D | AŠ / AŠ / AŠ crossing AŠ / AŠ / AŠ | 649 | 364/5,5-6 | ŠUŠUR2 |
𒀾 | U+1203E | AŠ2 | 548 | 339 | |
𒀿 | U+1203F | AŠGAB | 173 | 6 | |
𒁀 | U+12040 | BA | 014 | 005 | BA.BA.ZA = "porridge" |
𒁁 | U+12041 | BAD | 113 | 69 | BA9, MUD2 |
𒁂 | U+12042 | BAG3 | 78 | ||
𒁃 | U+12043 | BAḪAR2 | 309 | ||
𒁄 | U+12044 | BAL | 005 | 9 | |
𒁅 | U+12045 | BAL / BAL | |||
𒁆 | U+12046 | BALAG | 565 | 352 | DUB2 |
𒁇 | U+12047 | BAR | 121 | 74 | |
𒁈 | U+12048 | BARA2 | 554 | 344 | BARAG |
𒁉 | U+12049 | BI | 358 | 214 | BE2, BIZ, EBIR2, EPIR2, GAŠ, KA8, KAS2, KAṢ2, KAŠ, PE2, PI2, SA18, SIRIS4, SU15, ŠA21, ŠU13 |
𒁊 | U+1204A | BI x A | |||
𒁋 | U+1204B | BI x GAR | 361 | 214c | |
𒁌 | U+1204C | BI x IGI gunû | |||
𒁍 | U+1204D | BU | 580 | 371 | GID2 |
𒁎 | U+1204E | BU / BU AB | 582 | ||
𒁏 | U+1204F | BU / BU UN | |||
𒁐 | U+12050 | BU crossing BU | 581 | ||
𒁑 | U+12051 | BULUG | 169 | 60 | |
𒁒 | U+12052 | BULUG / BULUG | |||
𒁓 | U+12053 | BUR | 559 | 349 | NIG2gunû |
𒁔 | U+12054 | BUR2 | 008 | DU9 | |
𒁕 | U+12055 | DA | 561 | 335 | DU20 |
𒁖 | U+12056 | DAG | 438 | 280 | PAR3 |
𒁗 | U+12057 | DAG KISIM5 x A + MAŠ | 461 | 294b | |
𒁘 | U+12058 | DAG KISIM5 x AMAR | 458 | 288 | |
𒁙 | U+12059 | DAG KISIM5 x BALAG | 457 | ||
𒁚 | U+1205A | DAG KISIM5 x BI | 447 | 288 | |
𒁛 | U+1205B | DAG KISIM5 x GA | 455 | 291 | UBUR |
𒁜 | U+1205C | DAG KISIM5 x GA + MAŠ | |||
𒁝 | U+1205D | DAG KISIM5 x GI | 444 | 284 | |
𒁞 | U+1205E | DAG KISIM5 x GIR2 | 440 | 281a; 294e; 432,1 | KIŠI8 |
𒁟 | U+1205F | DAG KISIM5 x GUD | 452 | 289 | UTUL5 |
𒁠 | U+12060 | DAG KISIM5 x ḪA | 462 | 294d | |
𒁡 | U+12061 | DAG KISIM5 x IR | 450 | UBUR3 | |
𒁢 | U+12062 | DAG KISIM5 x IR + LU | 451 | UBUR4 | |
𒁣 | U+12063 | DAG KISIM5 x KAK | 448 | 294f | |
𒁤 | U+12064 | DAG KISIM5 x LA | 441 | 282 | |
𒁥 | U+12065 | DAG KISIM5 x LU | 459 | UBUR2 | |
𒁦 | U+12066 | DAG KISIM5 x LU + MAŠ2 | 460 | 293; 294 | AMAŠ |
𒁧 | U+12067 | DAG KISIM5 x LUM | 463 | 294a | |
𒁨 | U+12068 | DAG KISIM5 x NE | 446 | 286 | |
𒁩 | U+12069 | DAG KISIM5 x PAP + PAP | |||
𒁪 | U+1206A | DAG KISIM5 x SI | 445 | 285 | |
𒁫 | U+1206B | DAG KISIM5 x TAK4 | 443 | 283 | |
𒁬 | U+1206C | DAG KISIM5 x U2 + GIR2 | 453 | 290 | |
𒁭 | U+1206D | DAG KISIM5 x UŠ | 449 | 287 | UTUA |
𒁮 | U+1206E | DAM | 889 | 557 | |
𒁯 | U+1206F | DAR | 183 | 114 | GUN3, ḪUR gunû, SI gunû |
𒁰 | U+12070 | DARA3 | 166 | 100 | "ibex" |
𒁱 | U+12071 | DARA4 | 817 | 540 | |
𒁲 | U+12072 | DI | 736 | 457 | DE, SA2, SAL2, SI8, SILIM, SILIMA, SIM3, ŚA2, ŠA18, ŠAL5, ŠUB3, ŠUL3, TE10, TI4, ṬE, ṬI |
𒁳 | U+12073 | DIB | 813 | 537 | DAB |
𒁴 | U+12074 | DIM | 167 | 94 | |
𒁵 | U+12075 | DIM x ŠE | 168 | 94 | MUN |
𒁶 | U+12076 | DIM2 | 686 | 440 | DEM2, DIM2, DIN3, GE18, GEM, GEN7, GI18, GIMI, GIM, GIN7 |
𒁷 | U+12077 | DIN | 119 | 465 | DAN5, DEN, DINI, DUN2, GURUN8, KURUN2, TEN2, TIM3, TIN, ṬIN |
𒁸 | U+12078 | DIN KASKAL U gunû DIŠ | |||
𒁹 | U+12079 | DIŠ | 748; 749 | 480 | NIGIDA, "ONE", "1" |
𒁺 | U+1207A | DU | 350 | 206 | ED2, ED3, GUB, RA2, RE6, ŠA4 |
𒁻 | U+1207B | DU / DU | 350 | 206a | LAḪ4, RE7 |
𒁼 | U+1207C | DU gunû | 351 | 201 | GIR6, SUḪUŠ |
𒁽 | U+1207D | DU šešig | 352 | 202 | GIR5, KAŠ4 |
𒁾 | U+1207E | DUB | 242 | 138 | KIŠIB3 |
𒁿 | U+1207F | DUB x EŠ2 | |||
𒂀 | U+12080 | DUB2 | |||
𒂁 | U+12081 | DUG | 499 | 309 | BI x A |
𒂂 | U+12082 | DUGUD | 704 | 445 | |
𒂃 | U+12083 | DUḪ | 298 | 167 | GAB, DU8, TUḪ |
𒂄 | U+12084 | DUN | 744 | 467 | ŠUL |
𒂅 | U+12085 | DUN3 | 836 | 595 | DU5, GÍN, TÙN |
𒂆 | U+12086 | DUN3gunû | |||
𒂇 | U+12087 | DUN3gunûgunû | MIR | ||
𒂈 | U+12088 | DUN4 | 557 | 348 | DUL4, UR gunû šešig, MIR šešig |
𒂉 | U+12089 | DUR2 | 808 | DURU2, DURUN, TUKUL, TUŠ | |
𒂊 | U+1208A | E | 498 | 308 | |
𒂋 | U+1208B | E x PAP | |||
𒂌 | U+1208C | E / E NUN / NUN | |||
𒂍 | U+1208D | E2 | 495 | 324 | |
𒂎 | U+1208E | E2 x A + ḪA + DA | |||
𒂏 | U+1208F | E2 x GAR | |||
𒂐 | U+12090 | E2 x MI | |||
𒂑 | U+12091 | E2 x SAL | |||
𒂒 | U+12092 | E2 x ŠE | |||
𒂓 | U+12093 | E2 x U | |||
𒂔 | U+12094 | EDIN, E2 + DIM x EŠ | 300 | 170 | EDEN |
𒂕 | U+12095 | EGIR | 356 | 209 | |
𒂖 | U+12096 | EL | 899 | 564 | SIKIL |
𒂗 | U+12097 | EN | 164 | 99 | |
𒂘 | U+12098 | EN x GAN2 | 165 | 54 | BURU14 |
𒂙 | U+12099 | EN x GAN2tenû | |||
𒂚 | U+1209A | EN x ME | 164lig2 | ||
𒂛 | U+1209B | EN crossing EN | |||
𒂜 | U+1209C | EN opposing EN | |||
𒂝 | U+1209D | EN squared | |||
𒂞 | U+1209E | EREN | 818 | 541 | |
𒂟 | U+1209F | ERIN2 | 612; 613 | 393 | ERIM, ZALAG2; PIRIG |
𒂠 | U+120A0 | EŠ2 | 810; 811 | 536 | ŠE3, GI7, ĜIR15, ZI3, HUĜ |
𒂡 | U+120A1 | EZEN | 271 | 152 | IZIN, KEŠDA |
𒂢 | U+120A2 | EZEN x A | 288 | ||
𒂣 | U+120A3 | EZEN x A + LAL | 289 | 159 | SIL7 |
𒂤 | U+120A4 | EZEN x A + LAL x LAL | 290 | 160 | ASILAL4 |
𒂥 | U+120A5 | EZEN x AN | |||
𒂦 | U+120A6 | EZEN x BAD | 275 | 152 | UG5, UN3, BAD3 |
𒂧 | U+120A7 | EZEN x DUN3gunû | 287 | 162 | |
𒂨 | U+120A8 | EZEN x DUN3gunûgunû | |||
𒂩 | U+120A9 | EZEN x ḪA | 291 | 161 | |
𒂪 | U+120AA | EZEN x ḪA gunû | |||
𒂫 | U+120AB | EZEN x IGI gunû | |||
𒂬 | U+120AC | EZEN x KASKAL | 277 | ||
𒂭 | U+120AD | EZEN x KASKAL squared | |||
𒂮 | U+120AE | EZEN x KU3 | 284 | 152 | |
𒂯 | U+120AF | EZEN x LA | 274 | 152 | |
𒂰 | U+120B0 | EZEN x LAL x LAL | |||
𒂱 | U+120B1 | EZEN x LI | 273 | 153 | |
𒂲 | U+120B2 | EZEN x LU | 286 | 157 | |
𒂳 | U+120B3 | EZEN x U2 | 279 | ||
𒂴 | U+120B4 | EZEN x UD | 283 | ||
𒂵 | U+120B5 | GA | 491 | 319 | |
𒂶 | U+120B6 | GA gunû | 492 | ||
𒂷 | U+120B7 | GA2 | 387 | 233 | |
𒂸 | U+120B8 | GA2 x A + DA + ḪA | 428 | 273 | |
𒂹 | U+120B9 | GA2 x A + ḪA | |||
𒂺 | U+120BA | GA2 x A + IGI | 429 | 274 | |
𒂻 | U+120BB | GA2 x AB2tenû + TAB | 423? | ||
𒂼 | U+120BC | GA2 x AN | 392 | 237 | AMA |
𒂽 | U+120BD | GA2 x AŠ | 389 | 234 | |
𒂾 | U+120BE | GA2 x AŠ2 + GAL | 414 | 258 | |
𒂿 | U+120BF | GA2 x BAD | 395 | 242 | |
𒃀 | U+120C0 | GA2 x BAR + RA | |||
𒃁 | U+120C1 | GA2 x BUR | |||
𒃂 | U+120C2 | GA2 x BUR + RA | 415 | 259 | |
𒃃 | U+120C3 | GA2 x DA | 416 | 416 | |
𒃄 | U+120C4 | GA2 x DI | 425 | 268 | |
𒃅 | U+120C5 | GA2 x DIM x ŠE | 401 | 206 | |
𒃆 | U+120C6 | GA2 x DUB | 403 | 250 | |
𒃇 | U+120C7 | GA2 x EL | |||
𒃈 | U+120C8 | GA2 x EL + LA | 433 | 272 | |
𒃉 | U+120C9 | GA2 x EN | 399 | 247 | |
𒃊 | U+120CA | GA2 x EN x GAN2tenû | 400 | 239 | GA2 x BURU14 |
𒃋 | U+120CB | GA2 x GAN2tenû | 402 | 248 | |
𒃌 | U+120CC | GA2 x GAR | 431 | 278 | GALGA |
𒃍 | U+120CD | GA2 x GI | 396 | 243 | |
𒃎 | U+120CE | GA2 x GI4 | 412 | 256 | |
𒃏 | U+120CF | GA2 x GI4 + A | |||
