List of political disinformation website campaigns

Last updated

This article contains dynamic lists that may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

The following is a list of websites, separated by country, that have been designated by journalists and researchers as likely being part of political campaigns or aligned to political goals.

Contents

List

Algeria

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
All About Algeriaallaboutalgeria.com [1]
La Gazette d'Algérielagazettedalgerie.com [1]

Argentina

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
La Derecha Diarioderechadiario.com.arA 2022 analysis by Graphika found that the site had spread climate change denialism and had a wide geographical distribution of content on Spanish-speaking communities on Twitter. Owned by Fernando Cerimedo, the digital communications chief of Javier Milei, who had also worked on the campaign of Jair Bolsonaro. [2] [3] [4] [5]

Austria

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Report24report24.newsLinked to the Freedom Party of Austria. Spread anti-vaccine misinformation and falsely claimed that over 1,000 cities planned to enforce bans on meat to combat climate change. A 2022 analysis by ProPublica found many advertisements that had been placed by Google, which were removed upon contact by ProPublica. Alongside Wochenblick, was accused by Correctiv of attempting to interfere in the 2021 German federal election. [6] [7] [8] [9]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
ATV atvbl.rsAccused by the United States Department of the Treasury of being closely linked to Milorad Dodik. Spread Bosnian genocide denial, unproven cures for COVID-19 and false claims about NATO troop deployment in Ukraine. A 2022 analysis by ProPublica found many advertisements that had been placed by Google, which were removed upon contact by ProPublica. [6]

Brazil

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Ceticismo Políticoceticismopolitico.orgAssociated with MBL. [10]
Diário NacionalImposter news portal site in Brazil that is associated with MBL. [11]
Jornal do País [11]
Jornalivrejornalivre.comAssociated with MBL. Banned from Facebook in 2018 due to what Facebook stated to be coordinated inauthentic behavior, "sowing division and spreading misinformation". [12] Accused of harassing journalists in Brazil who contradict their claims, as well as the electoral prosecutor José Carlos Bonilha. Contained a script used for cryptocurrency mining. [12] [13] [14] [15]

Canada

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
LifeSiteNews lifesitenews.comFounded by the Canadian political lobbyist organization Campaign Life Coalition. [16] [17] [18] [19]

Central African Republic

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Le Potentiel d'Afriquelepotentieldafrique.net [20] [21]
lafrique.infolafrique.info [21]
Alternanceafricaine.orgAlternanceafricaine.org [21]
ong-lcdaf.orgong-lcdaf.org [21]
paixetstabilite.orgpaixetstabilite.org [21]
afriqueengagee.comafriqueengagee.com [21]
afriqueactualite.infoafriqueactualite.info [21]
Lepanafricanisme.infoLepanafricanisme.info [21]
miroirdafrique.infomiroirdafrique.info [21]
lemondeactualite.infolemondeactualite.info [21]
leuropeafrique.infoleuropeafrique.info [21]
loccident.infoloccident.info [21]
lavoixdafrique.infolavoixdafrique.info [21]
lanouvelleduconti-nent.infolanouvelleduconti-nent.info [21]
lemondeenvrai.netlemondeenvrai.net [21]
lereveilafricain.infolereveilafricain.info [21]

Denmark

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
24NYT24nyt.dkFounded by Jeppe Juhl, a candidate for the New Right party. Banned from Facebook in 2019 due to what Facebook stated to be coordinated inauthentic behavior, reportedly likely referring to purchasing social media interactions (likes) on its Facebook page. Such practices are potentially illegal under the Danish Marketing Practices Act. Academics have accused the site of misleading framing, unsourced claims, and presenting opinion as news. [22] [23]

Ecuador

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
La Vozlavoz.co [24]
Latam Postlatampost.online [24]
Semanario la Regiónelsemanario.online [24]

Egypt

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Alyamania Newsalyamanianews.com [25] [26]
freeiranrevolution.comfreeiranrevolution.com [25] [26]
Killed In Turkeykilledinturkey.com [27] [28]
Masr Timesmasrtimes.com [27] [28]
Turkey Leaksturkeyleaks.com [27] [28]

France

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Contre-Infocontre-info.comSpread false claim that the French government approved euthanasia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Affiliated with the group French Renewal. [29] [30]
coupsfrancs.comcoupsfrancs.com [31]

Germany

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Freie Weltfreiewelt.netRun by the husband of Beatrix von Storch. Spread false claims about vaccines and a wheat shortage in Ukraine. A 2022 analysis by ProPublica found advertisements that had been placed by Google. [6]

Guinea

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
224Minutes224minutes.netLinked to the Rally of the Guinean People. [32]

