List of LGBT jurists in the United States

Last updated

This is a list of openly LGBT Americans who are or were judges, magistrate judges, court commissioners, or administrative law judges in the United States and its federal district and territories. If known, it will be listed if a judge has served on multiple courts.

Contents

United States Circuit Courts of Appeals

#JudgeCircuitStateBegan active
service		Ended active
service		Ended senior
status		Reason for
termination		Appointed by
1 Todd M. Hughes [1] Federal DC September 24, 2013Incumbent—— Obama
2 Patrick J. Bumatay [2] Ninth CA December 12, 2019Incumbent—— Trump
3 Beth Robinson [3] Second VT November 5, 2021Incumbent—— Biden
4 Alison Nathan [4] Second NY March 30, 2022Incumbent—— Biden
5 Nicole Berner [5] Fourth MD March 19, 2024Incumbent—— Biden

    United States District Courts

    Article III Judges

    #JudgeDistrictBegan active
    service    		Ended active
    service    		Ended senior
    status    		Reason for
    termination    		Appointed by
    1 Vaughn Walker [6] N.D.Cal. November 27, 1989February 28, 2011—retirement G. H. W. Bush
    2 Deborah Batts [7] S.D.N.Y. May 9, 1994April 13, 2012February 3, 2020death Clinton
    3 Martin Jenkins [8] N.D.Cal. November 12, 1997April 3, 2008—resignation Clinton
    4 J. Paul Oetken [9] S.D.N.Y. July 20, 2011Incumbent—— Obama
    5 Alison Nathan [4] S.D.N.Y. October 17, 2011March 31, 2022—elevation to Second Circuit Obama
    6 Michael W. Fitzgerald [10] C.D.Cal. March 15, 2012Incumbent—— Obama
    7 Pamela K. Chen [11] E.D.N.Y. March 5, 2013Incumbent—— Obama
    8 Michael J. McShane [12] D.Ore. May 30, 2013Incumbent—— Obama
    9 Nitza Quiñones Alejandro [13] E.D.Pa. June 19, 2013Incumbent—— Obama
    10 Judith E. Levy [14] [15] [16] E.D.Mich. March 14, 2014Incumbent—— Obama
    11 Darrin P. Gayles [17] S.D.Fla. June 19, 2014Incumbent—— Obama
    12 Staci M. Yandle [18] S.D.Ill. June 19, 2014Incumbent—— Obama
    13 Robert L. Pitman [19] W.D.Tex. December 19, 2014Incumbent—— Obama
    14 Mary M. Rowland [20] N.D.Ill. August 20, 2019Incumbent—— Trump
    15 Charlotte Sweeney [4] D.Colo. July 18, 2022Incumbent—— Biden
    16 Nina Morrison [4] E.D.N.Y. August 11, 2022Incumbent—— Biden
    17 Daniel Calabretta [21] E.D.Cal. February 21, 2023Incumbent—— Biden
    18 Ana C. Reyes [22] D.D.C. February 21, 2023Incumbent—— Biden
    19 Gina R. Méndez-Miró [23] D.P.R. February 24, 2023Incumbent—— Biden
    20 Jamar K. Walker [24] E.D.Va. March 3, 2023Incumbent—— Biden
    21 P. Casey Pitts [25] N.D. Cal. July 7, 2023Incumbent—— Biden
    22 Melissa R. DuBose [26] D.R.I. Designate——— Biden

      Magistrate Judges

      JudgeCourt/agency and years of service (if known)State/territoryStatus
      Ruben Brooks [27] United States District Court for the Southern District of California (1993–2016) California retired
      Allison Claire [28] United States District Court for the Eastern District of California (2012– ) California active
      Mary M. Rowland [20] United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (2012–2019) Illinois elevation
      Donna Ryu [29] [30] United States District Court for the Northern District of California (2010– ) California active

      Specialty courts (Article I)

      JudgeCourt/agency and years of service (if known)State/territoryStatus
      Joseph H. Gale [31] United States Tax Court (1996–2011; 2011– ) District of Columbia active
      Emily C. Hewitt [32] United States Court of Federal Claims (1998–2013) Maryland term ended
      Elaine D. Kaplan [33] United States Court of Federal Claims (2013– ) District of Columbia active