𒃐 | ∂∂ U+120D0 | GA2 x GIR2 + SU | 391 | 236 | |
𒃑 | U+120D1 | GA2 x ḪA + LU + EŠ2 | 430 | 277 | |
𒃒 | U+120D2 | GA2 x ḪAL | |||
𒃓 | U+120D3 | GA2 x ḪAL + LA | 390 | 235 | |
𒃔 | U+120D4 | GA2 x ḪI + LI | 421 | 263 | |
𒃕 | U+120D5 | GA2 x ḪUB2 | 398 | ||
𒃖 | U+120D6 | GA2 x IGI gunû | 417 | 260 | |
𒃗 | U+120D7 | GA2 x IŠ + ḪU + AŠ | 406 | 250i | |
𒃘 | U+120D8 | GA2 x KAK | 407 | 251 | |
𒃙 | U+120D9 | GA2 x KASKAL | 405 | 250d | |
𒃚 | U+120DA | GA2 x KID | 394 | 241 | |
𒃛 | U+120DB | GA2 x KID + LAL | 409 | 251 | |
𒃜 | U+120DC | GA2 x KU3 + AN | 426 | 269 | |
𒃝 | U+120DD | GA2 x LA | |||
𒃞 | U+120DE | GA2 x ME + EN | 427 | 270 | MEN |
𒃟 | U+120DF | GA2 x MI | 424 | 265 | ITIMA |
𒃠 | U+120E0 | GA2 x NUN | 397 | 244 | GANUN |
𒃡 | U+120E1 | GA2 x NUN / NUN | 411 | 255 | UR3 |
𒃢 | U+120E2 | GA2 x PA | 408 | 252; 257 | GAZI, SILA4 |
𒃣 | U+120E3 | GA2 x SAL | 432 | 271 | ARḪUŠ |
𒃤 | U+120E4 | GA2 x SAR | 413 | 250b | |
𒃥 | U+120E5 | GA2 x ŠE | 418 | 261 | ESAG2 |
𒃦 | U+120E6 | GA2 x ŠE + TUR | 419 | 261a; 272a | |
𒃧 | U+120E7 | GA2 x ŠID | 410 | 252 | |
𒃨 | U+120E8 | GA2 x SUM | 404 | 250c | |
𒃩 | U+120E9 | GA2 x TAK4 | 394 | ||
𒃪 | U+120EA | GA2 x U | 422 | 264 | |
𒃫 | U+120EB | GA2 x UD | 420 | 262 | |
𒃬 | U+120EC | GA2 x UD + DU | |||
𒃭 | U+120ED | GA2 / GA2 | |||
𒃮 | U+120EE | GABA | 167 | ||
𒃯 | U+120EF | GABA crossing GABA | |||
𒃰 | U+120F0 | GAD | 157 | 90 | |
𒃱 | U+120F1 | GAD / GAD GAR / GAR | |||
𒃲 | U+120F2 | GAL | 553 | 343 | |
𒃳 | U+120F3 | GAL GAD / GAD GAR / GAR | |||
𒃴 | U+120F4 | GALAM | 338 | 176k | SUKUD |
𒃵 | U+120F5 | GAM | 576 | 362 | |
𒃶 | U+120F6 | GAN | 253 | 143 | KAN, ḪE2, SAG7 |
𒃷 | U+120F7 | GAN2 | 174 | 105I | |
𒃸 | U+120F8 | GAN2tenû | 175 | 105 | KAR2, ŠE3tenû |
𒃹 | U+120F9 | GAN2 / GAN2 | 174v | ||
𒃺 | U+120FA | GAN2 crossing GAN2 | 174v | ||
𒃻 | U+120FB | GAR | 859 | 597 | NINDA, NIG2, ĜAR |
𒃼 | U+120FC | GAR3 | 543 | 333 | |
𒃽 | U+120FD | GAŠAN | 562; 563 | 350 | U gunû |
𒃾 | U+120FE | GEŠTIN | 212 | 210 | |
𒃿 | U+120FF | GEŠTIN x KUR | 213 | ||
𒄀 | U+12100 | GI | 141 | 85 | GE, GIN7 |
𒄁 | U+12101 | GI x E | |||
𒄂 | U+12102 | GI x U | |||
𒄃 | U+12103 | GI crossing GI | 105 | 67 | GI16, GILIM |
𒄄 | U+12104 | GI4 | 507 | 326 | GE4 |
𒄅 | U+12105 | GI4 / GI4 | 508 | 326a | GIGI |
𒄆 | U+12106 | GI4 crossing GI4 | 508 | 326a | GIGI |
𒄇 | U+12107 | GIDIM | 830 | 576 | |
𒄈 | U+12108 | GIR2 | 006 | 10 | ĜIRI2 |
𒄉 | U+12109 | GIR2gunû | 007 | 10 | |
𒄊 | U+1210A | GIR3 | 701 | 444 | PIRIĜ, ĜIRI3, GIRI3 |
𒄋 | U+1210B | GIR3 x A + IGI | 703 | 421; 579,396 | |
𒄌 | U+1210C | GIR3 x GAN2tenû | 675 | 423 | GIRI16 |
𒄍 | U+1210D | GIR3 x IGI | |||
𒄎 | U+1210E | GIR3 x LU + IGI | 702 | 537,129 | |
𒄏 | U+1210F | GIR3 x PA | |||
𒄐 | U+12110 | GISAL | 376 | 226 | |
𒄑 | U+12111 | GIŠ | 469 | 296 | ĜEŠ, SAG3 |
𒄒 | U+12112 | GIŠ crossing GIŠ | 469v | ||
𒄓 | U+12113 | GIŠ x BAD | 471 | ||
𒄔 | U+12114 | GIŠ x TAK4 | |||
𒄕 | U+12115 | GIŠ tenû | 470 | 296 | GUR17 |
𒄖 | U+12116 | GU | 891 | 559 | |
𒄗 | U+12117 | GU crossing GU | 892 | 569 | SÙḪ |
𒄘 | U+12118 | GU2 | 176 | 106 | |
𒄙 | U+12119 | GU2 x KAK | 178 | DUR | |
𒄚 | U+1211A | GU2 x KAK x IGI gunû | |||
𒄛 | U+1211B | GU2 x NUN | |||
𒄜 | U+1211C | GU2 x SAL + TUG2 | |||
𒄝 | U+1211D | GU2gunû | 509 | 327 | USAN2 |
𒄞 | U+1211E | GUD | 472 | 297 | GU4 "cow" |
𒄟 | U+1211F | GUD x A + KUR | |||
𒄠 | U+12120 | GUD x KUR | 309 | 170 | ADAR2, AM, AMA2, ILDAG3 |
𒄡 | U+12121 | GUD / GUD LUGAL | 572 | 357 | BIŠEBA3 |
𒄢 | U+12122 | GUL | 682 | 429 | SUN2 |
𒄣 | U+12123 | GUM | 339 | 191 | KUM |
𒄤 | U+12124 | GUM x ŠE | 340 | 192 | GAZ, GAS |
𒄥 | U+12125 | GUR | 180 | 111 | |
𒄦 | U+12126 | GUR7 | 819 | 542 | |
𒄧 | U+12127 | GURUN | 503 | 310 | |
𒄨 | U+12128 | GURUŠ | 322 | ||
𒄩 | U+12129 | ḪA | 856 | 589 | KU6 |
𒄪 | U+1212A | ḪA tenû | 857 | 590 | ZUBUD |
𒄫 | U+1212B | ḪA gunû | 558 | 346 | GIR, PE |
𒄬 | U+1212C | ḪAL | 003 | 002 | = AŠ.AŠ |
𒄭 | U+1212D | ḪI | 631 | 396 | DU10, DUG3, DUB3 |
𒄮 | U+1212E | ḪI x AŠ | 634 | 405 | SUR3 |
𒄯 CVC | U+1212F | ḪI x AŠ2 | 644 | 401 | ḪAR, ḪUR, HAR |
𒄰 | U+12130 | ḪI x BAD | 640; 595 | 406 | DU15, KAM |
𒄱 | U+12131 | ḪI x DIŠ | 659 | 409e | ŠÁR x DIŠ |
𒄲 | U+12132 | ḪI x GAD | 650 | 407 | ŠÁR x GAD |
𒄳 | U+12133 | ḪI x KIN | 660 | 410 | |
𒄴 | U+12134 | ḪI x NUN | 636 | 398 | AḪ, IḪ, UḪ, AH |
𒄵 | U+12135 | ḪI x ŠE | 643 | 400 | BIR |
𒄶 | U+12136 | ḪI x U | 653; 688 | 409 | ŠÁR x U; DÚBUR |
𒄷 | U+12137 | ḪU | 132 | 78 | |
𒄸 | U+12138 | ḪUB2 | 149 | 88 | TU11, TUN2 |
𒄹 | U+12139 | ḪUB2 x AN | |||
𒄺 | U+1213A | ḪUB2 x ḪAL | |||
𒄻 | U+1213B | ḪUB2 x KASKAL | |||
𒄼 | U+1213C | ḪUB2 x LIŠ | |||
𒄽 | U+1213D | ḪUB2 x UD | 150 | TU10 | |
𒄾 | U+1213E | ḪUL2 | 877 | 550 | HUL2 |
𒄿 | U+1213F | I | 252 | 142 | |
𒅀 | U+12140 | I A | |||
𒅁 | U+12141 | IB | 807 | 535 | |
𒅂 | U+12142 | IDIM | |||
𒅃 | U+12143 | IDIM / IDIM BUR | |||
𒅄 | U+12144 | IDIM / IDIM squared | |||
𒅅 | U+12145 | IG | 136 | 80 | IK, ĜAL2, GAL2 |
𒅆 | U+12146 | IGI | 724 | 449 | ŠI, LIM, GI8 |
𒅇 | U+12147 | IGI DIB | 731 | 455 | U3 |
𒅈 | U+12148 | IGI RI | 726 | 451 | AR |
𒅉 | U+12149 | IGI / IGI ŠIR / ŠIR UD / UD | |||
𒅊 | U+1214A | IGI gunû | 564 | 351 | SIG7 |
𒅋 | U+1214B | IL | 348 | 205 | |
𒅌 | U+1214C | IL x GAN2tenû | 349 | ||
𒅍 | U+1214D | IL2 | 493 | 320 | |
𒅎 | U+1214E | IM | 641 | 399 | EM, TUM9, tumu, TU15 |
𒅏 | U+1214F | IM x TAK4 | 642 | 399,51 | |
𒅐 | U+12150 | IM crossing IM | 641v | 399* | DALHAMUN6, MERMER3 |
𒅑 | U+12151 | IM opposing IM | 641v | ||
𒅒 | U+12152 | IM squared | 641v | 399** | |
𒅓 | U+12153 | IMIN | 863 | 598c | "7", "SEVEN" |
𒅔 | U+12154 | IN | 261 | 148 | |
𒅕 | U+12155 | IR | 437 | 232 | GAG gunû, ER |
𒅖 | U+12156 | IŠ | 357 | 212 | |
𒅗 | U+12157 | KA | 024 | 15 | INIM "word", GU3, ZU2, DUG4, DU11, KIR4, GIRI17 |
𒅘 | U+12158 | KA x A | 064 | 35 | NAĜ |
𒅙 | U+12159 | KA x AD | |||
𒅚 | U+1215A | KA x AD + KU3 | 034 | 20 | |
𒅛 | U+1215B | KA x AŠ2 | 046 | ||
𒅜 | U+1215C | KA x BAD | UŠ11 | ||
𒅝 | U+1215D | KA x BALAG | 047 | ||
𒅞 | U+1215E | KA x BAR | 030 | ||
𒅟 | U+1215F | KA x BI | |||
𒅠 | U+12160 | KA x ERIN2 | 053 | 29* | |
𒅡 | U+12161 | KA x EŠ2 | |||
𒅢 | U+12162 | KA x GA | 044 | ||
𒅣 | U+12163 | KA x GAL | |||
𒅤 | U+12164 | KA x GAN2tenû | 033 | 19 | PU3 |
𒅥 | U+12165 | KA x GAR | 065 | GU7 | |
𒅦 | U+12166 | KA x GAR + ŠA3 + A | 066 | ||
𒅧 | U+12167 | KA x GI | |||
𒅨 | U+12168 | KA x GIR2 | 025 | ||
𒅩 | U+12169 | KA x GIŠ + SAR | |||
𒅪 | U+1216A | KA x GIŠ crossing GIŠ | |||