India

India Chronicles

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
EP Todayeptoday.com [33] [34]
EP Todayeptoday.eu [33] [34]
EP Todayeptoday.org [33] [34]
EP Todayeuropeanparliamenttoday.com [33] [34]
EU ChronicleEUChronicle.com [33] [34]
EUOutlookEUOutlook.com [33] [34]
EUOutlookEUOutlook.net [33] [34]
EUOutlookEUOutlook.org [33] [34]
EUreports.comEUreports.com [33] [34]
Europeinnews.comEuropeinnews.com [33] [34]
EUFreeNews.comEUFreeNews.com [33] [34]
SouthAsiaRevealed.comSouthAsiaRevealed.com [33] [34]
SouthAsiaDiary.comSouthAsiaDiary.com [33] [34]
SANews.caSANews.ca [33] [34]
PerspectiveSouthAsia.comPerspectiveSouthAsia.com [33] [34]
SouthAsianAffairs.caSouthAsianAffairs.ca [33] [34]
gilgitnews.netgilgitnews.net [33] [34]
gilgitpost.netgilgitpost.net [33] [34]
gilgittimes.comgilgittimes.com [33] [34]
khalistan.eukhalistan.eu [33] [34]
khalistanfm.netkhalistanfm.net [33] [34]
radiokhalistan.netradiokhalistan.net [33] [34]
balochnews.combalochnews.com [33] [34]
balochistantoday.orgbalochistantoday.org [33] [34]
balochistantoday.netbalochistantoday.net [33] [34]
European Union News Networkeunewsagency.com [33] [34]
PrNewsDistribution.comPrNewsDistribution.com [33] [34]
Four News AgencyFourNewsAgency.com [33] [34]
Times of Genevatimesofgeneva.com [35]
4 News Agency4newsagency.com [35]
New Delhi Timesnewdelhitimes.com [35]
Times of Portugaltimesofportugal.com [35] [36]
TimesofabuDhabi.comTimesofabuDhabi.com [35]
Mapplenews.comMapplenews.com [35]
foreignaffairstoday.comforeignaffairstoday.comSpoof of Foreign Affairs. [35]
24hourscalgary.com24hourscalgary.comSpoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group. [36]
24hoursedmonton.com24hoursedmonton.comSpoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group. [36]
24hoursottawa.com24hoursottawa.comSpoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group. [36]
aberystwythtimes.comaberystwythtimes.comSpoof of Aberystwyth Times, a defunct newspaper. [36]
acadianrecorder.comacadianrecorder.comSpoof of Acadian Recorder, a defunct newspaper. [36]
accionobrera.comaccionobrera.comSpoof of Acción obrera, a defunct newspaper. [36]
al-insaniyyah.comal-insaniyyah.comSpoof of Al-Insaniyyah, a defunct newspaper. [36]
al-jamahir.comal-jamahir.comSpoof of Al-Jamahir, a defunct newspaper. [36]
al-mabda.comal-mabda.comSpoof of Al-Mabda', a defunct newspaper. [36]
al-malayin.comal-malayin.comSpoof of Al-Malayin, a defunct newspaper. [36]
al-mukafih.comal-mukafih.comSpoof of Al-Mukafih, a defunct newspaper. [36]
al-qaidah.comal-qaidah.comSpoof of Al-Qaidah, a defunct newspaper. [36]
al-watandaily.comal-watandaily.comSpoof of Al-Watan Daily, a defunct newspaper. [36]
almalayin.comalmalayin.comSpoof of Al-Malayin, a defunct newspaper. [36]
almustaqilla.comalmustaqilla.comSpoof of Al Mustaqilla, a defunct newspaper. [36]
alqaidah.comalqaidah.comSpoof of Al-Qaidah, a defunct newspaper. [36]
badischesvolksecho.combadischesvolksecho.comSpoof of Badisches Volksecho, a defunct newspaper. [36]
baltimoreeveningherald.combaltimoreeveningherald.comSpoof of Baltimore Evening Herald, a defunct newspaper. [36]
baltimoremorningherald.combaltimoremorningherald.comSpoof of Baltimore Morning Herald, a defunct newspaper. [36]
barladul.combarladul.comSpoof of Bârladul, a defunct newspaper. [36]
birminghamgazette.co.ukbirminghamgazette.co.ukSpoof of Birmingham Gazette, a defunct newspaper. [36]
brightonherald.combrightonherald.comSpoof of Brighton Herald, a defunct newspaper. [36]
bucharestbusinessweek.combucharestbusinessweek.comSpoof of Bucharest Business Week, a defunct newspaper. [36]
buffaloenquirer.combuffaloenquirer.comSpoof of The Buffalo Enquirer, a defunct newspaper. [37] [36]
calcutta-gazette.comcalcutta-gazette.comSpoof of Calcutta Gazette, a defunct newspaper. [36]
cambridgeintelligencer.comcambridgeintelligencer.comSpoof of Cambridge Intelligencer, a defunct newspaper. [36]
canadianillustratednews.comcanadianillustratednews.comSpoof of Canadian Illustrated News, a defunct newspaper. [36]
ceylondailymirror.comceylondailymirror.comSpoof of Ceylon Daily Mirror, a defunct newspaper. [36]
comcast-network.comcomcast-network.comSpoof of Comcast Network, a defunct cable TV network. [36]
congregationalherald.comcongregationalherald.comSpoof of Congregational Herald, a defunct newspaper. [38] [36]
courrierdethiopie.comcourrierdethiopie.comSpoof of Courrier d'Ethiopie, a defunct newspaper. [36]
dailycitizen.eudailycitizen.euSpoof of Daily Citizen, a defunct newspaper. [36]
derdeutschecorrespondent.comderdeutschecorrespondent.comSpoof of Der Deutsche Correspondent, a defunct newspaper. [36]
derkampf.comderkampf.comSpoof of Der Kampf, a defunct newspaper. [36]
dernord-westen.comdernord-westen.comSpoof of Der Nord-Westen, a defunct newspaper. [36]
dernordstern.comdernordstern.comSpoof of Der Nordstern, a defunct newspaper. [36]
dernordwesten.comdernordwesten.comSpoof of Der Nord-Westen, a defunct newspaper. [36]
derostasiatischelloyd.comderostasiatischelloyd.comSpoof of Der Ostasiatische Lloyd, a defunct newspaper. [36]
detroitsundayjournal.comdetroitsundayjournal.comSpoof of Detroit Sunday Journal, a defunct newspaper. [36]
deutscheshanghaizeitung.comdeutscheshanghaizeitung.comSpoof of Deutsche Shanghai Zeitung, a defunct newspaper. [36]
diariodemanila.comdiariodemanila.comSpoof of Diario de Manila, a defunct newspaper. [36]
die-einigkeit.comdie-einigkeit.comSpoof of Die Einigkeit, a defunct newspaper. [36]
dieeinigkeit.comdieeinigkeit.comSpoof of Die Einigkeit, a defunct newspaper. [36]
easternmorningnews.comeasternmorningnews.comSpoof of Eastern Morning News, a defunct newspaper. [36]
echodelasambre.comechodelasambre.comSpoof of Écho de la Sambre, a defunct newspaper. [36]
eestiaeg.comeestiaeg.comSpoof of Eesti Aeg, a defunct newspaper. [36]
elbiendelobrero.comelbiendelobrero.comSpoof of El Bien del Obrero, a defunct newspaper. [36]
essexgazette.comessexgazette.comSpoof of The Essex Gazette, a defunct newspaper. [36]
falceemartello.comfalceemartello.comSpoof of Falce e Martello, a defunct newspaper. [36]
finnmarkfremtid.comfinnmarkfremtid.comSpoof of Finnmark Fremtid, a defunct newspaper. [36]
foxfootychannel.comfoxfootychannel.comSpoof of Fox Footy Channel, a defunct TV channel. [36]
frontulplugarilor.comfrontulplugarilor.comSpoof of Frontul Plugarilor, a defunct newspaper. [36]
garydailytribune.comgarydailytribune.comSpoof of Gary Daily Tribune, a defunct newspaper. [39] [36]
gazetteandsentinel.comgazetteandsentinel.comSpoof of Gazette and Sentinel, a defunct newspaper. [40] [36]
goldcoastmail.comgoldcoastmail.comSpoof of Gold Coast Mail, a defunct newspaper. [36]
golostruda.comgolostruda.comSpoof of Golos Truda, a defunct newspaper. [36]
greateastlandtelevision.comgreateastlandtelevision.comSpoof of Great Eastland Television, a defunct TV station network. [36]
hamevasser.comhamevasser.comSpoof of Hamevasser, a defunct newspaper. [36]
hardangerarbeiderblad.comhardangerarbeiderblad.comSpoof of Hardanger Arbeiderblad, a defunct newspaper. [36]
hartfordcitycourier.comhartfordcitycourier.comSpoof of Hartford City Courier, a defunct newspaper. [36]
hartfordcitydemocrat.comhartfordcitydemocrat.comSpoof of Hartford City Democrat, a defunct newspaper. [36]
hayatechchaab.comhayatechchaab.comSpoof of Hayat ech Chaab, a defunct newspaper. [36]
heiminshimbun.comheiminshimbun.comSpoof of Heimin Shimbun, a defunct newspaper. [36]
huashangdaily.comhuashangdaily.comSpoof of Hua Shang Daily, a defunct newspaper. [36]
indianapolisdailyherald.comindianapolisdailyherald.comSpoof of Indianapolis Daily Herald, a defunct newspaper. [41] [36]
israelshtime.comisraelshtime.comSpoof of Israel Shtime, a defunct newspaper. [36]
kansascityjournalpost.comkansascityjournalpost.comSpoof of Kansas City Journal-Post, a defunct newspaper. [36]
karjalanmaa.comkarjalanmaa.comSpoof of Karjalan Maa, a defunct newspaper. [36]
kentuckyirishamerican.comkentuckyirishamerican.comSpoof of Kentucky Irish American, a defunct newspaper. [36]
khalsa-akhbar-lahore.comkhalsa-akhbar-lahore.comSpoof of Khalsa Akhbar Lahore, a defunct newspaper. [36]
khalsaakhbarlahore.comkhalsaakhbarlahore.comSpoof of Khalsa Akhbar Lahore, a defunct newspaper. [36]
labanderaroja.comlabanderaroja.comSpoof of La Bandera Roja, a defunct newspaper. [36]
ladomenicadelcorriere.comladomenicadelcorriere.comSpoof of La Domenica del Corriere, a defunct newspaper. [36]
lailustracionfilipina.comlailustracionfilipina.comSpoof of La Ilustración Filipina, a defunct newspaper. [36]
lajeunebelgique.comlajeunebelgique.comSpoof of La Jeune Belgique, a defunct newspaper. [36]
lanouvelleinternationale.comlanouvelleinternationale.comSpoof of La Nouvelle Internationale, a defunct newspaper. [36]
lecanadien.calecanadien.caSpoof of Le Canadien, a defunct newspaper. [36]
lechodukatanga.comlechodukatanga.comSpoof of L'Écho du Katanga, a defunct newspaper. [36]
lecommuniste.comlecommuniste.comSpoof of Le Communiste, a defunct newspaper. [36]
leedstimes.co.ukleedstimes.co.ukSpoof of Leeds Times, a defunct newspaper. [36]
legrutleen.comlegrutleen.comSpoof of Le Grutléen, a defunct newspaper. [36]
leninshilzhas.comleninshilzhas.comSpoof of Leninshil Zhas, a defunct newspaper. [36]
lepaysdefrance.comlepaysdefrance.comSpoof of Le Pays de France, a defunct newspaper. [36]
lereveildutadla.comlereveildutadla.comSpoof of Le Réveil du Tadla, a defunct newspaper. [36]
lereveiljuif.comlereveiljuif.comSpoof of Le Réveil juif, a defunct newspaper. [36]
liverpoolcourier.comliverpoolcourier.comSpoof of Liverpool Courier, a defunct newspaper. [36]
manchesterexaminer.commanchesterexaminer.comSpoof of Manchester Examiner, a defunct newspaper. [36]
manchestertimes.co.ukmanchestertimes.co.ukSpoof of Manchester Times, a defunct newspaper. [36]
metroeastjournal.commetroeastjournal.comSpoof of Metro-East Journal, a defunct newspaper. [36]
miamivalleychannel.commiamivalleychannel.comSpoof of Miami Valley Channel, a defunct cable TV channel. [36]
minneapoliseveningjournal.comminneapoliseveningjournal.comSpoof of Minneapolis Evening Journal, a defunct newspaper. [36]
mirat-ul-akhbar.commirat-ul-akhbar.comSpoof of Mirat-ul-Akhbar, a defunct newspaper. [36]
montrealdailynews.commontrealdailynews.comSpoof of Montreal Daily News, a defunct newspaper. [36]
moskovskykorrespondent.commoskovskykorrespondent.comSpoof of Moskovsky Korrespondent, a defunct newspaper. [36]
msnbc.ukmsnbc.ukSpoof of MSNBC. [36]
nasisten.comnasisten.comSpoof of Nasisten, a defunct newspaper. [36]
neweveningpost.comneweveningpost.comSpoof of New Evening Post, a defunct newspaper. [36]
newyorkcourierandenquirer.comnewyorkcourierandenquirer.comSpoof of New York Courier and Enquirer, a defunct newspaper. [36]
newyorkeveningjournal.comnewyorkeveningjournal.comSpoof of New York Evening Journal, a defunct newspaper. [36]
newyorkjournalamerican.comnewyorkjournalamerican.comSpoof of New York Journal-American, a defunct newspaper. [36]
newyorkmorningtelegraph.comnewyorkmorningtelegraph.comSpoof of The Morning Telegraph, a defunct newspaper. [36]
newyorksundaynews.comnewyorksundaynews.comSpoof of New York Sunday News, a defunct newspaper. [36]
niagaranewstv.comniagaranewstv.comSpoof of Niagara News TV, a defunct TV channel. [36]
northchinadailynews.comnorthchinadailynews.comSpoof of North China Daily News, a defunct newspaper. [36]
northotagotimes.comnorthotagotimes.comSpoof of North Otago Times, a defunct newspaper. [36]