      State supreme courts

      JudgeCourt/agency and years of service (if known)State/territoryStatus
      C. Shannon Bacon [34] New Mexico Supreme Court (2019– ) New Mexico active
      Anthony Cannataro [35] New York Court of Appeals (2021– ) New York active
      Margaret Chutich [36] Supreme Court of Minnesota (2016– ) Minnesota active
      Elspeth B. Cypher [37] Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (2017–2024) Massachusetts retired
      Kelli Evans [38] Alameda County Superior Court (2021–2023); California Supreme Court (2023– ) California active
      Paul Feinman [39] New York Court of Appeals (2017–2021) New York deceased
      Martin Jenkins [40] [41] Alameda County Municipal Court (1989–1992); Alameda County Superior Court (1992–1997); United States District Court for the Northern District of California (1997–2008); California Courts of Appeal (2008–2019); Supreme Court of California (2020– ) California active
      Rives Kistler [42] Oregon Court of Appeals (1993–2003); Oregon Supreme Court (2003–2018) Oregon retired
      Barbara Lenk [43] Massachusetts Superior Court (1993–1995); Massachusetts Appeals Court (1995–2011); Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (2011–2020) Massachusetts retired
      Virginia Linder [44] [45] Supreme Court of Oregon (2007–2016) Oregon retired
      Monica Márquez [46] Supreme Court of Colorado (2010– ) Colorado active
      Andrew J. McDonald [47] [48] [49] Supreme Court of Connecticut (2013– ) Connecticut active
      Sabrina McKenna [50] Supreme Court of Hawaii (2011– ) Hawaii active
      Lynn Nakamoto [51] Oregon Court of Appeals (2011–2016); Oregon Supreme Court (2016–2021) Oregon retired
      Lidia S. Stiglich [52] Supreme Court of Nevada (2016– ) Nevada active
      Helen Whitener [53] [54] Pierce County Superior Court (2015–2020); Washington Supreme Court (2020– ) Washington active
      Mary Yu [55] Washington Supreme Court (2014– ) Washington active

      Territorial supreme courts

      JudgeCourt/agency and years of service (if known)State/territoryStatus
      Benjamin Cruz [56] Supreme Court of Guam (1997–2001) Guam retired
      Maite Oronoz Rodríguez [57] Supreme Court of Puerto Rico (2014– ) Puerto Rico active