𒅫 | U+1216B | KA x GU | 069 | 34 | |
𒅬 | U+1216C | KA x GUR7 | 063 | ||
𒅭 | U+1216D | KA x IGI | 059 | ||
𒅮 | U+1216E | KA x IM | 054 | 30 | BUN2 |
𒅯 | U+1216F | KA x KAK | 038 | ||
𒅰 | U+12170 | KA x KI | 060 | ||
𒅱 | U+12171 | KA x KID | |||
𒅲 | U+12172 | KA x LI | 026 | 16 | |
𒅳 | U+12173 | KA x LU | |||
𒅴 | U+12174 | KA x ME | 061 | 32 | EME |
𒅵 | U+12175 | KA x ME + DU | |||
𒅶 | U+12176 | KA x ME + GI | |||
𒅷 | U+12177 | KA x ME + TE | |||
𒅸 | U+12178 | KA x MI | 057 | ||
𒅹 | U+12179 | KA x MI + NUNUZ | |||
𒅺 | U+1217A | KA x NE | 035 | ||
𒅻 | U+1217B | KA x NUN | 031 | 18 | NUNDUM |
𒅼 | U+1217C | KA x PI | 052 | ||
𒅽 | U+1217D | KA x RU | 028 | ||
𒅾 | U+1217E | KA x SA | 032 | 18* | SU6 |
𒅿 | U+1217F | KA x SAR | 045 | MU11 | |
𒆀 | U+12180 | KA x ŠA | 048 | ||
𒆁 | U+12181 | KA x ŠE | 050 | ||
𒆂 | U+12182 | KA x ŠID | 042 | ||
𒆃 | U+12183 | KA x ŠU | 049 033 | 19 26 | ŠÚDU, PÚ |
𒆄 | U+12184 | KA x SIG | 068 | ||
𒆅 | U+12185 | KA x SUḪUR | |||
𒆆 | U+12186 | KA x TAR | |||
𒆇 | U+12187 | KA x U | 056 | ||
𒆈 | U+12188 | KA x U2 | 043 | ||
𒆉 | U+12189 | KA x UD | 051 | ||
𒆊 | U+1218A | KA x UMUM x PA | |||
𒆋 | U+1218B | KA x UŠ | 039 | ||
𒆌 | U+1218C | KA x ZI | |||
𒆍 | U+1218D | KA2 | 222 | 133 | |
𒆎 | U+1218E | KA2 crossing KA2 | |||
𒆏 | U+1218F | KAB | 148 | 88 | GAB2 |
𒆐 | U+12190 | KAD2 | 108 | 63a | |
𒆑 | U+12191 | KAD3 | 109 | 63c | |
𒆒 | U+12192 | KAD4 | 568 | 354b | |
𒆓 | U+12193 | KAD5 | 569 | 354b | |
𒆔 | U+12194 | KAD5 / KAD5 | |||
𒆕 | U+12195 | KAK | 379 | 230 | GAG, DU3, RU2 |
𒆖 | U+12196 | KAK x IGI gunû | |||
𒆗 | U+12197 | KAL | 496 | 322 | ALAD2 ,KALAG |
𒆘 | U+12198 | KAL x BAD | 497 | 323 | ALAD |
𒆙 | U+12199 | KAL crossing KAL | |||
𒆚 | U+1219A | KAM2 | 595 | ||
𒆛 | U+1219B | KAM4 | 097 | ||
𒆜 | U+1219C | KASKAL | 302 | 166 | |
𒆝 | U+1219D | KASKAL LAGAB x U / LAGAB x U | 307v | ŠUBTU6 | |
𒆞 | U+1219E | KASKAL / KASKAL LAGAB x U / LAGAB x U | 307v | ŠUBTU7 | |
𒆟 | U+1219F | KEŠ2 | 152 | ||
𒆠 | U+121A0 | KI | 737 | 461 | GAN from GANBA(market) |
𒆡 | U+121A1 | KI x BAD | 738 | ||
𒆢 | U+121A2 | KI x U | 740 | 462 | |
𒆣 | U+121A3 | KI x UD | 739 | 463 | |
𒆤 | U+121A4 | KID | 484 | 313 | LÍL2, GÉ, KE4 |
𒆥 | U+121A5 | KIN | 815 | 538 | SAGA11 |
𒆦 | U+121A6 | KISAL | 435 | 249 | |
𒆧 | U+121A7 | KIŠ | 678 | 425 | |
𒆨 | U+121A8 | KISIM5 | 687 | 404*,1 | |
𒆩 | U+121A9 | KISIM5 / KISIM5 | 687v | ||
𒆪 | U+121AA | KU | 808 | 536 | DÚR, TUKUL, TUŠ |
𒆫 | U+121AB | KU / ḪI x AŠ2 KU / ḪI x ÁŠ | |||
𒆬 | U+121AC | KU3 | 745 | 468 | KUG |
𒆭 | U+121AD | KU4 | 087 | 58 | KUR9 (See also: 𒋽) |
𒆮 | U+121AE | KU4 variant form | |||
𒆯 | U+121AF | KU7 | 171 | 110 | |
𒆰 | U+121B0 | KUL | 117 | 72 | NUMUN |
𒆱 | U+121B1 | KUL gunû | |||
𒆲 | U+121B2 | KUN | 131 | 77 | |
𒆳 | U+121B3 | KUR | 578 | 366 | GIN3, KUR The underworld |
𒆴 | U+121B4 | KUR opposing KUR | LAHMU | ||
𒆵 | U+121B5 | KUŠU2 | 896 | 562 | |
𒆶 | U+121B6 | KWU318 | |||
𒆷 | U+121B7 | LA | 089 | 55 | |
𒆸 | U+121B8 | LAGAB | 755 | 483 | NIGIN2, GUR4 |
𒆹 | U+121B9 | LAGAB x A | 795 | 522 | AMBAR, BUGIN, BUNIN, SUG |
𒆺 | U+121BA | LAGAB x A + DA + ḪA | 797 | 523*; 524 | |
𒆻 | U+121BB | LAGAB x A + GAR | 799 | 526 | |
𒆼 | U+121BC | LAGAB x A + LAL | 798 | ||
𒆽 | U+121BD | LAGAB x AL | 773 | 498 | |
𒆾 | U+121BE | LAGAB x AN | 758 | ||
𒆿 | U+121BF | LAGAB x AŠ ZIDA tenû | 778 | 486,1; 504 | |
𒇀 | U+121C0 | LAGAB x BAD | 760 | 486 | GIGIR |
𒇁 | U+121C1 | LAGAB x BI | 769 | 496 | |
𒇂 | U+121C2 | LAGAB x DAR | 765 | 489 | |
𒇃 | U+121C3 | LAGAB x EN | 764 | ||
𒇄 | U+121C4 | LAGAB x GA | 775 | ||
𒇅 | U+121C5 | LAGAB x GAR | 801 | 528 | |
𒇆 | U+121C6 | LAGAB x GUD | 772 | 493 | |
𒇇 | U+121C7 | LAGAB x GUD + GUD | 766 | 494 | |
𒇈 | U+121C8 | LAGAB x ḪA | 800 | 527 | |
𒇉 | U+121C9 | LAGAB x ḪAL | 756 | 484 | ENGUR |
𒇊 | U+121CA | LAGAB x ḪI x NUN | 784 | 509 | |
𒇋 | U+121CB | LAGAB x IGI gunû | |||
𒇌 | U+121CC | LAGAB x IM | 785 | 510 | |
𒇍 | U+121CD | LAGAB x IM + ḪA | |||
𒇎 | U+121CE | LAGAB x IM + LU | |||
𒇏 | U+121CF | LAGAB x KI | 789 | 514 | |
𒇐 | U+121D0 | LAGAB x KIN | 794 | 519 | |
𒇑 | U+121D1 | LAGAB x KU3 | 790 | 513; 506 | GARIM |
𒇒 | U+121D2 | LAGAB x KUL | 761 | ||
𒇓 | U+121D3 | LAGAB x KUL + ḪI + A | 762 | ||
𒇔 | U+121D4 | LAGAB x LAGAB | 804 | 529 | NIĜIN |
𒇕 | U+121D5 | LAGAB x LIŠ | 782 | 486,1; 503 | |
𒇖 | U+121D6 | LAGAB x LU | 793 | 518 | |
𒇗 | U+121D7 | LAGAB x LUL | 777 | 502 | |
𒇘 | U+121D8 | LAGAB x ME | 791 | 516 | |
𒇙 | U+121D9 | LAGAB x ME + EN | 792 | 517 | |
𒇚 | U+121DA | LAGAB x MUŠ | 780 | 507 | |
𒇛 | U+121DB | LAGAB x NE | 768 | 495 | UDUB |
𒇜 | U+121DC | LAGAB x ŠE + SUM | 779 | 491,6; 492 | |
𒇝 | U+121DD | LAGAB x ŠITA + GIŠ + ERIN2 | |||
𒇞 | U+121DE | LAGAB x ŠITA + GIŠ tenû | |||
𒇟 | U+121DF | LAGAB x ŠU2 | 802 | 520 | |
𒇠 | U+121E0 | LAGAB x ŠU2 + ŠU2 | 803 | 521 | |
𒇡 | U+121E1 | LAGAB x SUM | 767 | 491 | ZAR |
𒇢 | U+121E2 | LAGAB x TAG | |||
𒇣 | U+121E3 | LAGAB x TAK4 | 759 | 485 | |
𒇤 | U+121E4 | LAGAB x TE + A + SU + NA | |||
𒇥 | U+121E5 | LAGAB x U | 786 | 511 | GÍGIR "wain"; PÚ, TÚL "source, fount" |
𒇦 | U+121E6 | LAGAB x U + A | 787 | 512 | |
𒇧 | U+121E7 | LAGAB x U + U + U | 788 | 515 | BUL |
𒇨 | U+121E8 | LAGAB x U2 + AŠ | 774 | 499 | |
𒇩 | U+121E9 | LAGAB x UD | 783 | 505 | |
𒇪 | U+121EA | LAGAB x UŠ | 770 | ||
𒇫 | U+121EB | LAGAB squared | 805 | 530 | |
𒇬 | U+121EC | LAGAR | 719 | 458 | HZL nr. 186 |
𒇭 | U+121ED | LAGAR x ŠE | 722 | 460 | SU7 |
𒇮 | U+121EE | LAGAR x ŠE + SUM | 723 | ||
𒇯 | U+121EF | LAGAR gunû | 721 | 459 | DU6 |
𒇰 | U+121F0 | LAGAR gunû / LAGAR gunû ŠE | 721v | ||
𒇱 | U+121F1 | LAḪŠU | |||
𒇲 | U+121F2 | LAL | 750 | 481 | LA2 |
𒇳 | U+121F3 | LAL x LAL | 751 | 482 | LAL2 |
𒇴 | U+121F4 | LAM | 693 | 435 | BA from GANBA(market) |
𒇵 | U+121F5 | LAM x KUR | 694 | 436 | EŠ22 |
𒇶 | U+121F6 | LAM x KUR + RU | 694v | 436,4 | |
𒇷 | U+121F7 | LI | 085 | 59 | |
𒇸 | U+121F8 | LIL | 544 | 336 | |
𒇹 | U+121F9 | LIMMU2 | 215 | 124 | |
𒇺 | U+121FA | LIŠ | 591 | 377 | DÍLIM |
𒇻 | U+121FB | LU | 812 | 537 | UDU |
𒇼 | U+121FC | LU x BAD | 814 | 537,65c; 537* | ÀD |
𒇽 | U+121FD | LU2 | 514 | 330 | Person |
𒇾 | U+121FE | LU2 x AL | 523 | ||
𒇿 | U+121FF | LU2 x BAD | 517 | ||
𒈀 | U+12200 | LU2 x EŠ2 | |||
𒈁 | U+12201 | LU2 x EŠ2tenû | |||
𒈂 | U+12202 | LU2 x GAN2tenû | 521 | ||
𒈃 | U+12203 | LU2 x ḪI x BAD | |||
𒈄 | U+12204 | LU2 x IM | 526 | ||
𒈅 | U+12205 | LU2 x KAD2 | 519 | ||
𒈆 | U+12206 | LU2 x KAD3 | |||
𒈇 | U+12207 | LU2 x KAD3 + AŠ | |||