northwestradio.canorthwestradio.caSpoof of North West Radio, a defunct radio station. [36]
oransocialiste.comoransocialiste.comSpoof of Oran socialiste, a defunct newspaper. [36]
pekinggazette.compekinggazette.comSpoof of Peking Gazette, a defunct government bulletin. [36]
philippinesdailyexpress.comphilippinesdailyexpress.comSpoof of Philippines Daily Express, a defunct newspaper. [36]
portlandeveningjournal.comportlandeveningjournal.comSpoof of The Oregon Journal, a defunct newspaper. [36]
protitisaigialeias.comprotitisaigialeias.comSpoof of Proti tis Aigialeias. [36]
russkoyeznamya.comrusskoyeznamya.comSpoof of Russkoye Znamya, a defunct newspaper. [36]
saltlaketelegram.comsaltlaketelegram.comSpoof of Salt Lake Telegram, a defunct newspaper. [36]
schweizamsonntag.comschweizamsonntag.comSpoof of Schweiz am Sonntag, a defunct newspaper. [36]
shanghaieveningpostandmercury.comshanghaieveningpostandmercury.comSpoof of Shanghai Evening Post & Mercury, a defunct newspaper. [36]
shanghaijewishchronicle.comshanghaijewishchronicle.comSpoof of Shanghai Jewish Chronicle, a defunct newspaper. [36]
singainesan.comsingainesan.comSpoof of Singai Nesan, a defunct newspaper. [36]
socialistweekly.comsocialistweekly.comSpoof of Socialist Weekly, a defunct newspaper. [36]
sovietweekly.comsovietweekly.comSpoof of Soviet Weekly, a defunct newspaper. [36]
spoknippet.comspoknippet.comSpoof of Spöknippet, a defunct newspaper. [36]
srilankadeepa.comsrilankadeepa.comSpoof of Sri Lankadeepa, a defunct newspaper. [36]
swatantranepali.comswatantranepali.comSpoof of Swatantra Nepali, a defunct newspaper. [36]
sydney-gazette.comsydney-gazette.comSpoof of Sydney Gazette, a defunct newspaper. [36]
theadaircountynews.comtheadaircountynews.comSpoof of Adair County News, a defunct newspaper. [36]
theamericanweekly.comtheamericanweekly.comSpoof of The American Weekly, a defunct newspaper. [36]
theaustraliancommunist.comtheaustraliancommunist.comSpoof of The Australian Communist, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thebangkokrecorder.comthebangkokrecorder.comSpoof of The Bangkok Recorder, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thebaptisttimes.comthebaptisttimes.comSpoof of The Baptist Times. [36]
thebombaychronicle.comthebombaychronicle.comSpoof of The Bombay Chronicle, a defunct newspaper. [36]
theceylonherald.comtheceylonherald.comSpoof of The Ceylon Herald, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thecharlottesvilletribune.comthecharlottesvilletribune.comSpoof of The Charlottesville Tribune, a defunct newspaper. [36]
theclevelandgazette.comtheclevelandgazette.comSpoof of The Cleveland Gazette, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thecolombojournal.comthecolombojournal.comSpoof of The Colombo Journal, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thedearbornindependent.comthedearbornindependent.comSpoof of The Dearborn Independent, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thedublingazette.comthedublingazette.comSpoof of The Dublin Gazette, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thehoovergazette.comthehoovergazette.comSpoof of The Hoover Gazette, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thejewishtribune.comthejewishtribune.comSpoof of The Jewish Tribune, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thekamloopsdailynews.comthekamloopsdailynews.comSpoof of The Kamloops Daily News, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thekungsheungdailynews.comthekungsheungdailynews.comSpoof of The Kung Sheung Daily News, a defunct newspaper. [36]
theliverpoolherald.comtheliverpoolherald.comSpoof of The Liverpool Herald, a defunct newspaper. [36]
theliverpoolnews.comtheliverpoolnews.comSpoof of The Liverpool News, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thelouisvilleheraldpost.comthelouisvilleheraldpost.comSpoof of Louisville Herald-Post, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thelouisvilletimes.comthelouisvilletimes.comSpoof of The Louisville Times, a defunct newspaper. [36]
themadrastimes.comthemadrastimes.comSpoof of The Madras Times, a defunct newspaper. [36]
themirrorofaustralia.comthemirrorofaustralia.comSpoof of The Mirror of Australia, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thenevadajournal.comthenevadajournal.comSpoof of The Nevada Journal, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thenewzealandtablet.comthenewzealandtablet.comSpoof of The New Zealand Tablet, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thenorfolkweeklynews.comthenorfolkweeklynews.comSpoof of The Norfolk Weekly News, a defunct newspaper. [36]
theoregonjournal.comtheoregonjournal.comSpoof of The Oregon Journal, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thequebectelegraph.comthequebectelegraph.comSpoof of Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thesandbornherald.comthesandbornherald.comSpoof of The Sandborn Herald, a defunct newspaper. [36]
theseattlestar.comtheseattlestar.comSpoof of The Seattle Star, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thetimesofceylon.comthetimesofceylon.comSpoof of The Times of Ceylon, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thetorontomail.comthetorontomail.comSpoof of The Toronto Mail, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thetulsatribune.comthetulsatribune.comSpoof of Tulsa Tribune, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thewellingtonindependent.comthewellingtonindependent.comSpoof of The Wellington Independent, a defunct newspaper. [36]
thewhitesvilleindependentpress.comthewhitesvilleindependentpress.comSpoof of The Whitesville Independent Press, a defunct newspaper. [36]
timesofcyprus.comtimesofcyprus.comSpoof of Times of Cyprus, a defunct newspaper. [36]
tokyonichinichishimbun.comtokyonichinichishimbun.comSpoof of Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun, a defunct newspaper. [36]
topekastatejournal.comtopekastatejournal.comSpoof of The Topeka Capital-Journal. [36]
torontotelegram.comtorontotelegram.comSpoof of Toronto Telegram, a defunct newspaper. [36]
worldeconomicherald.comworldeconomicherald.comSpoof of World Economic Herald, a defunct newspaper. [36]
24hoursmanitoba.com24hoursmanitoba.com [36]
3newsagency.com3newsagency.com [36]
akhbarulusbua.comakhbarulusbua.com [36]
eveningpost.eueveningpost.eu [36]
houstoneveningjournal.comhoustoneveningjournal.com [36]
houstonmorningchronicle.comhoustonmorningchronicle.com [36]
ludhiana-times.comludhiana-times.com [36]
lyonsherald.comlyonsherald.com [36]
memphismorningnews.commemphismorningnews.com [36]
newyorknationaldemocrat.comnewyorknationaldemocrat.com [36]
newyorkpressagency.comnewyorkpressagency.com [36]
plymouthtribune.complymouthtribune.com [36]
quebecherald.comquebecherald.com [36]
rochesterdailyamerican.comrochesterdailyamerican.com [36]
rockportjournal.comrockportjournal.com [36]
rockvilletimes.comrockvilletimes.com [36]
russkyinvalid.comrusskyinvalid.com [36]
sindhgazette.comsindhgazette.com [36]
thecanadianspectator.comthecanadianspectator.com [36]
thehazletonnews.comthehazletonnews.com [36]
thelivenews.co.ukthelivenews.co.uk [36]
thesenator.euthesenator.eu [36]
thestatesman.euthestatesman.eu [36]
threemediagroup.comthreemediagroup.com [36]
threenewsagency.comthreenewsagency.com [36]
timesofalaska.comtimesofalaska.com [36]
timesofambala.comtimesofambala.com [36]
timesofamsterdam.comtimesofamsterdam.com [36]
timesofargentina.comtimesofargentina.com [36]
timesofaustria.comtimesofaustria.com [36]
timesofazadkashmir.comtimesofazadkashmir.com [36]
timesofbali.comtimesofbali.com [36]
timesofbelgium.comtimesofbelgium.com [36]
timesofbern.comtimesofbern.com [36]
timesofbhutan.comtimesofbhutan.com [36]
timesofbonn.comtimesofbonn.com [36]
timesofbulgaria.comtimesofbulgaria.com [36]
timesofcanberra.comtimesofcanberra.com [36]
timesofcebu.comtimesofcebu.com [36]
timesofchiangmai.comtimesofchiangmai.com [36]
timesofchile.comtimesofchile.com [36]
timesofcostarica.comtimesofcostarica.com [36]
timesofcroatia.comtimesofcroatia.com [36]
timesofdefence.comtimesofdefence.com [36]
timesofeqypt.comtimesofeqypt.com [36]
timesofestonia.comtimesofestonia.com [36]
timesofgeneva.comtimesofgeneva.com [36]
timesofhonduras.comtimesofhonduras.com [36]
timesofhungary.comtimesofhungary.com [36]
timesofjakarta.comtimesofjakarta.com [36]
timesofjeddah.comtimesofjeddah.com [36]
timesofkazakhstan.comtimesofkazakhstan.com [36]
timesoflatvia.comtimesoflatvia.com [36]
timesoflibya.comtimesoflibya.com [36]
timesofluxembourg.comtimesofluxembourg.com [36]
timesofmacau.comtimesofmacau.com [36]
timesofmadinah.comtimesofmadinah.com [36]
timesofmadrid.comtimesofmadrid.com [36]
timesofmanitoba.comtimesofmanitoba.com [36]
timesofmecca.comtimesofmecca.com [36]
timesofmedina.comtimesofmedina.com [36]
timesofmorocco.comtimesofmorocco.com [36]
timesofnaples.comtimesofnaples.com [36]
timesofnetherlands.comtimesofnetherlands.com [36]
timesofnewbrunswick.comtimesofnewbrunswick.com [36]
timesofnorthkorea.comtimesofnorthkorea.com [36]
timesofpalau.comtimesofpalau.com [36]
timesofperu.comtimesofperu.com [36]
timesofpyongyang.comtimesofpyongyang.com [36]
timesofriyadh.comtimesofriyadh.com [36]
timesofromania.comtimesofromania.com [36]
timesofsaotome.comtimesofsaotome.com [36]
timesofseattle.comtimesofseattle.com [36]
timesofseoul.comtimesofseoul.com [36]
timesofsouthchinasea.comtimesofsouthchinasea.com [36]
timesofsouthkorea.comtimesofsouthkorea.com [36]
timesofspain.comtimesofspain.com [36]
timesoftokyo.comtimesoftokyo.com [36]
timesofvatican.comtimesofvatican.com [36]
timesofvenezuela.comtimesofvenezuela.com [36]
weeklylouisianian.comweeklylouisianian.com [36]
thr.threemediagroup.comthr.threemediagroup.com [36]
24hoursmontreal.com24hoursmontreal.comSpoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group. [36]
24hoursvancouver.com24hoursvancouver.comSpoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group. [36]
albanydailydemocrat.comalbanydailydemocrat.comSpoof of Albany Democrat-Herald. [36]
baltimoreeveningsun.combaltimoreeveningsun.comSpoof of The Baltimore Sun. [36]
brownsvilletimes.combrownsvilletimes.comSpoof of The Times (Brownsville). [36]
cbs-cable.comcbs-cable.comSpoof of CBS Cable. [36]
dailystatesentinel.comdailystatesentinel.comSpoof of The Daily Sentinel (Texas). [36]
timesoflosangeles.comtimesoflosangeles.comSpoof of Los Angeles Times. [36]
timesofmoscow.comtimesofmoscow.comSpoof of The Moscow Times. [36]
Big News NetworkBignewsnetwork.net [33] [34]
Big News Networkbignewsnetwork.com [33] [34]
FijiNews.netFijiNews.net [33] [34]
NorthKoreaTimes.comNorthKoreaTimes.com [33] [34]
VancouverStar.comVancouverStar.com [33] [34]
PhoenixHerald.comPhoenixHerald.com [33] [34]
RussiaHerald.comRussiaHerald.com [33] [34]
CambodianTimes.comCambodianTimes.com [33] [34]
indiasnews.netindiasnews.net [33] [34]
zimbabwenews.netzimbabwenews.net [33] [34]
sierraleonetimes.comsierraleonetimes.com [33] [34]
World News Networkworldnewsnetwork.net [33] [34]
Los Angeles Evening Despatch [33] [34]
British News Network [33] [34]
Washington DC Despatch [33] [34]
Wisconsin Journal [33] [34]
Sri Lanka Island News [33] [34]
Westminister Times [33] [34]
Japan Times Todayjapantimestoday.comSpoof of The Japan Times. [33] [34]
South China Heraldsouthchinaherald.newsSpoof of the South China Morning Post. [33] [34]
Wall Street Sentinelwallstreetsentinel.newsSpoof of The Wall Street Journal. [33] [34]
New York Despatch [33] [34]
Toronto Sun Times [33] [34]
UAE Times [33] [34]