      Other courts

      JudgeCourt/agency and years of service (if known)State/territoryStatus
      Charles Adams [58] Santa Clara County Superior Court (2018– ) California active
      Joel Agron [59] San Bernardino County Superior Court (2017– ) California active
      Ronald E. Albers [60] San Francisco County Superior Court (2009–2017) California retired
      Beth Allen [61] Fourth Judicial District Circuit Court (2013– ) Oregon active
      Daniel Anders [62] Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas (2007– ) Pennsylvania active
      Carolyn Archbold [63] 29th District Court (resigned in 2003) Michigan deceased
      John S. Arrowood [64] North Carolina Court of Appeals (2017– ) North Carolina active
      Jim Arth [65] Travis County District Court (2012– ) Texas active
      Patricia C. Baca [66] 346th District Court (2021– ) Texas active
      Shawna S. Baker [67] Supreme Court of the Cherokee Nation (2020– ) Oklahoma active
      Shannon Baldwin [68] Harris County Court (2019– ) Texas active
      John Paul Barnich [69] Houston Municipal Court (1999–2007) Texas deceased
      Mary Ann Bearden [70] Lane County Circuit Court (1998–2012) Oregon inactive
      Mary Bednar [71] New York City Family Court (1986–2015) New York retired
      Rachel Bell [72] [73] Davidson County General Sessions Court (c. 2017) Tennessee active
      Martha E. Bellinger [74] Los Angeles County Superior Court (2005–2011) California retired
      Jerry Birdwell [75] Dallas County's 195th Judicial District Court (1992) Texas lost reelection
      Peter E. Borkon [76] Alameda County Superior Court (2022– ) California active
      Christopher W. Bowen [77] Contra Costa County Superior Court (2010– ) California active
      Tim Bradbury [78] King County Superior Court (1995) Washington lost reelection
      Angela Bradstreet [79] San Francisco County Superior Court (2011–2022) California retired
      Brett Blomme [80] Milwaukee County Children's Court (2020–2021) Wisconsin suspended
      David J. Breen [81] Boston Municipal Court (2015– )Massachusettsactive
      Daniel L. Brenner [82] Los Angeles County Superior Court (2012–2016) California deceased
      Karen Burstein [83] New York City Family Court (1990–1994) New York resigned
      Ann M. Butchart [84] [85] Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas (2015– ) Pennsylvania active
      Teresa Caffese [86] San Francisco County Superior Court (2017– ) California active
      Victor Carlson [87] Alaska Superior Court (retired 1995) Alaska retired
      Audrey Carrion [88] Eighth Circuit Court for Baltimore City (1999– ) Maryland active
      Ronald Castorina [89] New York City Civil Court, Richmond County (2021); New York State Supreme Court, Richmond County (2022) New York active
      Mary A. Celeste [90] Denver County Court (2000–2010) Colorado retired
      Roger Chan [91] [92] San Francisco County Superior Court (2016– ) California active
      Ken Cheuvront [93] Encanto Justice Court (Justice of the Peace: 2019– ) Arizona active
      Thomas R. Chiola [94] Illinois Circuit Court of Cook County (1994–2009) Illinois retired
      Daniel J. Clifford [95] [96] Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas (2015– ) Pennsylvania active
      Jeffrey S. Cohen-Laurie [97] Los Angeles County Superior Court (2019– ) California active
      Linda Colfax [98] San Francisco County Superior Court (2010– ) California active
      Kimberly E. Colwell [99] Alameda County Superior Court (2012– ) California active
      Elena Condes [100] Alameda County Superior Court (2021– ) California active
      Christopher Costa [101] [ failed verification ]Administrative Law Judge for the District of Columbia Office of Administrative Hearings (2018– ) District of Columbia active
      Jason Cox [102] Harris County Court (2018– ) Texas active
      Jake Cunningham [103] Oakland County Circuit Court (2019– ) Michigan active
      John Dalton [104] Kane County Court (2012– ) Illinois active
      Amy Dawson [105] Fourth Judicial District (Hennepin County) District Court (2014– ) Minnesota active
      Jessica Delgado [106] Santa Clara County Superior Court (2021– ) California active
      Marisa Demeo [107] Superior Court of the District of Columbia (2010– ) District of Columbia active
      Susan J. De Witt [108] Los Angeles County Superior Court (2019– ) California active
      Mary Dolas [109] Fresno County Superior Court (2015– ) California active
      Herb Donaldson [110] San Francisco County Superior Court (1983–1999) California deceased
      Bonnie Dumanis [111] San Diego Municipal Court (1994–1998); San Diego County Superior Court (1998–2002) California resigned
      Angela D. Duncan [112] Gwinnett County Superior Court (2020– ) Georgia active
      Laurie Earl [113] Superior Court of Sacramento County; California Court of Appeal, Third Appellate District (2022– ) California active
      Julie Emede [114] Santa Clara County Superior Court (2009– ) California active
      John Ehrlich [115] 8th Subcircuit Court (2012– ) Illinois active
      Jim Evans [116] Harris County District Court (2017– ) Texas active
      Richard Failla [117] New York City Criminal Court (1985–1993) New York deceased
      Tara Flanagan [118] Alameda County Superior Court (2013– ) California active
      Abbe Fletman [85] Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas (2014– ) Pennsylvania active
      Keith Kern Fong [119] Alameda County Superior Court (2021– ) California active
      Idee Fox [85] Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas (1995– ) Pennsylvania active
      Shannon Frison [120] Boston Municipal Court (2009–2013); Superior Court of Massachusetts (2013– ) Massachusetts active
      Phyllis Frye [121] [122] City of Houston Municipal Courts (2010–2023) Texas retired
      Sidney Galton [123] Multnomah County Circuit Court (1998–2005) Oregon left office
      Elizabeth A. Garry [71] New York State Supreme Court, Third Department (2009– ) New York active
      Shelley Gaylord [124] [125] Dane County Circuit Court (2003–2020) Wisconsin retired
      David Gernant [126] Multnomah County Circuit Court (1994–2006) Oregon deceased [127]
      James Gilbert United States Postal Service

      (Chief Administrative Law Judge 2009 - )