𒈈 | U+12208 | LU2 x KI | 527 | ||
𒈉 | U+12209 | LU2 x LA + AŠ | |||
𒈊 | U+1220A | LU2 x LAGAB | 528 | ||
𒈋 | U+1220B | LU2 x ME + EN | |||
𒈌 | U+1220C | LU2 x NE | 522 | DU14 | |
𒈍 | U+1220D | LU2 x NU | |||
𒈎 | U+1220E | LU2 x SI + AŠ | |||
𒈏 | U+1220F | LU2 x SIK2 + BU | 533 | ||
𒈐 | U+12210 | LU2 x TUG2 | 530 | AZLAG7 | |
𒈑 | U+12211 | LU2tenû | 515 | ||
𒈒 | U+12212 | LU2 crossing LU2 | |||
𒈓 | U+12213 | LU2 opposing LU2 | |||
𒈔 | U+12214 | LU2 squared | |||
𒈕 | U+12215 | LU2šešig | 516; 534 | 330 | DIM3 |
𒈖 | U+12216 | LU3 | 555 | 345 | GÚG, ŠÈ gunû |
𒈗 | U+12217 | LUGAL | 266 | 151 | |
𒈘 | U+12218 | LUGAL / LUGAL | 266v | DADRUM? | |
𒈙 | U+12219 | LUGAL opposing LUGAL | 266v | unattested | |
𒈚 | U+1221A | LUGAL šešig | DIM3 | ||
𒈛 | U+1221B | LUḪ | 494 | 321 | |
𒈜 | U+1221C | LUL | 570 | 355 | NAR |
𒈝 | U+1221D | LUM | 900 | 565 | ḪUM |
𒈞 | U+1221E | LUM / LUM | 902 | 565a; 566a | |
𒈟 | U+1221F | LUM / LUM GAR / GAR | 904 | 566b | LÙGUD |
𒈠 | U+12220 | MA | 552 | 342 | |
𒈡 | U+12221 | MA x TAK4 | |||
𒈢 | U+12222 | MA gunû | 270 | 146 | ḪASḪUR |
𒈣 | U+12223 | MA2 | 201 | 122 | |
𒈤 | U+12224 | MAḪ | 091 | 57 | MAH |
𒈥 | U+12225 | MAR | 483 | 307 | |
𒈦 | U+12226 | MAŠ | 120 | 74 | |
𒈧 | U+12227 | MAŠ2 | 130 | 76 | |
𒈨 | U+12228 | ME | 753 | 532 | |
𒈩 | U+12229 | MES | 486 | 533 | RID, KIŠIB |
𒈪 | U+1222A | MI | 681 | 427 | ĜI6, GE6 |
𒈫 | U+1222B | MIN | 825 | 570 | |
𒈬 | U+1222C | MU | 098 | 61 | ĜU10 |
𒈭 | U+1222D | MU / MU | 301 | 169 | TAḪ, DAḪ |
𒈮 | U+1222E | MUG | 012 | 003 | oakum |
𒈯 | U+1222F | MUG gunû | 0013 | 4 | ZADIM |
𒈰 | U+12230 | MUNSUB | 820 | 543 | MUNŠUB |
𒈱 | U+12231 | MURGU2 | 567 | ||
𒈲 | U+12232 | MUŠ | 585 | 374 | |
𒈳 | U+12233 | MUŠ x A | |||
𒈴 | U+12234 | MUŠ x KUR | |||
𒈵 | U+12235 | MUŠ x ZA | |||
𒈶 | U+12236 | MUŠ / MUŠ | 586 | RI8 | |
𒈷 | U+12237 | MUŠ / MUŠ x A + NA | |||
𒈸 | U+12238 | MUŠ crossing MUŠ | |||
𒈹 | U+12239 | MUŠ3 | 153 | 103 | INANNA, INNIN |
𒈺 | U+1223A | MUŠ3 x A | 154 | ||
𒈻 | U+1223B | MUŠ3 x A + DI | 155 | ||
𒈼 | U+1223C | MUŠ3 x DI | |||
𒈽 | U+1223D | MUŠ3gunû | SUH | ||
𒈾 | U+1223E | NA | 110 | 70 | |
𒈿 | U+1223F | NA2 | 689 | 431 | NU2 |
𒉀 | U+12240 | NAGA | 293 | NISABA | |
𒉁 Haya | U+12241 | NAGA inverted | ḪAYA | ||
𒉂 | U+12242 | NAGA x ŠU tenû | 294 | ||
𒉃 | U+12243 | NAGA opposing NAGA | |||
𒉄 | U+12244 | NAGAR | 893 | 560 | ALLA |
𒉅 | U+12245 | NAM NUTILLU | |||
𒉆 | U+12246 | NAM | 134 | 79 | |
𒉇 | U+12247 | NAM2 | |||
𒉈 | U+12248 | NE | 313 | 172 | BI2, DE3, DU17, IZI, LAM2, LIM4 |
𒉉 | U+12249 | NE x A | 315 | ||
𒉊 | U+1224A | NE x UD | 314 | ||
𒉋 | U+1224B | NE šešig | 312 | 173 | BÍL |
𒉌 | U+1224C | NI | 380 | 231 | I3 |
𒉍 | U+1224D | NI x E | |||
𒉎 | U+1224E | NI2 | 641 | 399 | |
𒉏 | U+1224F | NIM | 690 | 433 | NUM |
𒉐 | U+12250 | NIM x GAN2tenû | 691 | 434 | |
𒉑 | U+12251 | NIM x GAR + GAN2tenû | 692 | 434a | |
𒉒 | U+12252 | NINDA2 | 316 | 176 | |
𒉓 | U+12253 | NINDA2 x AN | 320 | ||
𒉔 | U+12254 | NINDA2 x AŠ | 317 | 176,12; 177,2 | |
𒉕 | U+12255 | NINDA2 x AŠ + AŠ | 316 | 177,3 | |
𒉖 | U+12256 | NINDA2 x GUD | 327 | 187,6 | |
𒉗 | U+12257 | NINDA2 x ME + GAN2tenû | |||
𒉘 | U+12258 | NINDA2 x NE | 326 | 183 | ÁG "darling", RE, AĜ2 |
𒉙 | U+12259 | NINDA2 x NUN | 324 | 181 | AZU |
𒉚 | U+1225A | NINDA2 x ŠE | 333v3 | ||
𒉛 | U+1225B | NINDA2 x ŠE + A AN | 333 | ŠAM2 | |
𒉜 | U+1225C | NINDA2 x ŠE + AŠ | 331 | ||
𒉝 | U+1225D | NINDA2 x ŠE + AŠ + AŠ | 332 | ||
𒉞 | U+1225E | NINDA2 x U2 + AŠ | 330 | ||
𒉟 | U+1225F | NINDA2 x UŠ | |||
𒉠 | U+12260 | NISAG | 545 | 337 | MURU2, MURUB4, ITI gunû |
𒉡 | U+12261 | NU | 112 | 75 | |
𒉢 | U+12262 | NU11 | 115 | 71 | ŠIR |
𒉣 | U+12263 | NUN | 143 | 87 | eridu |
𒉤 | U+12264 | NUN LAGAR x GAR | |||
𒉥 | U+12265 | NUN LAGAR x MAŠ | |||
𒉦 | U+12266 | NUN LAGAR x SAL | |||
𒉧 | U+12267 | NUN LAGAR x SAL / NUN LAGAR x SAL | |||
𒉨 | U+12268 | NUN LAGAR x UŠ | |||
𒉩 | U+12269 | NUN tenû | 144 | 87 | |
𒉪 | U+1226A | NUN / NUN | 502 | 325 | NIR |
𒉫 | U+1226B | NUN crossing NUN | 107 | 63d | |
𒉬 | U+1226C | NUN crossing NUN LAGAR / LAGAR | |||
𒉭 | U+1226D | NUNUZ | 614 | 394 | |
𒉮 | U+1226E | NUNUZ AB2 x AŠGAB | 619 | 394c,e | USAN3 |
𒉯 | U+1226F | NUNUZ AB2 x BI | 621 | 394d | MUD3 |
𒉰 | U+12270 | NUNUZ AB2 x DUG | 625 | ||
𒉱 | U+12271 | NUNUZ AB2 x GUD | 623 | ||
𒉲 | U+12272 | NUNUZ AB2 x IGI gunû | 627 | ||
𒉳 | U+12273 | NUNUZ AB2 x KAD3 | 618 | ||
𒉴 | U+12274 | NUNUZ AB2 x LA | 616 | 394b | LAḪTAN |
𒉵 | U+12275 | NUNUZ AB2 x NE | 620 | ||
𒉶 | U+12276 | NUNUZ AB2 x SILA3 | 617 | 394b' | LAḪTAN2 |
𒉷 | U+12277 | NUNUZ AB2 x U2 | (624) | ||
𒉸 | U+12278 | NUNUZ KISIM5 x BI | 621 | 394d | MUD3 |
𒉹 | U+12279 | NUNUZ KISIM5 x BI U | 622 | MUD3.U | |
𒉺 | U+1227A | PA | 464 | 295 | GIDRU "staff, sceptre", UGULA "overseer", GARZA "office" |
𒉻 | U+1227B | PAD | 746 | 469 | ŠUK |
𒉼 | U+1227C | PAN | 685 | 439 | |
𒉽 | U+1227D | PAP | 092 | 60 | PAB, KUR2 |
𒉾 | U+1227E | PEŠ2 | 741; 882 | 346 | |
𒉿 | U+1227F | PI | 598 | 383 | TAL2 |
𒊀 | U+12280 | PI x A | 598v | HZL nr. 326 | |
𒊁 | U+12281 | PI x AB | 598v | HZL nr. 318 | |
𒊂 | U+12282 | PI x BI | 598v | HZL nr. 320 | |
𒊃 | U+12283 | PI x BU | 598v | HZL nr. 324 | |
𒊄 | U+12284 | PI x E | 598v | HZL nr. 322 | |
𒊅 | U+12285 | PI x I | 598v | HZL nr. 319 | |
𒊆 | U+12286 | PI x IB | 598v | HZL nr. 325 | |
𒊇 | U+12287 | PI x U | 598v | HZL nr. 323 | |
𒊈 | U+12288 | PI x U2 | 598v | HZL nr. 321 | |
𒊉 | U+12289 | PI crossing PI | 598v | 383,3 | |
𒊊 | U+1228A | PIRIG | 444 | ||
𒊋 | U+1228B | PIRIG x KAL | 295 | ||
𒊌 | U+1228C | PIRIG x UD | 296 | 130 | UG, UKU4 |
𒊍 | U+1228D | PIRIG x ZA | 297 | AZ | |
𒊎 | U+1228E | PIRIG opposing PIRIG | |||
𒊏 | U+1228F | RA | 511 | 328 | |
𒊐 | U+12290 | RAB | 262 | 149 | |
𒊑 | U+12291 | RI | 142 | 86 | DAL, RE, TAL, ŠA7 |
𒊒 | U+12292 | RU | 111 | 48 | |
𒊓 | U+12293 | SA | 172 | 104 | |
𒊔 | U+12294 | SAG NUTILLU | |||
𒊕 | U+12295 | SAG | 184 | 115 | SAĜ |
𒊖 | U+12296 | SAG x A | 197 | ||
𒊗 | U+12297 | SAG x DU | 187 | ||
𒊘 | U+12298 | SAG x DUB | |||
𒊙 | U+12299 | SAG x ḪA | 198 | ||
𒊚 | U+1229A | SAG x KAK | 188 | ||
𒊛 | U+1229B | SAG x KUR | |||
𒊜 | U+1229C | SAG x LUM | 200 | ||
𒊝 | U+1229D | SAG x MI | 195 | ||
𒊞 | U+1229E | SAG x NUN | 185 | ||
𒊟 | U+1229F | SAG x SAL | 199 | ||
𒊠 | U+122A0 | SAG x ŠID | 191 | ||
𒊡 | U+122A1 | SAG x TAB | |||
𒊢 | U+122A2 | SAG x U2 | 192 | ||
𒊣 | U+122A3 | SAG x UB | 193 | ||
𒊤 | U+122A4 | SAG x UM | 186 | ||
𒊥 | U+122A5 | SAG x UR | 196 | ||