Operation Red Card

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Ask The TruthAskTruth24.com [42]
Manchester Weeklymanchesterweeklyuk.wordpress.com [42]
Mirror Heraldmirrorherald.com [42]
Raven Tribuneraventribune.com [42] [43]
True News Sourcetruenewssource.com [42]

Iran

Endless Mayfly

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
addustuor.comaddustuor.comSpoof of Addustour. [44]
xn--aljaeera-4t0d.netxn--aljaeera-4t0d.netSpoofing of Al Jazeera. Likely part of an active measures campaign by the Russian government in 2017. Also part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign. [44] [45]
al-jazirah.orgal-jazirah.orgSpoof of Al Jazeera. [44]
al-shargh.comal-shargh.comSpoof of Al Sharq. [44]
al-watan.coal-watan.coSpoof of Al-Watan. [44]
alarabyia.orgalarabyia.orgSpoof of Al Arabiya. [44]
alettehad.netalettehad.netSpoof of Al-Ittihad. [44]
aliraq-news.comaliraq-news.com [44]
aljlazeera.comaljlazeera.comSpoof of Al Jazeera. [44]
xn--alnaaregypt-cm8e.comxn--alnaaregypt-cm8e.comSpoof of Al-Nahar. [44]
alryiadh.comalryiadh.comSpoof of Al Riyadh. [44]
alwatannewspaper.netalwatannewspaper.netSpoof of Al-Watan. [44]
xn--arab21-6va.comxn--arab21-6va.comSpoof of Arabi21. [44]
theatlatnic.comtheatlatnic.comSpoofing of The Atlantic. Likely part of an active measures campaign by the Russian government in 2017. Also part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign. [44] [45]
bbc-Arabic.combbc-Arabic.comSpoof of BBC Arabic. [44]
belfercenter.netbelfercenter.netSpoof of Belfer Center. Falsely claims that Avigdor Lieberman was fired by Benjamin Netanyahu in 2018 for being a Russian agent. [44]
bloomberq.combloomberq.comSpoof of Bloomberg.com. [44]
braekingisraelnews.combraekingisraelnews.comSpoof of Breaking Israel News. [44]
breakingisraelnews.netbreakingisraelnews.netSpoof of Breaking Israel News. [44]
brusslestimes.combrusslestimes.comSpoof of The Brussels Times. [44]
budapestbaecon.combudapestbaecon.comSpoof of The Budapest Beacon. [44]
bundesergierung.debundesergierung.deSpoof of the official Bundesregierung website. [44]
xn--c-wpma.comxn--c-wpma.comSpoof of CNN. [44]
com-news-world.sitecom-news-world.siteSpoof of the BBC. [44]
com-users.infocom-users.info [44]
dawalhaq.comdawalhaq.com [44]
daylisabah.comdaylisabah.comSpoof of the Daily Sabah. [44]
democraticcoalition.netdemocraticcoalition.net [44]
xn--etik-k54a.comxn--etik-k54a.comSpoof of Detik. [44]
elwataannews.comelwataannews.comSpoof of El Watan News. [44]
xn--emaraalyoum-1b9e.comxn--emaraalyoum-1b9e.comSpoof of Emarat Al Youm. [44]
emaratallyoum.comemaratallyoum.comSpoof of Emarat Al Youm. [44]
emaratalyuom.comemaratalyuom.comSpoof of Emarat Al Youm. [44]
foreignpoilcy.comforeignpoilcy.comSpoof of Foreign Policy. [44]
foriegnpolicy.netforiegnpolicy.netSpoof of Foreign Policy. [44]
xn--frace24-mkb.comxn--frace24-mkb.comSpoof of France 24. [44]
theglobeandmail.orgtheglobeandmail.orgSpoof of The Globe and Mail. [44]
thaguardian.comthaguardian.comSpoof of The Guardian. [44]
theguaradian.comtheguaradian.comSpoof of The Guardian. [44]
xn--theguardan-4ub.comxn--theguardan-4ub.comSpoofing of The Guardian that uses an IDN homograph attack in which the "i" in the "guardian" is replaced by the Turkish character "ı". Contains fabricated quotes from John Scarlett that suggest CIA and MI6 involvement in the Rose Revolution to weaken Russia. Likely part of an active measures campaign by the Russian government in 2017. Also part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign. [44] [45]
xn--theguardia-dq2e.comxn--theguardia-dq2e.comSpoof of The Guardian. [44]
haaaretz.comhaaaretz.comSpoof of Haaretz. [44]
xn--haarez-m17b.comxn--haarez-m17b.comSpoofing of Haaretz. Likely part of an active measures campaign by the Russian government in 2017. Also part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign. [44] [45]
theheraldscotland.comtheheraldscotland.comSpoof of The Herald Scotland. [44]
xn--huffngtonpost-69b.comxn--huffngtonpost-69b.comSpoof of the Huffington Post that uses an IDN homograph attack, replacing "i" with "ı". [44]
xn--ndependent-77a.comxn--ndependent-77a.comSpoof of The Independent. [44]
indepnedent.coindepnedent.co Typosquatting spoof of The Independent. [44]
israelhayom.netisraelhayom.netSpoof of Israel Hayom. [44]
xn--sraelinarabic-29b.comxn--sraelinarabic-29b.comSpoof of Israel in Arabic. [44]
xn--israelinarabi-ugb.comxn--israelinarabi-ugb.comSpoof of Israel in Arabic. [44]
israellinarabic.comisraellinarabic.comSpoof of Israel in Arabic. [44]
israelnationalnews.coisraelnationalnews.coSpoof of Israel National News. [44]
israelnationalnews.netisraelnationalnews.netSpoof of Israel National News. [44]
jerusaleimonline.comjerusaleimonline.comSpoof of Jerusalem Online. [44]
thejerusalempost.orgthejerusalempost.orgSpoof of The Jerusalem Post. [44]
lesoir.infolesoir.infoSpoof of Le Soir. Part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign. Also used to spread a false claim about Emmanuel Macron's campaign being funded by Saudi Arabia during the 2017 French Presidential Election. [44] [46]
xn--telocal-xt3c.comxn--telocal-xt3c.comSpoof of The Local. [44]
mesralarabiya.commesralarabiya.comSpoof of MasrAlarabia . [44]
mintpressnevvs.commintpressnevvs.comSpoof of MintPress News. [44]
nationalepost.comnationalepost.comSpoof of National Post. [44]
xn--nationmaser-5b9e.comxn--nationmaser-5b9e.comSpoof of NationMaster. [44]
policito.compolicito.comSpoof of Politico. [44]
xn--plitico-d5b.comxn--plitico-d5b.comSpoof of Politico. [44]
xn--r-2rm.comxn--r-2rm.comSpoof of RT. [44]
sharjah24.cosharjah24.coSpoof of Sharjah24. [44]
shoruknews.comshoruknews.comSpoof of Al-Shorouk. [44]
speigel.netspeigel.netSpoof of Der Speigel. [44]
timesoffisrael.comtimesoffisrael.comSpoof of The Times of Israel. [44]
timesofisraeil.comtimesofisraeil.comSpoof of The Times of Israel. [44]
xn--wa-exs.comxn--wa-exs.comSpoof of Emirates News Agency. [44]
waradena.comwaradena.comSpoof of Waradana. [44]
washnigtonexaminer.comwashnigtonexaminer.comSpoof of The Washington Examiner. [44]