      		 District of Columbia active
      Linda Giles [128] Boston Municipal Court (1991–1998); Massachusetts Superior Court (1998–2021) Massachusetts retired
      Anthony Gipe [129] Kent Municipal Court (2019– ) Washington active
      Don Gorton [130] Tax Counsel - Commonwealth of Massachusetts (1997–2008) Massachusetts retired
      Alyson A. Grine [131] Judicial District 15B (2021– ) North Carolina active
      Stacy Hackenberg [132] Justice of the Peace Precinct 4 (2019– ) Texas active
      Dean Hansell [133] Los Angeles County Superior Court (2016– ) California active
      Rebecca C. Hardie [134] Contra Costa County Superior Court (2010– ) California active
      Barbara Hartle [135] Houston Municipal Court (2006– ) Texas active
      Vickie L. Henry [136] Massachusetts Appeals Court (2015– ) Massachusetts active
      Paula Hepner [137] New York Family Court (1998–2012) New York retired
      Donna Hitchens [138] San Francisco County Superior Court (c. 1990–2010) California retired
      Rand Hoch [74] Judge of Compensation Claims Florida retired
      Cecilia Horan [139] Cook County Circuit Court (2017– ) Illinois active
      Jim Humes [140] First District Court of Appeal (2012– ) California active
      Mike Jacobs [141] DeKalb County Court (2015– ) Georgia active
      Jan R. Jurden [142] [143] Delaware Superior Court (2001– ) Delaware active
      Marcy Kahn [144] New York State Supreme Court (1994–2019) New York retired
      Jonathan Karesh [145] San Mateo County Superior Court California active
      Nancy J. Katz [146] Circuit Court of Cook County (1999–2017) Illinois retired
      Stuart Katz [74] Circuit Court of Cook County Illinois retired
      Steven Kirkland [147] [148] Houston Municipal Courts (2001–2008); 215th Civil District Court of Harris County (2009–2012); 334th District Court in Harris County (2012–2020) Texas lost reelection
      Carol Kuhnke [74] Washtenaw County Trial Court (2013– ) Michigan active
      William G. Kocol [63] National Labor Relations Board (Administrative Law Judge: 1992–2013) District of Columbia deceased
      Barry David Kohn [149] Los Angeles County Superior Court (Commissioner: 2000–2011) California deceased
      Victoria Kolakowski [150] Alameda County Superior Court (2011– ) California active
      Jim Kovach [102] Harris County Court (2019– ) Texas active
      Jerold Krieger [151] Los Angeles Municipal Court (1983–1988); Los Angeles County Superior Court (1998–2002) California deceased
      Robert F. Kumor Jr. [63] [152] Springfield District Court (retired in 2009) Massachusetts deceased
      Stephen Lachs [153] Los Angeles County Superior Court (Commissioner: 1975-1979; Judge: 1979–1999) California retired
      Jonathon Lack [154] [155] Alaska Superior Court (Family Court Master: 2007–2013); Thurston County Superior Court (Commissioner: 2013–2019); King County Superior Court (Commissioner: 2019– ) Alaska; Washington active
      Luis A. Lavin [156] Second District Court of Appeal (2015– ) California active
      Mark Leban [157] Eleventh Judicial Circuit Court (2005– ) Florida active
      Robert W. Lee [158] Broward County Circuit Court (1997– ) Florida active
      Joan Lobis [71] New York County Supreme Court (2007–2020) New York retired
      Chris Mallios [85] Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas (2015– ) Pennsylvania active
      Larnzell Martin Jr. [159] Prince George’s County, Maryland Circuit Court (1990–2016) Maryland retired
      Cira Martinez [160] Bronx Family Court (c. 1992-1999) New York deceased
      Mary Catherine Marubio [161] Cook County Circuit Court (2016– ) Illinois active
      Kevin M. McCarthy [162] Superior Court of the State of California, in and for the City and County of San Francisco (1997-2012) California retired
      Barbara McDermott [85] Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas (2011– ) Pennsylvania active
      W. Kearse McGill [163] California State Bar Court (2016– ) California retired
      Dermot Meagher [164] [165] [166] Boston Municipal Court (1989–2006) Massachusetts retired
      Beau Miller [102] Harris County Court (2019– ) Texas active
      Jodie Mooney [167] Lane County Circuit Court (2011–2019); Oregon Court of Appeals (2019– ) Oregon active
      Lawrence E. Mooney [168] Missouri Court of Appeals (1998–2019) Missouri retired
      Mary C. Morgan [169] San Francisco Municipal Court (1981-1993); San Francisco County Superior Court (2003– ) California active
      Albert J. Mrozik Jr. [74] Asbury Park Municipal Court New Jersey retired
      Andi Mudryk [170] Sacramento County Superior Court (2022– ) California active
      Tracey Nadzieja [171] Maricopa County Superior Court (Commissioner: 2018– ) Arizona active
      Camille Neider [172] Second District Court (2017– ) Utah active
      George A.W. Northrup [173] Dane County Circuit Court (c. 1985–1997) Wisconsin deceased
      Marco D. Nunez [174] Imperial County Superior Court (2016– ) California active
      T. "Tracey" Edward Page [175] Lake County Superior Court (1984–2000) Indiana deceased
      Tiffany Palmer [176] Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia (2010– ) Pennsylvania active
      Tonya Parker [177] 116th Civil District Court (2010– ) Texas active
      Sebastian Patti [178] [179] First District Appellate Court (1995–2018) Illinois retired
      Cheryl A. Pellegrini [180] Marion County Circuit Court (2014– ) Oregon active
      Sheryl Pethers [74] Circuit Court of Cook County (elected 2004) Illinois retired