𒊦 | U+122A6 | SAG x UŠ | 190 | ||
𒊧 | U+122A7 | SAG / SAG | |||
𒊨 | U+122A8 | SAG gunû | 512 | 329 | DUL3 |
𒊩 | U+122A9 | SAL | 883 | 554 | MI2, MUNUS |
𒊪] | U+122AA | SAL LAGAB x AŠ2 | |||
𒊫 | U+122AB | SANGA2 | 314 | ||
𒊬 | U+122AC | SAR | 541 | 152 | MU2, SAR |
𒊭 | U+122AD | ŠA | 566 | 353 | |
𒊮 | U+122AE | ŠA3 | 599 | 384 | ŠAG4 |
𒊯 | U+122AF | ŠA3 x A | 608 | 390 | PEŠ4 |
𒊰 | U+122B0 | ŠA3 x BAD | 600 | ||
𒊱 | U+122B1 | ŠA3 x GIŠ | 603 | ||
𒊲 | U+122B2 | ŠA3 x NE | 602 | 385 | |
𒊳 | U+122B3 | ŠA3 x ŠU2 | 609 | 389 | |
𒊴 | U+122B4 | ŠA3 x TUR | 601 | ||
𒊵 | U+122B5 | ŠA3 x U | 605 | ||
𒊶 | U+122B6 | ŠA3 x U + A | 606 | 388 | BIR6 |
𒊷 | U+122B7 | ŠA6 | SAG9 | ||
𒊸 | U+122B8 | ŠAB6 | 295k | ||
𒊹 | U+122B9 | ŠAR2 | 632; 633 | 396 | TI2 |
𒊺 | U+122BA | ŠE | 579 | 367 | |
𒊻 | U+122BB | ŠE ḪU | |||
𒊼 | U+122BC | ŠE / ŠE GAD / GAD GAR / GAR | |||
𒊽 | U+122BD | ŠE / ŠE TAB / TAB GAR / GAR | |||
𒊾 | U+122BE | ŠEG9 | 878 | 551 | |
𒊿 | U+122BF | ŠEN | 017 | 008 | = SU x A, ALAL, PISAN3, DUR10 |
𒋀 | U+122C0 | ŠEŠ | 535 | 331 | URI3, URU3 |
𒋁 | U+122C1 | ŠEŠ2 | 821 | 544 | |
𒋂 | U+122C2 | ŠEŠLAM | 100 | 65 | |
𒋃 | U+122C3 | ŠID | 485 | 314 | LAG, UTTU2 |
𒋄 | U+122C4 | ŠID x A | 489 | 317 | UMBISAG2 |
𒋅 | U+122C5 | ŠID x IM | 487 | 317a | |
𒋆 | U+122C6 | ŠIM | 362 | 215 | |
𒋇 | U+122C7 | ŠIM x A | 372 | ||
𒋈 | U+122C8 | ŠIM x BAL | 363 | 216,3; 217 | |
𒋉 | U+122C9 | ŠIM x BULUG | 367 | 218,2 | |
𒋊 | U+122CA | ŠIM x DIN | 366 | 221 | |
𒋋 | U+122CB | ŠIM x GAR | 373 | 225 | |
𒋌 | U+122CC | ŠIM x IGI | 371 | ||
𒋍 | U+122CD | ŠIM x IGI gunû | 368 | 219* | |
𒋎 | U+122CE | ŠIM x KUŠU2 | 375 | 223 | |
𒋏 | U+122CF | ŠIM x LUL | 369 | ||
𒋐 | U+122D0 | ŠIM x MUG | 365 | 216 | |
𒋑 | U+122D1 | ŠIM x SAL | 374 | 222 | |
𒋒 | U+122D2 | ŠINIG | 93 | ||
𒋓 | U+122D3 | ŠIR | 115 | 71 | |
𒋔 | U+122D4 | ŠIR tenû | 116 | ||
𒋕 | U+122D5 | ŠIR / ŠIR BUR / BUR | |||
𒋖 | U+122D6 | ŠITA | 388 | 233,22 | "GA2" |
𒋗 | U+122D7 | ŠU | 567 | 354 | |
𒋘 | U+122D8 | ŠU / inverted ŠU | |||
𒋙 | U+122D9 | ŠU2 | 869 | 545 | |
𒋚 | U+122DA | ŠUBUR | 0022 | 53 | |
𒋛 | U+122DB | SI | 181 | 112 | MA |
𒋜 | U+122DC | SI gunû | 182 | 113 | SU4 |
𒋝 | U+122DD | SIG | 881 | 592 | |
𒋞 | U+122DE | SIG4 | 905; 906 | 567 | MURGU; HZL nr. 311 |
𒋟 | U+122DF | SIG4 / SIG4 ŠU2 | 907 | 568 | |
𒋠 | U+122E0 | SIK2 | 816 | 539 | SIG2, SIKI |
𒋡 | U+122E1 | SILA3 | 099 | 62 | |
𒋢 | U+122E2 | SU | 016 | 007 | also KUŠ "skin, hide" |
𒋣 | U+122E3 | SU / SU | |||
𒋤 | U+122E4 | SUD | 584 | 373 | BU gunû, SU3 |
𒋥 | U+122E5 | SUD2 | 139 | ||
𒋦 | U+122E6 | SUḪUR | 646 | 403 | |
𒋧 | U+122E7 | SUM | 292 | 164 | ŠUM2 |
𒋨 | U+122E8 | SUMAŠ | 323 | 182 | |
𒋩 | U+122E9 | SUR | 151 | 101 | |
𒋪 | U+122EA | SUR9 | 205 | 122d | |
𒋫 | U+122EB | TA | 248 | 139 | |
𒋬 | U+122EC | TA* | 248v | ||
𒋭 | U+122ED | TA x ḪI | 250 | LAL3 | |
𒋮 | U+122EE | TA x MI | 251 | ||
𒋯 | U+122EF | TA gunû | |||
𒋰 | U+122F0 | TAB | 209 | 124 | |
𒋱 | U+122F1 | TAB / TAB NI / NI DIŠ / DIŠ | |||
𒋲 | U+122F2 | TAB squared | |||
𒋳 | U+122F3 | TAG | 221 | 126 | |
𒋴 | U+122F4 | TAG x BI | |||
𒋵 | U+122F5 | TAG x GUD | |||
𒋶 | U+122F6 | TAG x ŠE | |||
𒋷 | U+122F7 | TAG x ŠU | |||
𒋸 | U+122F8 | TAG x TUG2 | |||
𒋹 | U+122F9 | TAG x UD | |||
𒋺 | U+122FA | TAK4 | 106 | 63 | KID2, TAKA4 |
𒋻 | U+122FB | TAR | 009 | 12 | |
𒋼 | U+122FC | TE | 589 | 376 | GAL5 |
𒋽 | U+122FD | TE gunû | 088 | 58 | URU5, GUR8, KUR9 (See also: 𒆭) |
𒋾 | U+122FE | TI | 118 | 73 | DÌ, TE9, TI, TIL3, TÌ, ṬE6 |
𒋿 | U+122FF | TI tenû | |||
𒌀 | U+12300 | TIL | 114 | 69 | = BAD U+12041 |
𒌁 | U+12301 | TIR | 587 | 375 | |
𒌂 | U+12302 | TIR x TAK4 | |||
𒌃 | U+12303 | TIR / TIR | 587v | NINNI5 | |
𒌄 | U+12304 | TIR / TIR GAD / GAD GAR / GAR | 588 | 375,46a-b | |
𒌅 | U+12305 | TU | 086 | 58 | DU2, TUD, TUR5 |
𒌆 | U+12306 | TUG2 | 809 | 536 | NAM2 |
𒌇 | U+12307 | TUK | 827 | 574 | DU12, TUG |
𒌈 | U+12308 | TUM | 354 | 207 | DU4 |
𒌉 | U+12309 | TUR | 255 | 144 | DU13, DUMU |
𒌊 | U+1230A | TUR / TUR ZA / ZA | |||
𒌋 | U+1230B | U | 661 | 411 | BUR3, BURU3, UMUN, "TEN", "10" |
𒌌 | U+1230C | U GUD | UL, DU7 | ||
𒌍 | U+1230D | U U U | 711 | 472 | EŠ, "THIRTY", "30"; see "Winkelhaken". |
𒌎 | U+1230E | U / U PA / PA GAR / GAR | |||
𒌏 | U+1230F | U / U SUR / SUR | |||
𒌐 | U+12310 | U / U U reversed / U reversed | 713 | 474 | MAŠGI, BARGI |
𒌑 | U+12311 | U2 | 490 | 318 | |
𒌒 | U+12312 | UB | 504 | 306 | AR2 |
𒌓 | U+12313 | UD | 596 | 381 | BABBAR, UD, UT, UTA, UTU |
𒌔 | U+12314 | UD KUŠU2 | 611 | 392 | UḪ2 |
𒌕 | U+12315 | UD x BAD | |||
𒌖 | U+12316 | UD x MI | 597 | 382 | ITIMA2 |
𒌗 | U+12317 | UD x U + U + U | DU16 | ||
𒌘 | U+12318 | UD x U + U + U gunû | |||
𒌙 | U+12319 | UD gunû | 542 | 337* | uncertain |
𒌚 | U+1231A | UD šešig | 0020 | 52 | ITI, UD x EŠ |
𒌛 | U+1231B | UD šešig x BAD | |||
𒌜 | U+1231C | UDUG | 833 | 577; 578 | |
𒌝 | U+1231D | UM | 238 | 134 | |
𒌞 | U+1231E | UM x LAGAB | |||
𒌟 | U+1231F | UM x ME + DA | 241 | ||
𒌠 | U+12320 | UM x ŠA3 | |||
𒌡 | U+12321 | UM x U | 239 | ||
𒌢 | U+12322 | UMBIN | 92b | ||
𒌣 | U+12323 | UMUM | DU19 | ||
𒌤 | U+12324 | UMUM x KASKAL | DE2 | ||
𒌥 | U+12325 | UMUM x PA | |||
𒌦 | U+12326 | UN | 501 | 312 | KALAM, KANAM, UG3, UĜ3, UKU3 "man" |
𒌧 | U+12327 | UN gunû | |||
𒌨 | U+12328 | UR | 828 | 575 | HUL |
𒌩 | U+12329 | UR crossing UR | 828v | 575a | |
𒌪 | U+1232A | UR šešig | 829 | reconstruction | |
𒌫 | U+1232B | UR2 | 341 | 203 | |
𒌬 | U+1232C | UR2 x A + ḪA | 346 | ||
𒌭 | U+1232D | UR2 x A + NA | |||
𒌮 | U+1232E | UR2 x AL | 343 | ||
𒌯 | U+1232F | UR2 x ḪA | 347 | 185,5 | |
𒌰 | U+12330 | UR2 x NUN | 342 | 204 | |
𒌱 | U+12331 | UR2 x U2 | 344 | ||
𒌲 | U+12332 | UR2 x U2 + AŠ | 345 | 185 | |
𒌳 | U+12333 | UR2 x U2 + BI | |||
𒌴 | U+12334 | UR4 | 835 | 594 | |
𒌵 | U+12335 | URI | 574 | 359 | BUR/BUR |
𒌶 | U+12336 | URI3 | |||
𒌷 | U+12337 | URU | 071 | 38 | RI2, IRI |
𒌸 | U+12338 | URU x A | 081 | ||
𒌹 | U+12339 | URU x AŠGAB | |||
𒌺 | U+1233A | URU x BAR | 073 | 40 | UKKIN |
𒌻 | U+1233B | URU x DUN | |||
𒌼 | U+1233C | URU x GA | 076 | ||
𒌽 | U+1233D | URU x GAL | |||
𒌾 | U+1233E | URU x GAN2tenû | 074 | ||
𒌿 | U+1233F | URU x GAR | 083 | ||
𒍀 | U+12340 | URU x GU | 084 | ||
𒍁 | U+12341 | URU x ḪA | 082 | ||
𒍂 | U+12342 | URU x IGI | 079 | ||
𒍃 | U+12343 | URU x IM | |||
𒍄 | U+12344 | URU x IŠ | |||
𒍅 | U+12345 | URU x KI | |||
𒍆 | U+12346 | URU x LUM | |||
𒍇 | U+12347 | URU x MIN | 080 | ULU3, U18, LU7 | |
𒍈 | U+12348 | URU x PA | |||
𒍉 | U+12349 | URU x ŠE | |||
𒍊 | U+1234A | URU x SIG4 | |||