Other campaigns

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
AWDNewsawdnews.com Khawaja Muhammad Asif, the Minister of Defence of Pakistan, warned Israel of nuclear retaliation on Twitter after a false story claiming that Avigdor Lieberman, the Israeli Ministry of Defense, said "If Pakistan send ground troops into Syria on any pretext, we will destroy this country with a nuclear attack." [47] [48]

Seized by the United States federal government in 2020.

 [47] [49] [50] [51]
The British Leftbritishleft.comMasquerades as a United Kingdom-based news outlet. [49] [52]
Critics Chroniclecriticschronicle.comMasquerades as a United Kingdom-based news outlet. [49] [52]
Instituto Manquehueinstitutomanquehue.orgMasquerades as a Latin America-based NGO. [49] [52]
Liberty Front Presslibertyfrontpress.comMasquerades as a United States-based news outlet. [49] [52]
Real Progressive Frontrpfront.comMasquerades as a United States-based news outlet and NGO. [49] [52]
US Journalusjournal.netMasquerades as a United States-based news outlet. [49] [52]

Italy

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
ByoBlu byoblu.comSpread false claims about contact tracing applications used during the COVID-19 pandemic. Founded by former communication lead of the Five Star Movement. [29] [53]
Il Primato Nazionale ilprimatonazionale.itSpread false information about Italian government policy with respect to immigrants and COVID-19. Linked to CasaPound. [29] [54] [55]
La Cosala-cosa.itSetup by the Five Star Movement. [56]
La FucinaSetup by the Five Star Movement. [56]
TzeTzetzetze.itSetup by the Five Star Movement. [56]

Malaysia

Qiqi News Network

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Qiqi News Networkqiqi.today [57]
Qiqi News Networkcnba.live [57]
Qiqi News Networkkikis.xyz [57]
Qiqi News Networkorgs.pub [57]
Qiqi News Networkorgs.one [57]
Qiqi News Networkqiqi77.online [57]
Qiqi News Networki77.today [57]
Qiqi News NetworkMybezza.live [57]
Qiqi News Networkorgs.host [57]
Qiqi News Networkorgs.press [57]
Qiqi News Networktwgreatdaily.live [57]
Qiqi News Networkreurl.cc [57]
Qiqi News Networkdefense.rocks [57]
Qiqi News Networkkikiz.xyz [57]
Qiqi News Networkititi.pro [57]
Qiqi News Networkiqiqi.pro [57]
Qiqi News Networkikiki.xyz [57]
Qiqi News Networkkanwatch.best [57]
Qiqi News Networkkanwatch.com [57]
Qiqi News Networkkanwatch.site [57]
Qiqi News Networkkanwatch.club [57]
Qiqi News Networkkanwatch.live [57]
Qiqi News Networkqiqis.net [57]
Qiqi News Networkiqiqis.com [57]
Qiqi News Networkkanwatch.me [57]
Qiqi News Networkyxfashao.com [57]
Qiqi News Networkptttube.com [57]
Qiqi News Networkallqiqi.com [57]
Qiqi News Networkqiqis.org [57]
Qiqi News Networknewqiqi.com [57]
Qiqi News NetworkMy-love.org [57]
Qiqi News Networkkanwatch.fun [57]
Qiqi News Networkilovestory.net [57]
Qiqi News Networklifehow.cc [57]
Qiqi News Networkqiqu.world [57]
Qiqi News Networkvivi81.com [57]
Qiqi News Network7qiqi7.com [57]
Qiqi News Networkiyiyi.online [57]
Qiqi News Networkixixi.pro [57]
Qiqi News Networkipipi.me [57]
Qiqi News Networkklkq.site [57]
Qiqi News Networkqiqis.xyz [57]
Qiqi News Network7qi.site [57]
Qiqi News Networklittlepet.cc [57]
Qiqi News Networkfunnytuu.com [57]
Qiqi News Networkgamefan.cc [57]
Qiqi News Networkdragontechs.live [57]
Qiqi News Networkkanwatch.press [57]
Qiqi News Networkqiqi.world [57] [58] [59]
Qiqi News Networklifeknowledge.com [57]
Qiqi News Networkskh.world [57]
Qiqi News Networkipipi.co [57]

Other campaigns

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
KanWatchkanwatch.best [58] [59]
Jintian Toutiao (今天頭條) [58] [59]
beeper.livebeeper.live [58] [59]
Qiqu News (奇趣網) [58] [59]
Global Chinese Weather Union (全球華人風雲聯盟)globalcafyun.orgs.one [58] [59]
Global Chinese Taiwan Union (全球華人台灣聯盟)globalct.orgs.one [58] [59]
Huiqi Worldview (慧琪世界觀) [58] [59]
Qiqi Military (琦琦看軍事) [58] [59]
Qiqi Life (琪琪看生活) [58] [59]
Qiqi News (琦琦看新聞) [58] [59]
Ghost Island Mad News (鬼島狂新聞)taiwan-madnews.com [59] [60]
Ghost Island Mad News (鬼島狂新聞)ghostislandmadnews.com [59] [60]

Myanmar

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Tatmadaw Media Grouptatmadawmediagroup.com [61]
itechmedia.infoitechmedia.info [62]
popinvdo.xyzpopinvdo.xyz [62]
bamakhit.combamakhit.com [62]
razzwire.netrazzwire.net [62]
thuta.orgthuta.org [62]
Shwe Wikishwewiki.com [62]
latestmyanmarnews.comlatestmyanmarnews.com [62]
Layaung.comLayaung.com [62]
alanzayar.comalanzayar.com [62]
celehits.comcelehits.com [62]
bahuthutagabar.netbahuthutagabar.net [62]
thunkhuma.infothunkhuma.info [62]
shweman.websiteshweman.website [62]
themoonmm.clubthemoonmm.club [62]
Let Pan - Daily Newsletpandailynews.com [62]
myanmarfightcovid19.commyanmarfightcovid19.com [62]
celemedia.clubcelemedia.club [62]
News-uptodate.clubNews-uptodate.club [62]
thutazone.orgthutazone.org [62]
khukhit.comkhukhit.com [62]
shwethoon8.clubshwethoon8.club [62]
shweman.comshweman.com [62]
updatenew.netupdatenew.net [62]
poppingboxmm.compoppingboxmm.com [62]
myanmartodaylife.commyanmartodaylife.com [62]
celelove.comcelelove.com [62]
urdufood.xyzurdufood.xyz [62]
minsatekyite.comminsatekyite.com [62]
feelingnews.comfeelingnews.com [62]
aphawmon.comaphawmon.com [62]
khitstyle.comkhitstyle.com [62]
storefeeling.comstorefeeling.com [62]
dnaethadin.comdnaethadin.com [62]
hiinnommaww.sitehiinnommaww.site [62]
khitlunge.comkhitlunge.com [62]
aungthapyay.xyzaungthapyay.xyz [62]
aungthapyay.comaungthapyay.com [62]
sweetmyanmar.comsweetmyanmar.com [62]
abcmm.netabcmm.net [62]
kalaykalar.comkalaykalar.com [62]
bahuthutagabar.combahuthutagabar.com [62]
onlinelawka.comonlinelawka.com [62]
lugyinews.comlugyinews.com [62]
Online Harthaonlinehartha.com [62]
khitalinmedia.comkhitalinmedia.com [62]
achawlaymyar.comachawlaymyar.com [62]
news.mintehrlay.xyznews.mintehrlay.xyz [62]
Padaetharpadaethar.com [62]
harthalover.comharthalover.com [62]
myanmaralinn.bestmyanmaralinn.best [62]
maynewshub.commaynewshub.com [62]
sportmyanmarnews.comsportmyanmarnews.com [62]
celemama.comcelemama.com [62]
mmlivenews.commmlivenews.com [62]
alinnmyay.comalinnmyay.com [62]
apannpyay.comapannpyay.com [62]
apannpyaymedia.comapannpyaymedia.com [62]
wowmyanmar.comwowmyanmar.com [62]
luckymyanmar.comluckymyanmar.com [62]
kyautthinpone.comkyautthinpone.com [62]
celetrend.comceletrend.com [62]
aungparsay.coaungparsay.co [62]
poppingmyanmar.compoppingmyanmar.com [62]
cele.mm1news.comcele.mm1news.com [62]
celevillage.comcelevillage.com [62]
Alinnpyaalinnpya.com [62]
mmcelebrity.infommcelebrity.info [62]
Lupyo Newsluponews.com [62]
hlataw.comhlataw.com [62]
dnaekhitmedia.comdnaekhitmedia.com [62]
burmese.asiaburmese.asia [62]
smilekodaw.comsmilekodaw.com [62]
jeeptoolay.comjeeptoolay.com [62]
mmrednews.commmrednews.com [62]
newspost.xyznewspost.xyz [62]
myitter.netmyitter.net [62]
topmmnews.comtopmmnews.com [62]
everytimestory.comeverytimestory.com [62]
mmtimesspecialnews.commmtimesspecialnews.com [62]
santhitsa.netsanthitsa.net [62]
maharmedianews.commaharmedianews.com [62]
cmads.sitecmads.site [62]
chartakemalay.websitechartakemalay.website [62]
mdynews.xyzmdynews.xyz [62]
shwemyanmarmalay.comshwemyanmarmalay.com [62]
pyawsayar.compyawsayar.com [62]
lucky7media.comlucky7media.com [62]
lupyonews.comlupyonews.com [62]
mzbfamily.commzbfamily.com [62]
shwepyiaye.comshwepyiaye.com [62]
centralonlinenews.comcentralonlinenews.com [62]
xbnewsmedia.comxbnewsmedia.com [62]
celemyinkwin.comcelemyinkwin.com [62]
bagosar.combagosar.com [62]
myanmartechnews.commyanmartechnews.com [62]
tameelay.comtameelay.com [62]