      Rosemary Pfeiffer [145] [181] San Mateo County Superior Court (ret. 2012) California retired
      Barbara Phelan [182] Sonoma County Superior Court (2018– ) California active
      Lynn Pickard [183] [184] New Mexico Court of Appeals (1991) New Mexico retired
      William Pocan [185] Milwaukee County Circuit Court (2006– ) Wisconsin active
      Jill Rose Quinn [186] Cook County Court (2020– ) Illinois active
      Joe Quinn [108] San Francisco County Superior Court (2015– ) California active
      Tom Reardon [76] Alameda County Superior Court (c. 1998– ) California active
      Judith Rice [187] Circuit Court of Cook County 7th sub-circuit (2014– ) Illinois active
      Randolf J. Rice [188] Santa Clara County Superior Court (appt. 2001) California deceased
      Ronald Richter [189] New York City Family Court (2009-2011; 2014-2015) New York inactive
      Rosalyn Richter [190] New York State Supreme Court, First Department (2009– ) New York active
      Paula Rosenstein [191] San Diego County Superior Court (2012– ) California active
      Kristin L. Rosi [192] California Department of Insurance (Administrative Law Judge) California active
      David Rubin [193] San Diego County Superior Court (2006– ) California active
      Robert J. Sandoval [194] Los Angeles County Superior Court (2001–2006) California deceased
      Bentrish Satarzadeh [195] Alameda County Superior Court (Commissioner: 2018– ) California active
      Rand Schrader [196] Los Angeles Municipal Court (1980–1993) California deceased
      Karin S. Schwartz [97] Alameda County Superior Court (2019– ) California active
      Ernesto Scorsone [197] Fayette County Circuit Court (2008– ) Kentucky active
      Mark Scurti [198] District Court of Maryland for Baltimore City (2013– ) Maryland active
      Rudolph "Rudy" Serra [199] 36th District Court (2004-2007) Michigan term ended
      Victoria Sigler [200] Miami-Dade County Circuit Court (2000– ) Florida active
      Debra Silber [201] King County Supreme Court (2016– ) New York active
      Jerry Simoneaux [102] Harris County Court (2019– ) Texas active
      Sarah M. Singleton [202] First Judicial District Court of New Mexico (2009–2017) New Mexico deceased
      Marsha G. Slough [203] Fourth District Court of Appeal (2015– ) California active
      Levander Smith Jr. [204] Cook County Circuit Court (2019– ) Illinois active
      Sandra Butler Smith [63] San Joaquin County Superior Court (retired c. 2002) California deceased
      Michael Sonberg [205] Criminal Court of the City of New York (1991–2017) New York retired
      Charles Spain [206] 14th District Court (2018– ) Texas active
      Rosie Speedlin Gonzalez [207] Bexar County Court (2018– ) Texas active
      Matthew St. George [63] [208] Los Angeles County Superior Court (Commissioner: 2009–2019) California deceased
      Fay Stetz-Waters Linn County Circuit Court (2017–2018) Oregon lost reelection
      Therese M. Stewart [209] California Court of Appeal (2014– ) California active
      Dylan Sullivan [210] El Dorado County Superior Court (2014– ) California active
      Katherine Tennyson [211] Multnomah County Circuit Court (2002–2019) Oregon retired
      William Thom [71] [212] New York State Court New York retired
      William L. Thomas [213] Eleventh Judicial Circuit (2012– ) Florida active
      Tracy Thorne-Begland [214] Richmond Circuit Court (2013– ) Virginia active
      Maureen A. Tighe [215] United States Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California (2003– ) California active
      Matthew Titone [189] Richmond County Surrogate’s Court (2007– ) New York active
      Richard Tsai [216] New York City Civil Court (2017– ) New York active
      Margaret Walsh [71] Albany County Family Court, Third Department (2004– ) New York active
      Shane Vannatta [217] [218] Fourth Judicial District of Montana (2019– ) Montana active
      Linda Vanzi [219] New Mexico Court of Appeals (2008–2020) New Mexico retired
      Ray Warren [220] [221] Superior Court of North Carolina North Carolina inactive
      Joshua D. Wayser [222] Los Angeles County Superior Court (2015– ) California active
      William E. Weinberger [223] Los Angeles County Superior Court (2022– ) California active
      Halee F. Weinstein [224] District Court of Maryland (2002– ) Maryland active
      E. Gregory Wells [225] Maryland Court of Special Appeals (2019– ) Maryland active
      Michael Whitaker [226] Los Angeles County Superior Court (2014– ) California active
      Janice Wilson [227] [228] Multnomah County Circuit Court (1994–2013) Oregon retired
      Mary Wiseman [229] Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas (2007– ) Ohio active
      G. Keith Wisot [230] Los Angeles County Superior Court (1981–1994) California deceased
      Gabrielle Wolohojian [231] [ disputed – discuss ] Massachusetts Appeals Court (2008– ) Massachusetts active
      David Brett Woods [232] Denver District Juvenile Court (2009– ) Colorado active
      Jason Worth [63] [233] Housing Court (Brooklyn Division) New York deceased
      Ellen Yacknin [71] City Court of Rochester, Fourth Department (2002– ) New York active
      Gregory Yorgey-Girdy [85] Philadelphia Municipal Court (2021– ) Pennsylvania active
      David Young [234] Circuit Court of Miami Dade County (2000–2007: Resigned to do TV show; 2016: Reelected to same judicial seat) Florida active
      Amy Zanelli [235] Lehigh County Court of Common Pleas (2021– ) Pennsylvania active
      Zeke Zeidler [236] Los Angeles County Superior Court (2004– ) California active