𒍋 | U+1234B | URU x TU | 072 | ||
𒍌 | U+1234C | URU x U + GUD | |||
𒍍 | U+1234D | URU x UD | 077 | ||
𒍎 | U+1234E | URU x URUDA | 075 | 41 | BANŠUR |
𒍏 | U+1234F | URUDA | 230 | 132 | URUDU |
𒍐 | U+12350 | URUDA x U | 230 | ||
𒍑 | U+12351 | UŠ | 381 | 211 | NITA |
𒍒 | U+12352 | UŠ x A | 384 | 211a | |
𒍓 | U+12353 | UŠ x KU | 383 | ||
𒍔 | U+12354 | UŠ x KUR | |||
𒍕 | U+12355 | UŠ x TAK4 | 382 | 51* | |
𒍖 | U+12356 | UŠX | 583 | 372 | UZ, US, UŠ |
𒍗 | U+12357 | UŠ2 | 69 | MŪTU, (m-w-t), (mawt), (mt), מָוֶת (mawet), Neo-Assyrian Aramaic: ܡܘܬܐ. See also: Middle Egyptian: 𓀐, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *(m-)atay | |
𒍘 | U+12358 | UŠUMX | |||
𒍙 | U+12359 | UTUKI | |||
𒍚 | U+1235A | UZ3 | 203 | 122b | |
𒍛 | U+1235B | UZ3 x KASKAL | 204 | 122c | |
𒍜 | U+1235C | UZU | 311 | 171 | |
𒍝 | U+1235D | ZA | 851 | 586 | |
𒍞 | U+1235E | ZA tenû | 854 | 379; 380 | AS4, ERIM tenû |
𒍟 | U+1235F | ZA squared x KUR | 855 | 531; 588 | |
𒍠 | U+12360 | ZAG | 540 | 332 | ZA3 |
𒍡 | U+12361 | ZAMX | |||
𒍢 | U+12362 | ZE2 | 259 | 147 | ZI2, AB x PA |
𒍣 | U+12363 | ZI | 140 | 84 | ZE1, ZID, ZIG3 |
𒍤 | U+12364 | ZI / ZI | 101 | 66 | |
𒍥 | U+12365 | ZI3 | 536 | ||
𒍦 | U+12366 | ZIB | 628 | 395 | |
𒍧 | U+12367 | ZIB KABA tenû | |||
𒍨 | U+12368 | ZIG | 336 | 190 | ZIK, NINDA x EŠ |
𒍩 | U+12369 | ZIZ2 | 339 | ||
𒍪 | U+1236A | ZU | 015 | 006 | SU, ṢU, ZU |
𒍫 | U+1236B | ZU5 | |||
𒍬 | U+1236C | ZU5 x A | |||
𒍭 | U+1236D | ZUBUR | 648 | 364/5,2-3 | |
𒍮 | U+1236E | ZUM | 884 | 555 | |
𒍯 | U+1236F | KAP ELAMITE | |||
𒍰 | U+12370 | AB x NUN | |||
𒍱 | U+12371 | AB2 x A | |||
𒍲 | U+12372 | AMAR x KUG | |||
𒍳 | U+12373 | DAG KISIM5 x U2 + MAŠ | |||
𒍴 | U+12374 | DAG3 | |||
𒍵 | U+12375 | DIŠ + ŠU | |||
𒍶 | U+12376 | DUB x ŠE | |||
𒍷 | U+12377 | EZEN x GUD | |||
𒍸 | U+12378 | EZEN x ŠE | |||
𒍹 | U+12379 | GA2 x AN + KAK + A | |||
𒍺 | U+1237A | GA2 x AŠ2 | |||
𒍻 | U+1237B | GE22 | |||
𒍼 | U+1237C | GIG | |||
𒍽 | U+1237D | ḪUŠ | |||
𒍾 | U+1237E | KA x ANŠE | |||
𒍿 | U+1237F | KA x AŠ3 | |||
𒎀 | U+12380 | KA x GIŠ | |||
𒎁 | U+12381 | KA x GUD | |||
𒎂 | U+12382 | KA x ḪI x AŠ2 | |||
𒎃 | U+12383 | KA x LUM | |||
𒎄 | U+12384 | KA x PA | |||
𒎅 | U+12385 | KA x ŠUL | |||
𒎆 | U+12386 | KA x TU | |||
𒎇 | U+12387 | KA x UR2 | |||
𒎈 | U+12388 | LAGAB x GI | |||
𒎉 | U+12389 | LU2 ŠEŠIG x BAD | |||
𒎊 | U+1238A | LU2 x EŠ2 + LAL | |||
𒎋 | U+1238B | LU2 x ŠU | |||
𒎌 | U+1238C | MEŠ | |||
𒎍 | U+1238D | MUŠ3 x ZA | |||
𒎎 | U+1238E | NA4 | |||
𒎏 | U+1238F | NIN | |||
𒎐 | U+12390 | NIN9 | |||
𒎑 | U+12391 | NINDA2 x BAL | |||
𒎒 | U+12392 | NINDA2 x GI | |||
𒎓 | U+12393 | NU11 rotated 90° | |||
𒎔 | U+12394 | PEŠ2* | |||
𒎕 | U+12395 | PIR2 | |||
𒎖 | U+12396 | SAG x IGI gunû | |||
𒎗 | U+12397 | TI2 | |||
𒎘 | U+12398 | UM x ME | |||
𒎙 | U+12399 | U U | "TWENTY", "20" | ||
Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform script was added to the Unicode Standard in July, 2006 with the release of version 5.0.
The Unicode block for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform is U+12000–U+123FF:
Cuneiform [1] [2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+1200x | 𒀀 | 𒀁 | 𒀂 | 𒀃 | 𒀄 | 𒀅 | 𒀆 | 𒀇 | 𒀈 | 𒀉 | 𒀊 | 𒀋 | 𒀌 | 𒀍 | 𒀎 | 𒀏 |
U+1201x | 𒀐 | 𒀑 | 𒀒 | 𒀓 | 𒀔 | 𒀕 | 𒀖 | 𒀗 | 𒀘 | 𒀙 | 𒀚 | 𒀛 | 𒀜 | 𒀝 | 𒀞 | 𒀟 |
U+1202x | 𒀠 | 𒀡 | 𒀢 | 𒀣 | 𒀤 | 𒀥 | 𒀦 | 𒀧 | 𒀨 | 𒀩 | 𒀪 | 𒀫 | 𒀬 | 𒀭 | 𒀮 | 𒀯 |
U+1203x | 𒀰 | 𒀱 | 𒀲 | 𒀳 | 𒀴 | 𒀵 | 𒀶 | 𒀷 | 𒀸 | 𒀹 | 𒀺 | 𒀻 | 𒀼 | 𒀽 | 𒀾 | 𒀿 |
U+1204x | 𒁀 | 𒁁 | 𒁂 | 𒁃 | 𒁄 | 𒁅 | 𒁆 | 𒁇 | 𒁈 | 𒁉 | 𒁊 | 𒁋 | 𒁌 | 𒁍 | 𒁎 | 𒁏 |
U+1205x | 𒁐 | 𒁑 | 𒁒 | 𒁓 | 𒁔 | 𒁕 | 𒁖 | 𒁗 | 𒁘 | 𒁙 | 𒁚 | 𒁛 | 𒁜 | 𒁝 | 𒁞 | 𒁟 |
U+1206x | 𒁠 | 𒁡 | 𒁢 | 𒁣 | 𒁤 | 𒁥 | 𒁦 | 𒁧 | 𒁨 | 𒁩 | 𒁪 | 𒁫 | 𒁬 | 𒁭 | 𒁮 | 𒁯 |
U+1207x | 𒁰 | 𒁱 | 𒁲 | 𒁳 | 𒁴 | 𒁵 | 𒁶 | 𒁷 | 𒁸 | 𒁹 | 𒁺 | 𒁻 | 𒁼 | 𒁽 | 𒁾 | 𒁿 |
U+1208x | 𒂀 | 𒂁 | 𒂂 | 𒂃 | 𒂄 | 𒂅 | 𒂆 | 𒂇 | 𒂈 | 𒂉 | 𒂊 | 𒂋 | 𒂌 | 𒂍 | 𒂎 | 𒂏 |
U+1209x | 𒂐 | 𒂑 | 𒂒 | 𒂓 | 𒂔 | 𒂕 | 𒂖 | 𒂗 | 𒂘 | 𒂙 | 𒂚 | 𒂛 | 𒂜 | 𒂝 | 𒂞 | 𒂟 |
U+120Ax | 𒂠 | 𒂡 | 𒂢 | 𒂣 | 𒂤 | 𒂥 | 𒂦 | 𒂧 | 𒂨 | 𒂩 | 𒂪 | 𒂫 | 𒂬 | 𒂭 | 𒂮 | 𒂯 |
U+120Bx | 𒂰 | 𒂱 | 𒂲 | 𒂳 | 𒂴 | 𒂵 | 𒂶 | 𒂷 | 𒂸 | 𒂹 | 𒂺 | 𒂻 | 𒂼 | 𒂽 | 𒂾 | 𒂿 |
U+120Cx | 𒃀 | 𒃁 | 𒃂 | 𒃃 | 𒃄 | 𒃅 | 𒃆 | 𒃇 | 𒃈 | 𒃉 | 𒃊 | 𒃋 | 𒃌 | 𒃍 | 𒃎 | 𒃏 |
U+120Dx | 𒃐 | 𒃑 | 𒃒 | 𒃓 | 𒃔 | 𒃕 | 𒃖 | 𒃗 | 𒃘 | 𒃙 | 𒃚 | 𒃛 | 𒃜 | 𒃝 | 𒃞 | 𒃟 |
U+120Ex | 𒃠 | 𒃡 | 𒃢 | 𒃣 | 𒃤 | 𒃥 | 𒃦 | 𒃧 | 𒃨 | 𒃩 | 𒃪 | 𒃫 | 𒃬 | 𒃭 | 𒃮 | 𒃯 |
U+120Fx | 𒃰 | 𒃱 | 𒃲 | 𒃳 | 𒃴 | 𒃵 | 𒃶 | 𒃷 | 𒃸 | 𒃹 | 𒃺 | 𒃻 | 𒃼 | 𒃽 | 𒃾 | 𒃿 |
U+1210x | 𒄀 | 𒄁 | 𒄂 | 𒄃 | 𒄄 | 𒄅 | 𒄆 | 𒄇 | 𒄈 | 𒄉 | 𒄊 | 𒄋 | 𒄌 | 𒄍 | 𒄎 | 𒄏 |
U+1211x | 𒄐 | 𒄑 | 𒄒 | 𒄓 | 𒄔 | 𒄕 | 𒄖 | 𒄗 | 𒄘 | 𒄙 | 𒄚 | 𒄛 | 𒄜 | 𒄝 | 𒄞 | 𒄟 |
U+1212x | 𒄠 | 𒄡 | 𒄢 | 𒄣 | 𒄤 | 𒄥 | 𒄦 | 𒄧 | 𒄨 | 𒄩 | 𒄪 | 𒄫 | 𒄬 | 𒄭 | 𒄮 | 𒄯 |
U+1213x | 𒄰 | 𒄱 | 𒄲 | 𒄳 | 𒄴 | 𒄵 | 𒄶 | 𒄷 | 𒄸 | 𒄹 | 𒄺 | 𒄻 | 𒄼 | 𒄽 | 𒄾 | 𒄿 |
U+1214x | 𒅀 | 𒅁 | 𒅂 | 𒅃 | 𒅄 | 𒅅 | 𒅆 | 𒅇 | 𒅈 | 𒅉 | 𒅊 | 𒅋 | 𒅌 | 𒅍 | 𒅎 | 𒅏 |
U+1215x | 𒅐 | 𒅑 | 𒅒 | 𒅓 | 𒅔 | 𒅕 | 𒅖 | 𒅗 | 𒅘 | 𒅙 | 𒅚 | 𒅛 | 𒅜 | 𒅝 | 𒅞 | 𒅟 |
U+1216x | 𒅠 | 𒅡 | 𒅢 | 𒅣 | 𒅤 | 𒅥 | 𒅦 | 𒅧 | 𒅨 | 𒅩 | 𒅪 | 𒅫 | 𒅬 | 𒅭 | 𒅮 | 𒅯 |
U+1217x | 𒅰 | 𒅱 | 𒅲 | 𒅳 | 𒅴 | 𒅵 | 𒅶 | 𒅷 | 𒅸 | 𒅹 | 𒅺 | 𒅻 | 𒅼 | 𒅽 | 𒅾 | 𒅿 |
U+1218x | 𒆀 | 𒆁 | 𒆂 | 𒆃 | 𒆄 | 𒆅 | 𒆆 | 𒆇 | 𒆈 | 𒆉 | 𒆊 | 𒆋 | 𒆌 | 𒆍 | 𒆎 | 𒆏 |
U+1219x | 𒆐 | 𒆑 | 𒆒 | 𒆓 | 𒆔 | 𒆕 | 𒆖 | 𒆗 | 𒆘 | 𒆙 | 𒆚 | 𒆛 | 𒆜 | 𒆝 | 𒆞 | 𒆟 |
U+121Ax | 𒆠 | 𒆡 | 𒆢 | 𒆣 | 𒆤 | 𒆥 | 𒆦 | 𒆧 | 𒆨 | 𒆩 | 𒆪 | 𒆫 | 𒆬 | 𒆭 | 𒆮 | 𒆯 |
U+121Bx | 𒆰 | 𒆱 | 𒆲 | 𒆳 | 𒆴 | 𒆵 | 𒆶 | 𒆷 | 𒆸 | 𒆹 | 𒆺 | 𒆻 | 𒆼 | 𒆽 | 𒆾 | 𒆿 |
U+121Cx | 𒇀 | 𒇁 | 𒇂 | 𒇃 | 𒇄 | 𒇅 | 𒇆 | 𒇇 | 𒇈 | 𒇉 | 𒇊 | 𒇋 | 𒇌 | 𒇍 | 𒇎 | 𒇏 |
U+121Dx | 𒇐 | 𒇑 | 𒇒 | 𒇓 | 𒇔 | 𒇕 | 𒇖 | 𒇗 | 𒇘 | 𒇙 | 𒇚 | 𒇛 | 𒇜 | 𒇝 | 𒇞 | 𒇟 |
U+121Ex | 𒇠 | 𒇡 | 𒇢 | 𒇣 | 𒇤 | 𒇥 | 𒇦 | 𒇧 | 𒇨 | 𒇩 | 𒇪 | 𒇫 | 𒇬 | 𒇭 | 𒇮 | 𒇯 |
U+121Fx | 𒇰 | 𒇱 | 𒇲 | 𒇳 | 𒇴 | 𒇵 | 𒇶 | 𒇷 | 𒇸 | 𒇹 | 𒇺 | 𒇻 | 𒇼 | 𒇽 | 𒇾 | 𒇿 |
U+1220x | 𒈀 | 𒈁 | 𒈂 | 𒈃 | 𒈄 | 𒈅 | 𒈆 | 𒈇 | 𒈈 | 𒈉 | 𒈊 | 𒈋 | 𒈌 | 𒈍 | 𒈎 | 𒈏 |
U+1221x | 𒈐 | 𒈑 | 𒈒 | 𒈓 | 𒈔 | 𒈕 | 𒈖 | 𒈗 | 𒈘 | 𒈙 | 𒈚 | 𒈛 | 𒈜 | 𒈝 | 𒈞 | 𒈟 |
U+1222x | 𒈠 | 𒈡 | 𒈢 | 𒈣 | 𒈤 | 𒈥 | 𒈦 | 𒈧 | 𒈨 | 𒈩 | 𒈪 | 𒈫 | 𒈬 | 𒈭 | 𒈮 | 𒈯 |
U+1223x | 𒈰 | 𒈱 | 𒈲 | 𒈳 | 𒈴 | 𒈵 | 𒈶 | 𒈷 | 𒈸 | 𒈹 | 𒈺 | 𒈻 | 𒈼 | 𒈽 | 𒈾 | 𒈿 |
U+1224x | 𒉀 | 𒉁 | 𒉂 | 𒉃 | 𒉄 | 𒉅 | 𒉆 | 𒉇 | 𒉈 | 𒉉 | 𒉊 | 𒉋 | 𒉌 | 𒉍 | 𒉎 | 𒉏 |
U+1225x | 𒉐 | 𒉑 | 𒉒 | 𒉓 | 𒉔 | 𒉕 | 𒉖 | 𒉗 | 𒉘 | 𒉙 | 𒉚 | 𒉛 | 𒉜 | 𒉝 | 𒉞 | 𒉟 |
U+1226x | 𒉠 | 𒉡 | 𒉢 | 𒉣 | 𒉤 | 𒉥 | 𒉦 | 𒉧 | 𒉨 | 𒉩 | 𒉪 | 𒉫 | 𒉬 | 𒉭 | 𒉮 | 𒉯 |
U+1227x | 𒉰 | 𒉱 | 𒉲 | 𒉳 | 𒉴 | 𒉵 | 𒉶 | 𒉷 | 𒉸 | 𒉹 | 𒉺 | 𒉻 | 𒉼 | 𒉽 | 𒉾 | 𒉿 |
U+1228x | 𒊀 | 𒊁 | 𒊂 | 𒊃 | 𒊄 | 𒊅 | 𒊆 | 𒊇 | 𒊈 | 𒊉 | 𒊊 | 𒊋 | 𒊌 | 𒊍 | 𒊎 | 𒊏 |
U+1229x | 𒊐 | 𒊑 | 𒊒 | 𒊓 | 𒊔 | 𒊕 | 𒊖 | 𒊗 | 𒊘 | 𒊙 | 𒊚 | 𒊛 | 𒊜 | 𒊝 | 𒊞 | 𒊟 |
U+122Ax | 𒊠 | 𒊡 | 𒊢 | 𒊣 | 𒊤 | 𒊥 | 𒊦 | 𒊧 | 𒊨 | 𒊩 | 𒊪 | 𒊫 | 𒊬 | 𒊭 | 𒊮 | 𒊯 |
U+122Bx | 𒊰 | 𒊱 | 𒊲 | 𒊳 | 𒊴 | 𒊵 | 𒊶 | 𒊷 | 𒊸 | 𒊹 | 𒊺 | 𒊻 | 𒊼 | 𒊽 | 𒊾 | 𒊿 |