Nigeria

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Aso Villa Newsasovillanews.xyzOwned by activist of the Indigenous People of Biafra movement. [63]
Exclusive103exclusive103.comPer Africa Check and DUBAWA. Owned by activist of the Indigenous People of Biafra movement. [63] [64] [65] [66]
I Newsimocitytv.comOwned by activist of the Indigenous People of Biafra movement. [63]

Pakistan

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
CJ Postcjpost.co.uk [67]

People's Republic of China

HaiEnergy

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
24 News24usnews.com [68]
Aisa Koreaaisakorea.com [68]
All City Timesallcitytimes.com [68]
Anna Timesannatimes.com [68]
Austria Weeklyaustriaweekly.com [68]
Charm Dailycharmdaily.com [68]
Czech Weeklyczechweekly.com [68]
Director Timesdirectortimes.com [68]
Donga Dailydongadaily.com [68]
Egypt Dailyegyptdaily.org [68]
Elec Dailyelecdaily.com [68]
Espana Dailyespanadaily.com [68]
Eur Timeseutimes.fr [68]
Exactly Newsexactlynews.com [68]
E.MPfinance.austriaweekly.com [68]
Finance.TZfinance.thaibizdaily.com [68]
Finland Weeklyfinlandweekly.com [68]
Focus on Russiaautomobile.trademarksdaily.com [68]
財富台灣caifutw.com [68]
FT Voicefinance.thewarsawvoice.com [68]
Hani Dailyhanidaily.com [68]
Hanna Presshannapress.com [68]
Health Latest Job Newshealth.latestjobnews.in [68]
香港日報hkdaily.net [68]
香港週報weeklyhongkong.com [68]
Huabei Dailyvn.huabeidaily.com [68]
Hurriyet Businesshurriyetbusiness.com [68]
Inspect Newsinspectnews.com [68]
Jakarta Globejakartaglobe.org [68]
Joins Damarkets.joinsdaily.com [68]
The Korea Timesthekoreatimes.org [68]
KR Economykreconomy.com [68]
KR Pop Starkrpopstar.com [68]
Latest Job Newslatestjobnews.in [68]
Lehua Timeslehuatimes.com [68]
Lori Timesloritimes.com [68]
Mecha Timesmechatimes.com [68]
Moscow TVmoscowtv.vip [68]
Nanyang Dailynanyangdaily.com [68]
Nets Baynetsbay.com [68]
New Delhi Newsnewdelhinews.club [68]
New York City Morning Postnycmorning.com [68]
NGR Dailynigeriacom.com [68]
NZL Dailynewzealandgazette.com [68]
Portugal Dailyportugaldaily.com [68]
Qatar Dailyqatardaily.org [68]
RAND Dailyranddaily.com [68]
RU Businessrubusiness.club [68]
RU Industrialruindustrial.com [68]
Russian Dailyrussiadaily.org [68]
Russian Dailytherussiadaily.com [68]
Sain Timessaintimes.com [68]
Saudi Weeklysaudiweekly.com [68]
Seoul Dailyseouldaily.org [68]
Startup India Magazinestartupindiamagazine.com [68]
Swiss Weeklyswissweekly.com [68]
Swiss Zeitungswisszeitung.com [68]
台灣焦點hotintaiwan.com [68]
TH Truththtruth.com [68]
The Thailandsthethailands.com [68]
TMK Dailytrademarksdaily.com [68]
Toyo Timestoyotimes.com [68]
Unsee Newsunseenews.com [68]
The Warsaw Voicethewarsawvoice.com [68]
Yarl Timesyarltimes.com [68]
Yasu Dailyyasudaily.com [68]
Times Newswiretimesnewswire.comLinked to both HaiEnergy and PAPERWALL influence operations. [69] [70]
World Newswirewdwire.com [69]
The Arizona Republicfinance.azcentral.com [69]
Pittsburgh Post-Gazettemarkets.post-gazette.com [69]
Starkville Daily Newsbusiness.starkvilledailynews.com [69]
The Kane Republicanbusiness.kanerepublican.com [69]
Sweetwater Reporterbusiness.sweetwaterreporter.com [69]
The Daily Pressbusiness.smdailypress.com [69]
Poteau Daily Newsbusiness.poteaudailynews.com [69]
The Callbusiness.woonsocketcall.com [69]
Mammoth Timesbusiness.mammothtimes.com [69]
The Evening Leaderbusiness.theeveningleader.com [69]
The Post and Mailbusiness.thepostandmail.com [69]
My Mother Lodemoney.mymotherlode.com [69]
The Inyo Registerbusiness.inyoregister.com [69]
The Punxsutawney Spiritbusiness.punxsutawneyspirit.com [69]
Borger New-Heraldbusiness.borgernewsherald.com [69]
The Timesbusiness.pawtuckettimes.com [69]
Statesman Examinerbusiness.statesmanexaminer.com [69]
Decatur Daily Democratbusiness.decaturdailydemocrat.com [69]
The Pilot Newsbusiness.thepilotnews.com [69]
The Newport Daily Expressbusiness.newportvermontdailyexpress.com [69]
Malvern Daily Recordbusiness.malvern-online.com [69]
Southern Rhode Island Newspapersbusiness.ricentral.com [69]
Wapakoneta Daily Newsbusiness.wapakdailynews.com [69]
Times Recordbusiness.times-online.com [69]
The Guymon Daily Heraldbusiness.guymondailyherald.com [69]
Daily Times Leaderbusiness.dailytimesleader.com [69]
The Ridgway Recordbusiness.ridgwayrecord.com [69]
Big Spring Heraldbusiness.bigspringherald.com [69]
The Observer News Enterprisebusiness.observernewsonline.com [69]
The Saline Courierbusiness.bentoncourier.com [69]
The Buffalo Newsmarkets.buffalonews.com [69]
The Community Postbusiness.minstercommunitypost.com [69]