      See also

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      References

      1. ↑ "Senate Confirms First Openly Gay Federal Appeals Court Judge". Talking Points Memo. September 24, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
      2. ↑ "Trump nominates openly gay conservative to federal appeals court". NBC News. October 16, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
      3. ↑ Heintz, Paul; Duffort, Lola (August 5, 2021). "Biden names Justice Beth Robinson, a champion of marriage equality, to federal appellate court". VTDigger. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
      4. 1 2 3 4 "For Pride Month, Biden Should Probably Fill The Courts With Lesbian Judges". HuffPost. June 9, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
      5. ↑ Weissert, Bill (November 15, 2023). "Biden announces 5 federal judicial nominees and stresses their varied professional backgrounds". AP News. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
      6. ↑ "Proposition 8 case: Judge who struck down California's gay marriage ban speaks out". The Mercury News. February 18, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
      7. ↑ Seelye, Katharine Q.; Weiser, Benjamin (February 6, 2020). "Deborah A. Batts, First Openly Gay Federal Judge, Dies at 72". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved February 15, 2022.
      8. ↑ Lyons, Byrhonda (October 5, 2020). "Newsom's Supreme Court pick confirmed as state's first openly gay justice". Calmatters.
      9. ↑ Weiser, Benjamin (January 27, 2011). "Obama Nominee for Judge Could Be First Openly Gay Man on the Federal Bench". The New York Times . Retrieved March 17, 2011.
      10. ↑ Phillip, Abby (July 20, 2011). "Obama taps fourth openly gay judge". POLITICO. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
      11. ↑ "President Obama Re-nominates Thirty-Three to Federal Judgeships". whitehouse.gov. January 3, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
      12. ↑ "President Obama Nominates Three to the United States District Courts". whitehouse.gov. September 19, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
      13. ↑ "Obama Nominates Hispanic Lesbian for Federal Judgeship". www.advocate.com. November 27, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
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