U+122Cx | 𒋀 | 𒋁 | 𒋂 | 𒋃 | 𒋄 | 𒋅 | 𒋆 | 𒋇 | 𒋈 | 𒋉 | 𒋊 | 𒋋 | 𒋌 | 𒋍 | 𒋎 | 𒋏 |
U+122Dx | 𒋐 | 𒋑 | 𒋒 | 𒋓 | 𒋔 | 𒋕 | 𒋖 | 𒋗 | 𒋘 | 𒋙 | 𒋚 | 𒋛 | 𒋜 | 𒋝 | 𒋞 | 𒋟 |
U+122Ex | 𒋠 | 𒋡 | 𒋢 | 𒋣 | 𒋤 | 𒋥 | 𒋦 | 𒋧 | 𒋨 | 𒋩 | 𒋪 | 𒋫 | 𒋬 | 𒋭 | 𒋮 | 𒋯 |
U+122Fx | 𒋰 | 𒋱 | 𒋲 | 𒋳 | 𒋴 | 𒋵 | 𒋶 | 𒋷 | 𒋸 | 𒋹 | 𒋺 | 𒋻 | 𒋼 | 𒋽 | 𒋾 | 𒋿 |
U+1230x | 𒌀 | 𒌁 | 𒌂 | 𒌃 | 𒌄 | 𒌅 | 𒌆 | 𒌇 | 𒌈 | 𒌉 | 𒌊 | 𒌋 | 𒌌 | 𒌍 | 𒌎 | 𒌏 |
U+1231x | 𒌐 | 𒌑 | 𒌒 | 𒌓 | 𒌔 | 𒌕 | 𒌖 | 𒌗 | 𒌘 | 𒌙 | 𒌚 | 𒌛 | 𒌜 | 𒌝 | 𒌞 | 𒌟 |
U+1232x | 𒌠 | 𒌡 | 𒌢 | 𒌣 | 𒌤 | 𒌥 | 𒌦 | 𒌧 | 𒌨 | 𒌩 | 𒌪 | 𒌫 | 𒌬 | 𒌭 | 𒌮 | 𒌯 |
U+1233x | 𒌰 | 𒌱 | 𒌲 | 𒌳 | 𒌴 | 𒌵 | 𒌶 | 𒌷 | 𒌸 | 𒌹 | 𒌺 | 𒌻 | 𒌼 | 𒌽 | 𒌾 | 𒌿 |
U+1234x | 𒍀 | 𒍁 | 𒍂 | 𒍃 | 𒍄 | 𒍅 | 𒍆 | 𒍇 | 𒍈 | 𒍉 | 𒍊 | 𒍋 | 𒍌 | 𒍍 | 𒍎 | 𒍏 |
U+1235x | 𒍐 | 𒍑 | 𒍒 | 𒍓 | 𒍔 | 𒍕 | 𒍖 | 𒍗 | 𒍘 | 𒍙 | 𒍚 | 𒍛 | 𒍜 | 𒍝 | 𒍞 | 𒍟 |
U+1236x | 𒍠 | 𒍡 | 𒍢 | 𒍣 | 𒍤 | 𒍥 | 𒍦 | 𒍧 | 𒍨 | 𒍩 | 𒍪 | 𒍫 | 𒍬 | 𒍭 | 𒍮 | 𒍯 |
U+1237x | 𒍰 | 𒍱 | 𒍲 | 𒍳 | 𒍴 | 𒍵 | 𒍶 | 𒍷 | 𒍸 | 𒍹 | 𒍺 | 𒍻 | 𒍼 | 𒍽 | 𒍾 | 𒍿 |
U+1238x | 𒎀 | 𒎁 | 𒎂 | 𒎃 | 𒎄 | 𒎅 | 𒎆 | 𒎇 | 𒎈 | 𒎉 | 𒎊 | 𒎋 | 𒎌 | 𒎍 | 𒎎 | 𒎏 |
U+1239x | 𒎐 | 𒎑 | 𒎒 | 𒎓 | 𒎔 | 𒎕 | 𒎖 | 𒎗 | 𒎘 | 𒎙 | ||||||
U+123Ax | ||||||||||||||||
U+123Bx | ||||||||||||||||
U+123Cx | ||||||||||||||||
U+123Dx | ||||||||||||||||
U+123Ex | ||||||||||||||||
U+123Fx | ||||||||||||||||
Notes |
The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Cuneiform block:
Version | Final code points [lower-alpha 1] | Count | L2 ID | WG2 ID | Document |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5.0 | U+12000..122D3, 122D6..1236E | 877 | L2/00-128 | Bunz, Carl-Martin (2000-03-01), Scripts from the Past in Future Versions of Unicode | |
L2/00-153 | Bunz, Carl-Martin (2000-04-26), Further comments on historic scripts | ||||
L2/00-398 | Snyder, Dean (2000-11-07), Cuneiform: From Clay Tablet to Computer | ||||
L2/00-419 | N2297 | Everson, Michael (2000-11-20), Legacy cuneiform font implementations and the ICE project | |||
L2/03-162 | N2585 | Everson, Michael; Feuerherm, Karljürgen (2003-05-25), Basic principles for the encoding of Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform | |||
L2/03-415 | Snyder, Dean (2003-11-01), Proposal to Encode the Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform Script in the UCS | ||||
L2/03-393R | N2664R | Everson, Michael; Feuerherm, Karljürgen; Tinney, Steve (2003-11-03), Preliminary proposal to encode Cuneiform script in the SMP of the UCS | |||
L2/03-416 | Anderson, Lloyd (2003-11-03), The Cuneiform Encoding Proposal -- a View of its Current Status | ||||
L2/04-080 | Tinney, Steve (2004-01-24), Rationale for changes to N2664R | ||||
L2/04-036 | N2698 | Everson, Michael; Feuerherm, Karljürgen; Tinney, Steve (2004-01-29), Revised proposal to encode Cuneiform script in the SMP of the UCS | |||
L2/04-041 | Anderson, Lloyd (2004-01-29), Fitting Cuneiform Encoding to Cuneiform Script | ||||
L2/04-059 | Feuerherm, Karljürgen (2004-01-30), Short Response to L2/04-041 "Fitting Cuneiform Encoding to Cuneiform Script" | ||||
L2/04-063 | Gewecke, Tom (2004-01-30), Re: Cuneiform at UTC | ||||
L2/04-056 | Veldhuis, Niek (2004-01-31), Letter re "Cuneiform Unicode" | ||||
L2/04-057 | Jones, Charles E. (2004-02-01), Letter re "Cuneiform" | ||||
L2/04-058 | Michalowski, Piotr (2004-02-01), Letter re "cuneiform unicode" | ||||
L2/04-064 | Cooper, Jerry (2004-02-01), Letter re "unicode proposal" | ||||
L2/04-066 | Durusau, Patrick (2004-02-02), Letter re "Proposal N2698" | ||||
L2/04-081 | Black, Jeremy (2004-02-02), Letter re "cuneiform Unicode proposal" | ||||
L2/04-086 | Anderson, Lloyd (2004-02-03), Notes for verbal presentation to UTC meeting, 3 February 2004 | ||||
L2/04-099 | Anderson, Lloyd (2004-02-09), Unification of cuneiform numbers | ||||
L2/04-225 | Anderson, Lloyd (2004-06-07), Proposed modifications to introductory text of N2798 = L204-189 Proposal for Cuneiform Encoding | ||||
L2/04-189 | N2786 | Everson, Michael; Feuerherm, Karljürgen; Tinney, Steve (2004-06-08), Final proposal to encode Cuneiform script | |||
L2/04-223R | Anderson, Lloyd (2004-06-11), Proposed modifications to delete and add signs to N2798 = L204-189 Proposal for Cuneiform Encoding | ||||
L2/04-354 | McGowan, Rick (2004-09-20), Cuneiform Properties | ||||
L2/05-135 | Tinney, Steve (2005-05-10), Corrections to N2786 | ||||
L2/05-174 | Everson, Michael (2005-07-28), Irish comments on Cuneiform | ||||
L2/05-108R | Moore, Lisa (2005-08-26), "Cuneiform (C.17)", UTC #103 Minutes | ||||
N2953 (pdf, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2006-02-16), "M47.12", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 47, Sophia Antipolis, France; 2005-09-12/15 | ||||
L2/12-328 | Anderson, Deborah (2012-10-16), Numeric value fixes for two cuneiform characters | ||||
U+122D4..122D5 | 2 | L2/12-002 | N4178R | Everson, Michael; Tinney, Steve (2012-01-16), Proposal for additions and corrections to Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform | |
L2/12-207R | N4277R | Everson, Michael; Tinney, Steve (2012-07-31), Proposal for additions and corrections to Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform | |||
L2/12-239 | Moore, Lisa (2012-08-14), "C.3", UTC #132 Minutes | ||||
7.0 | U+1236F..12398 | 42 | L2/12-002 | N4178R | Everson, Michael; Tinney, Steve (2012-01-16), Proposal for additions and corrections to Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform |
L2/12-207R | N4277R | Everson, Michael; Tinney, Steve (2012-07-31), Proposal for additions and corrections to Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform | |||
L2/12-239 | Moore, Lisa (2012-08-14), "C.3", UTC #132 Minutes | ||||
8.0 | U+12399 [lower-alpha 2] | 1 | L2/13-196 | N4493 | Everson, Michael (2013-10-28), Request to add one Cuneiform character to the UCS |
L2/13-200 | Moore, Lisa (2013-11-18), "C.8", UTC #137 Minutes | ||||
N4553 (pdf, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2014-09-16), "M62.01a, M62.01f", Minutes of WG 2 meeting 62 Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA | ||||
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The Arabic alphabet, or Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right-to-left in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters, of which most have contextual letterforms. The Arabic alphabet is considered an abjad, with only consonants required to be written; due to its optional use of diacritics to notate vowels, it is considered an impure abjad.