PAPERWALL

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
usa-aa.comusa-aa.com [70]
doloreshoy.codoloreshoy.co [70]
splinsider.comsplinsider.com [70]
garagumsowda.comgaragumsowda.com [70]
laplatapost.comlaplatapost.com [70]
lujanexpresar.comlujanexpresar.com [70]
wienbuzz.comwienbuzz.com [70]
boicpost.comboicpost.com [70]
brasilindustry.combrasilindustry.com [70]
brmingpao.combrmingpao.com [70]
financeiropost.comfinanceiropost.com [70]
goiasmine.comgoiasmine.com [70]
pauloexpressar.compauloexpressar.com [70]
pernambucostar.compernambucostar.com [70]
rioninepage.comrioninepage.com [70]
swisshubnews.comswisshubnews.com [70]
sanrafaelscoop.comsanrafaelscoop.com [70]
martapost.commartapost.com [70]
bohemiadaily.combohemiadaily.com [70]
frankfurtsta.comfrankfurtsta.com [70]
munichnp.communichnp.com [70]
dkindustry.codkindustry.co [70]
lguazu.comlguazu.com [70]
andregaceta.comandregaceta.com [70]
cordovapress.orgcordovapress.org [70]
Sevilla Timessevillatimes.com [70]
tarragonapost.comtarragonapost.com [70]
guellherald.comguellherald.com [70]
suomiexpress.comsuomiexpress.com [70]
frnewsfeed.comfrnewsfeed.com [70]
froneplus.comfroneplus.com [70]
friendlyparis.comfriendlyparis.com [70]
alpsbiz.comalpsbiz.com [70]
economyfr.comeconomyfr.com [70]
eiffelpost.comeiffelpost.com [70]
fftribune.comfftribune.com [70]
louispress.orglouispress.org [70]
provencedaily.comprovencedaily.com [70]
rmtcityfr.comrmtcityfr.com [70]
doyletimes.comdoyletimes.com [70]
Napoli Moneynapolimoney.com [70] [71]
Italia Finanziarieitaliafinanziarie.com [70] [71]
Milano Moda Weeklymilanomodaweekly.com [70] [71]
Roma Journalromajournal.org [70] [71]
Torino Humantorinohuman.com [70] [71]
Venezia Postveneziapost.com [70] [71]
dy-press.comdy-press.com [70]
Fujiyama Timesfujiyamatimes.com [70]
fukuitoday.comfukuitoday.com [70]
fukuoka-ken.comfukuoka-ken.com [70]
ginzadaily.comginzadaily.com [70]
hokkaidotr.comhokkaidotr.com [70]
kanagawa-ken.comkanagawa-ken.com [70]
meiji-mura.commeiji-mura.com [70]
nihondaily.comnihondaily.com [70]
nikkonews.comnikkonews.com [70]
saitama-ken.comsaitama-ken.com [70]
sendaishimbun.comsendaishimbun.com [70]
tokushima-ken.comtokushima-ken.com [70]
tokyobuilder.comtokyobuilder.com [70]
yamatocore.comyamatocore.com [70]
bucheontech.combucheontech.com [70]
busanonline.combusanonline.com [70]
cctimes.orgcctimes.org [70]
chungjutravel.comchungjutravel.com [70]
chungnamonline.comchungnamonline.com [70]
daegujournal.comdaegujournal.com [70]
daejeontraffic.comdaejeontraffic.com [70]
gangwonculture.comgangwonculture.com [70]
gwangjuedu.comgwangjuedu.com [70]
gyeonggidaily.comgyeonggidaily.com [70]
gyeongpe.comgyeongpe.com [70]
incheonfocus.comincheonfocus.com [70]
jejutr.comjejutr.com [70]
jeontoday.comjeontoday.com [70]
krectimes.comkrectimes.com [70]
seoulpr.comseoulpr.com [70]
ulsanindustry.comulsanindustry.com [70]
gauljournal.comgauljournal.com [70]
olmecpress.comolmecpress.com [70]
teotihuacaneco.comteotihuacaneco.com [70]
xochimilcolife.comxochimilcolife.com [70]
greaterdutch.comgreaterdutch.com [70]
nlpress.orgnlpress.org [70]
vikingun.orgvikingun.org [70]
bydgoszczdaily.combydgoszczdaily.com [70]
wawelexpress.comwawelexpress.com [70]
ptnavigat.comptnavigat.com [70]
baleadimineata.combaleadimineata.com [70]
rogazette.comrogazette.com [70]
aksaydaily.comaksaydaily.com [70]
ekaterintech.comekaterintech.com [70]
findmoscow.comfindmoscow.com [70]
gorodbusiness.comgorodbusiness.com [70]
kazanculture.comkazanculture.com [70]
rostovlife.comrostovlife.com [70]
samaraindustry.comsamaraindustry.com [70]
stptb.orgstptb.org [70]
tulunet.comtulunet.com [70]
volgogradpost.comvolgogradpost.com [70]
balasaguntimes.combalasaguntimes.com [70]
ismoili.comismoili.com [70]
buranadaily.comburanadaily.com [70]
wakhan.orgwakhan.org [70]
luddpress.comluddpress.com [70]
kopetbiz.comkopetbiz.com [70]
balasagunherald.combalasagunherald.com [70]
taurustimes.comtaurustimes.com [70]
anadoluha.comanadoluha.com [70]
araratdaily.comararatdaily.com [70]
cappadociapost.orgcappadociapost.org [70]
bmhtoday.combmhtoday.com [70]
benmorning.combenmorning.com [70]
britishft.combritishft.com [70]
conanfinance.comconanfinance.com [70]
deiniolnews.comdeiniolnews.com [70]
euleader.orgeuleader.org [70]
glasgowtr.comglasgowtr.com [70]
londonclup.comlondonclup.com [70]
ulstergrowth.comulstergrowth.com [70]
vtnay.orgvtnay.org [70]
wdpp.orgwdpp.org [70]
updatenews.infoupdatenews.info [70]

Happytify network (歡享網)

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Happytifyhappytify.cc [57] [72]

Philippines

Fake news sites have become rampant for Philippine audiences, especially being shared on social media. [73] Politicians have started filing laws to combat fake news [74] [75] and three Senate hearings have been held on the topic. [76] [77] [78]

The Catholic Church in the Philippines has also released a missive speaking out against it. [79]

Vera Files research at the end of 2017 and 2018 show that the most shared fake news in the Philippines appeared to benefit 2 people the most: Former President Rodrigo Duterte (as well as his allies) and President Bongbong Marcos, with the most viral news driven by shares on networks of Facebook pages. [80] Most Philippine audience Facebook pages and groups spreading online disinformation also bear "Duterte", "Marcos" or "News" in their names and are pro-Duterte. [81] Online disinformation in the Philippines is overwhelmingly political as well, with most attacking groups or individuals critical of the Duterte administration. [82] Many Philippine-audience fake news websites also appear to be controlled by the same operators as they share common Google AdSense and Google Analytics IDs. [81]

According to media scholar Jonathan Corpus Ong, Duterte's presidential campaign is regarded as the patient zero in the current era of disinformation, having preceded widespread global coverage of the Cambridge Analytica scandal and Russian trolls. [83] Fake news is so established and severe in the Philippines that Facebook's Global Politics and Government Outreach Director Katie Harbath also calls it "patient zero" [84] in the global misinformation epidemic, having happened before Brexit, the Donald Trump nomination and the 2016 United States elections. [85]

Republic of China

Mission (密訊)

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Mission (密訊)Mission.tw [57]
Mission (密訊)pplomo.com [57] [86] [87]
Mission (密訊)mission-tw.com [86] [87]
Mission (密訊)missiback.com [57] [86] [87]
Mission (密訊)mission-hosti.com [57] [86] [87]
Mission (密訊)tiksomo.com [57] [86] [87]
Mission (密訊)gufunnews.com [57]
Mission (密訊)new.mission-tw.com [57]
Mission (密訊)gaochuji.com [57]
Mission (密訊)mission-new.com [57]
Mission (密訊)tiksomo.com [57]
Mission (密訊)falotat.com [57]
Mission (密訊)osometalk.com [57]
Mission (密訊)itaiwan.mission-tw.com [57]

Russia

South Africa

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
dodgysaministers.comdodgysaministers.com [88]
fakeguptaleaks.comfakeguptaleaks.com [88]
publicopinion.co.zapublicopinion.co.za [88]
southafricabuzz.co.zasouthafricabuzz.co.za [88]
whitemonopoly.comwhitemonopoly.com [88]
whitemonopolyafrica.comwhitemonopolyafrica.com [88]
whitemonopolycapital.comwhitemonopolycapital.com [88]
WMC Leakswmcleaks.comPer Africa Check, an IFCN signatory. [88] [89] [90] [91]
WMC Scamswmcscams.com [88] [90]
wmc-scams.comwmc-scams.com [88]

Spain

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Euskal Newseuskalnews.comConnected to Basque politician David Pasarin-Gegunde. Described by ProPublica as "a Google publishing partner that mixes anti-immigrant content and vaccine disinformation with warnings of an impending globalist and EU takeover." [6] A 2022 analysis by ProPublica found many advertisements that had been placed by Google, which were removed upon contact by ProPublica. [6]

Tanzania

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
AfricaTopNewsafricatopnews.blogspot.com [92]
Covid Tanzaniacovidtanzania.wordpress.com [92]
NewsTzOlivianewstzolivia.wordpress.com [92]

Tunisia

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Actu FranceActu-France.com [93]
Afrika Newsafrika-news.com [93]
Afrikan Postafrikanpost.fr [93]
Eco Mageco-mag.com [93]
Fake News Checkingfakenewschecking.com [93]
Le Muslim Postlemuslimpost.com [93]
Maghreb InfoMaghreb-Info.com [93]
Revue de L'Afriquerevue-afrique.com [93]

Ukraine

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Begemot.comBegemot.com [20]
Begemot.mediaBegemot.media [20]
Begemot.newsBegemot.news [20]
thickpolicy.mediathickpolicy.media [20]

Luhansk

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
capitalnews.uscapitalnews.us [94]
Le Tarde RepublicanaTarde-republicana.es [94] [95]
esrepublica.esesrepublica.es [94]
tribuno-popolare.ittribuno-popolare.it [94]
bagimsizbasin.info.trbagimsizbasin.info.tr [94]
Szeged Hírekszegedhir.eu [94] [95]
incident24-7.ruincident24-7.ru [94]
massmedia24.commassmedia24.com [94]
9may.org9may.org [94]
hadashot-erev.infohadashot-erev.info [94]
Pravdorubpravdorub.md [94] [95]
Echo of Moldovaeho.md [94]
Echo of Moldovaehomd.info [94]
Kyrgyzstan Echoehokg.org [94]
Kyrgyzstan Echoehokg.info [94]
Kazakhstan Echoehonews.kz [94]
24-7 News24-7news.eu [94] [95]
britisherald.org.ukbritisherald.org.uk [94]
European group of action 'Ecology and peace'ecoandpeace.eu [94]
Abendlich Hamburgabend-hamburg.de [94] [95]
The Capital Newscapital-news.org.uk [94] [95]
summurynews.comsummurynews.com [94] [95]
central.Asia-news.comcentral.Asia-news.com [94] [95]
Courrier Parisienparisien-courrier.fr [95]
Infoprofinfoprof.su [95]

United Arab Emirates

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
iraqonlinenews.comiraqonlinenews.com [25]
Somalianowsomalianow.com [25] [96]
mauritanialive.commauritanialive.com [25]
Palastine Alyoumpalestinealyoum.com [25]
moroccosnews.commoroccosnews.com [25]
Algeria Todayalgeriatodays.com [25]

United States

Prominent networks of sites by political campaigns in the United States include Courier, Local Report (connected to The American Independent), Metric Media (run by Brian Timpone), and Star News Digital Media (co-founded by Tea Party-affiliated activists.) [97] [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] [103]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">China News Service</span> News agency of the Chinese Communist Party

China News Service is the second largest state news agency in China, after Xinhua News Agency. China News Service was formerly run by the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office, which was absorbed into the United Front Work Department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 2018. Its operations have traditionally been directed at overseas Chinese worldwide and residents of Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.

Misinformation is incorrect or misleading information. Misinformation can exist without specific malicious intent; disinformation is distinct in that it is deliberately deceptive and propagated. Misinformation can include inaccurate, incomplete, misleading, or false information as well as selective or half-truths.

State-sponsored Internet propaganda is Internet manipulation and propaganda that is sponsored by a state.

Cyberwarfare is a part of Iran's "soft war" military strategy. Being both a victim and wager of cyberwarfare, Iran is considered an emerging military power in the field.

This page is a timeline of social media. Major launches, milestones, and other major events are included.

A troll farm or troll factory is an institutionalised group of internet trolls that seeks to interfere in political opinions and decision-making.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Propaganda through media</span> Use of media for propaganda

Propaganda is a form of persuasion that is often used in media to further some sort of agenda, such as a personal, political, or business agenda, by evoking an emotional or obligable response from the audience. It includes the deliberate sharing of realities, views, and philosophies intended to alter behavior and stimulate people to act.

Diem was a permissioned blockchain-based stablecoin payment system proposed by the American social media company Facebook. The plan also included a private currency implemented as a cryptocurrency.

Deepfake pornography, or simply fake pornography, is a type of synthetic pornography that is created via altering already-existing pornographic material by applying deepfake technology to the faces of the actors. The use of deepfake porn has sparked controversy because it involves the making and sharing of realistic videos featuring non-consenting individuals, typically female celebrities, and is sometimes used for revenge porn. Efforts are being made to combat these ethical concerns through legislation and technology-based solutions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Usage of social media in the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</span>

The 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests happened as a result of the Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill. Some observed that it is an extension to the 2014 Umbrella Movement, and there are other underlying issues that amounted to such explosive protest, which cover the economic, social and environmental aspects. With the Chinese Government's attempt in turning Hong Kong to a semi-authoritarian regime, it sparked Hong Kong people's dissent as the Chinese Government's intervention would threaten the Rule of Law in Hong Kong. Thus, people in Hong Kong shown their resistance through protesting, and planning through the use of social media have facilitated the social movements..

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amerado</span> Ghanaian rapper

Derrick Sarfo Kantanka,, best known as Amerado, is a Ghanaian rapper from Kumasi. He is the curator of Yeete Nsem, Ghana's first news casting rap series.

The Trusted News Initiative (TNI) is an international alliance of news media, social media and technology corporations which claim to be working to identify and combat purported disinformation about national elections, the COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19 vaccines. TNI was founded by Jessica Cecil, a leadership figure at the BBC who also serves as the initiative's director.

Graphika is an American social network analysis company known for tracking online disinformation. It was established in 2013.

Spamouflage, Dragonbridge, Spamouflage Dragon, or Storm 1376 is an online propaganda and disinformation operation that uses a network of social media accounts to make posts in favor of the Chinese government and harass dissidents and journalists overseas. Beginning in the early 2020s, Spamouflage accounts also began making posts about American and Taiwanese politics. It is widely believed that the Chinese government is behind the network. The campaign has largely failed to receive views from real users, although the evolution of its tactics has allowed some Spamouflage accounts to see some success in receiving organic engagement.

References

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  2. ↑ "Los Eco-Ilógicos: A look inside the sprawling online network that spreads climate misinformation to Spanish-speaking communities around the world" (PDF). Graphika . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-07-15. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  3. ↑ "La opaca historia de Fernando Cerimedo, el consejero de la derecha trumpista sudamericana". Chequeado (in Spanish). 2023-07-31. Archived from the original on 2024-04-01. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  4. ↑ Phillips, Tom; Goñi, Uki; Iglesia, Facundo (2023-10-19). "Argentina's far-right frontrunner reopens wounds of dictatorship". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  5. ↑ Phillips, Tom; Iglesia, Facundo (2023-10-14). "'He acts like Wolverine': who is Javier Milei, Argentina's presidential frontrunner?". The Observer. ISSN   0029-7712. Archived from the original on 2024-02-17. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Silverman, Craig; Talbot, Ruth; Kao, Jeff; Klühspies, Anna (2022-10-29). "How Google's Ad Business Funds Disinformation Around the World". ProPublica . Archived from the original on 2024-01-27. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  7. ↑ "Fact check: No, these cities don't want to ban meat – DW – 09/02/2023". Deutsche Welle . 2023-09-02. Archived from the original on 2024-04-12. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  8. ↑ "How the falsehood of athletes dying from covid vaccines spread". Washington Post . 2022-02-01. Archived from the original on 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  9. ↑ Röttger, Tania (2021-09-23). "Wie österreichische Medien in den deutschen Wahlkampf eingreifen". Correctiv (in German). Archived from the original on 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  10. ↑ "E-mail reforça elo do MBL com site que amplificou 'fake news' contra Marielle". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018-03-23. Archived from the original on 2022-01-29. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  11. 1 2 Dourado, Tatiana; Salgado, Susana (2021-10-02). "Disinformation in the Brazilian pre-election context: probing the content, spread and implications of fake news about Lula da Silva". The Communication Review. 24 (4): 297–319. doi: 10.1080/10714421.2021.1981705 . hdl: 10451/49827 . ISSN   1071-4421.
  12. 1 2 "Facebook removes pages of Brazil activist network before elections". Reuters . 2018-07-25. Archived from the original on 2022-08-07. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  13. ↑ "Facebook derruba rede de fake news usada pelo MBL". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018-07-25. Archived from the original on 2023-11-14. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  14. ↑ "Pelo jeito a relação entre o MBL e o site Jornalivre é um pouco mais do que "amigável"". Vice (in Portuguese). 2017-10-23. Archived from the original on 2024-02-28. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  15. ↑ Silva, Marta (2017-10-10). "O site Jornalivre está explorando seu computador sem você saber". Vice (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2020-12-19. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  16. ↑ Carrasco-Farré, Carlos (2022-05-09). "The fingerprints of misinformation: how deceptive content differs from reliable sources in terms of cognitive effort and appeal to emotions". Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 9 (1): 1–18. doi: 10.1057/s41599-022-01174-9 . ISSN   2662-9992.
  17. ↑ "The Rise of the Parapolitical Sites as the Leading False-Content Producers". German Marshall Fund . Archived from the original on 2023-04-30. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  18. ↑ "The biggest Canadian far-right news site you probably haven't heard of". Canadaland . 2021-02-22. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  19. ↑ "We Need To Talk About The Christian Anti-LGBTQ Movement In Canada". Canadian Anti-Hate Network . 2020-11-27. Archived from the original on 2024-01-18. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
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  22. ↑ "Facebook smider den alternative netavis 24nyt på porten". DR (in Danish). 2019-04-10. Archived from the original on 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  23. ↑ Jensen, Henrik; Jessen, Chris Kjær (2019-03-29). "Sådan svarer 24NYT på kritik af fake news – vil ikke lade sig diktere af »såkaldte medieeksperter«". Berlingske (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2022-08-13. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  24. 1 2 3 "Facebook takes down inauthentic assets targeting multiple Latin American elections". Digital Forensic Research Lab . 2020-07-08. Archived from the original on 2020-08-31. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Blame it on Iran, Qatar, and Turkey: An analysis of a Twitter and Facebook operation linked to Egypt, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Stanford Internet Observatory . 2020-04-02. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-01-14. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  26. 1 2 "Facebook shuts down Egyptian disinformation network, bans two marketing companies". Digital Forensic Research Lab . 2020-03-03. Archived from the original on 2024-03-22. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  27. 1 2 3 Fisher, Max (2021-07-25). "Disinformation for Hire, a Shadow Industry, Is Quietly Booming". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-11-02. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  28. 1 2 3 "Coordinated Inauthentic Bee-havior" (PDF). Graphika . 2021-04-06. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-07-16. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  29. 1 2 3 "Special Report: COVID-19 Myths". NewsGuard . Archived from the original on 2023-08-07. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
  30. ↑ "Les familles de l'extrême droite sur le Net". Le Monde (in French). 2011-07-04. Archived from the original on 2023-11-20. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
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