Unicode, formally The Unicode Standard, is a text encoding standard maintained by the Unicode Consortium designed to support the use of text written in all of the world's major writing systems. Version 15.1 of the standard defines 149813 characters and 161 scripts used in various ordinary, literary, academic, and technical contexts.
The Brahmic scripts, also known as Indic scripts, are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia. They are descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India and are used by various languages in several language families in South, East and Southeast Asia: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Mongolic, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, and Tai. They were also the source of the dictionary order (gojūon) of Japanese kana.
Malayalam script is a Brahmic script used commonly to write Malayalam, which is the principal language of Kerala, India, spoken by 45 million people in the world. It is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry by the Malayali people. It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. Malayalam script is also widely used for writing Sanskrit texts in Kerala.
The Ugaritic writing system is a Cuneiform Abjad with syllabic elements used from around either 1400 BCE or 1300 BCE for Ugaritic, an extinct Northwest Semitic language, and discovered in Ugarit, Syria, in 1928. It has 30 letters. Other languages were occasionally written in the Ugaritic script in the area around Ugarit, although not elsewhere.
Cuneiform is a logo-syllabic writing system that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Near East. The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era. Cuneiform scripts are marked by and named for the characteristic wedge-shaped impressions which form their signs. Cuneiform is the earliest known writing system and was originally developed to write the Sumerian language of southern Mesopotamia.
Lugal is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In Sumerian, lú "𒇽" is "man" and gal "𒃲" is "great", or "big."
In Unicode, a Private Use Area (PUA) is a range of code points that, by definition, will not be assigned characters by the Unicode Consortium. Three private use areas are defined: one in the Basic Multilingual Plane, and one each in, and nearly covering, planes 15 and 16. The code points in these areas cannot be considered as standardized characters in Unicode itself. They are intentionally left undefined so that third parties may define their own characters without conflicting with Unicode Consortium assignments. Under the Unicode Stability Policy, the Private Use Areas will remain allocated for that purpose in all future Unicode versions.
A determinative, also known as a taxogram or semagram, is an ideogram used to mark semantic categories of words in logographic scripts which helps to disambiguate interpretation. They have no direct counterpart in spoken language, though they may derive historically from glyphs for real words, and functionally they resemble classifiers in East Asian and sign languages. For example, Egyptian hieroglyphic determinatives include symbols for divinities, people, parts of the body, animals, plants, and books/abstract ideas, which helped in reading, but none of which were pronounced.
Old Persian cuneiform is a semi-alphabetic cuneiform script that was the primary script for Old Persian. Texts written in this cuneiform have been found in Iran, Armenia, Romania (Gherla), Turkey, and along the Suez Canal. They were mostly inscriptions from the time period of Darius I, such as the DNa inscription, as well as his son, Xerxes I. Later kings down to Artaxerxes III used more recent forms of the language classified as "pre-Middle Persian".
Dingir is a Sumerian word for "god" or "goddess". Its cuneiform sign is most commonly employed as the determinative for religious names and related concepts, in which case it is not pronounced and is conventionally transliterated as a superscript "d" as in e.g. dInanna.
The Winkelhaken, also simply called a hook, is one of five basic wedge elements appearing in the composition of signs in Akkadian cuneiform. It was realized by pressing the point of the stylus into the clay.
The Sumerian word NIN, later borrowed into Akkadian, was used to denote a queen or a priestess, and is often translated as "lady". Other translations include "queen", "mistress", "proprietress", and "lord". The word EREŠ, also meaning "queen" or "lady", is written using the cuneiform sign for NIN as well.
Riekele or Rykle Borger was a notable Dutch Assyriologist educated in the German tradition. He was the protégé of Wolfram von Soden, and taught as professor in the Seminar für Keilschriftforschung at the University of Göttingen, Germany.
In Unicode and the UCS, a compatibility character is a character that is encoded solely to maintain round-trip convertibility with other, often older, standards. As the Unicode Glossary says:
A character that would not have been encoded except for compatibility and round-trip convertibility with other standards
Many scripts in Unicode, such as Arabic, have special orthographic rules that require certain combinations of letterforms to be combined into special ligature forms. In English, the common ampersand (&) developed from a ligature in which the handwritten Latin letters e and t were combined. The rules governing ligature formation in Arabic can be quite complex, requiring special script-shaping technologies such as the Arabic Calligraphic Engine by Thomas Milo's DecoType.
Runic is a Unicode block containing runic characters. It was introduced in Unicode 3.0 (1999), with eight additional characters introduced in Unicode 7.0 (2014). The original encoding of runes in UCS was based on the recommendations of the "ISO Runes Project" submitted in 1997.
In Unicode, the Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform script is covered in three blocks in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane (SMP):
Early Dynastic Cuneiform is the name of a Unicode block of the Supplementary Multilingual Plane (SMP), at U+12480–U+1254F, introduced in version 8.0. It is a supplement to the earlier encoding of the cuneiform script in the two blocks U+12000–U+123FF "Cuneiform" and U+12400–U+1247F "Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation".