List of fake news websites

Last updated

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Fake news websites are those which intentionally, but not necessarily solely, publish hoaxes and disinformation for purposes other than news satire. Some of these sites use homograph spoofing attacks, typosquatting and other deceptive strategies similar to those used in phishing attacks to resemble genuine news outlets. [1] [2] [3]

Contents

Definition

Fake news sites deliberately publish hoaxes and disinformation to drive web traffic inflamed by social media. [4] [5] [6] These sites are distinguished from news satire (which is usually intended to be humorous) as they mislead and sometimes profit from readers' gullibility. [5] While most fake news sites are portrayed to be spinoffs of other news sites, some of these websites are examples of website spoofing, structured to make visitors believe they are visiting major news outlets like ABC News or MSNBC. [7] The New York Times pointed out that within a strict definition, "fake news" on the Internet referred to a fictitious article which was fabricated with the deliberate motivation to defraud readers, generally with the goal of profiting through clickbait. [8] PolitiFact described fake news as fabricated content designed to fool readers and subsequently made viral through the Internet to crowds that increase its dissemination. [9]

The New York Times noted in a December 2016 article that fake news had previously maintained a presence on the Internet and within tabloid journalism in the years prior to the 2016 U.S. election. [8] Except for the 2016 Philippine elections, [10] prior to the election between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, fake news had not impacted the election process and subsequent events to such a high degree. [8] Subsequent to the 2016 election, the issue of fake news turned into a political weapon, with supporters of left-wing politics saying those on the opposite side of the spectrum spread falsehoods, and supporters of right-wing politics arguing such accusations were merely a way to censor conservative views. [8] Due to these back-and-forth complaints, the definition of fake news as used for such polemics became more vague. [8]

Lists

Campaigns by individuals

American News LLC

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
American Newsamericannews.comPublished a false story claiming actor Denzel Washington endorsed Donald Trump for president. The fictional headline led to thousands of people sharing it on Facebook, a prominent example of fake news spreading on the social network prior to the 2016 presidential election. [11]

[12] [13]

Conservative 101conservative101.comFalsely claimed that the White House fired Kellyanne Conway. [11] [12]
Democratic ReviewDemocraticReview.comOwned by American Review LLC of Miami, the same company that owns American News (americannews.com), Conservative 101 and Liberal Society. [12]
Liberal SocietyLiberalSociety.comPublished a fake direct quote attributed to Obama, Falsely claimed that the White House fired Kellyanne Conway. [11] [12]

Jestin Coler

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Conservative Frontlineconservativefrontline.com [14]
Denver Guardian denverguardian.com [14]
DrudgeReport.com.coDrudgeReport.com.coMimics the name of the Drudge Report. [14]
United Media Publishingunitedmediapublishing.com [14]
usatoday.com.cousatoday.com.coDefunctFalsely reports celebrity appearances and filming locations in random local towns [14]
washingtonpost.com.cowashingtonpost.com.coOriginally registered by Jestin Coler. The Washington Post submitted a complaint against Coler's registration of the site with GoDaddy under the UDRP, and in 2015, an arbitral panel ruled that Coler's registration of the domain name was a form of bad-faith cybersquatting (specifically, typosquatting), "through a website that competes with Complainant through the use of fake news. ... The fake news content misleads readers and serves as 'click bait' to drive readers to other sites, or to share the fake news content with others on social networking websites, to generate advertising revenue." [15] [14]

Paul Horner

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
ABCnews.com.co ABCnews.com.coDefunctOwned by Paul Horner. Mimics the URL, design and logo of ABC News (owned by Disney–ABC Television Group). [16]

[17]

CBSnews.com.coCBSnews.com.coMimics the URL, design and logo of CBS News. [18]
christianfreedommovement.comchristianfreedommovement.com [18]
cnn.com.decnn.com.deImpostor site of CNN. [18]
isissingles.comisissingles.com [18]
iywib.comiywib.com [18]
keepdonaldtrump.comkeepdonaldtrump.com [18]
makeredhatswearableagain.commakeredhatswearableagain.com [18]
mericaland.commericaland.com [18]
microsoftsite.commicrosoftsite.com [18]
nationalgeographic.com.conationalgeographic.com.coSpoof of National Geographic . [18]
nationalreview.biznationalreview.bizSpoof of National Review . [18]
NBC.com.coNBC.com.coImitates NBC. [19] [18]
NBCNews.com.coNBCNews.com.coDefunctMimics the URL, design and logo of NBC News. [20]
News Examinernewsexaminer.netStarted in 2015 by Paul Horner, the lead writer of the National Report. This website has been known to mix real news along with its fake news. [21]
paulhorner.orgpaulhorner.org [18]
snopes.com.cosnopes.com.coImposter site of Snopes. [18]
St George Gazettestgeorgegazette.com [18] [22] [23]
superofficialnews.comsuperofficialnews.com [18]
thephoenixnewtimes.comthephoenixnewtimes.com [18]
trumptized.comtrumptized.com [18]

WTOE 5 News

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
16WMPO16WMPO.comImpostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

 [19] [24] [25]
AlexJones.xyzAlexJones.xyzPart of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [26]
alynews.comalynews.comPart of a network that posted a false story that there was a sequel to the movie Step Brothers in the works in 2016.

Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

 [27] [28] [26]
channel16news.comchannel16news.comPart of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [26]
channel17news.comchannel17news.comLikely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [29]
Channel 18 NewsChannel18News.comImpostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

 [19] [30] [24]
clancyreport.comclancyreport.comPart of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [26]
Daily News 10DailyNews10.comImpostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

 [19] [31] [24]
Daily News 11dailynews11.comPart of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [26]
Daily News 5DailyNews5.comImpostor site, per PolitiFact.

Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

 [19] [26] [24]
FoxBusiness.xyzFoxBusiness.xyzPart of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [26]
Headline Briefheadlinebrief.comPart of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [28] [26]
km8news.comkm8news.comPart of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [26]
KMT 11 Newskmt11.comDefunctFalsely reports celebrity appearances and filming locations in random local towns. Before the website went down, it referred to itself as a "fantasy news website". [32] [33]

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

 [34] [32] [33] [24]
knp7.comknp7.comPart of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [26]
kspm33.comkspm33.comPart of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [28] [26]
KUPR7kupr7.comLikely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [35] [36]
ky6news.comky6news.comPart of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [28] [26]
KY12News.comKY12News.comImpostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

 [19] [24]
KYPO6kypo6.comPart of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [26]
Local 31 NewsLocal31News.comImpostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

 [19] [31] [24]
localnews33.comlocalnews33.comPart of the same network as alynews.com [27] [28]
lopezreport.comlopezreport.comPart of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [26]
maywoodpost.commaywoodpost.comLikely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [37]
mbynews.commbynews.comPart of the same network as alynews.com [27] [28] [26]
McKenzie Postmckenziepost.comPart of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [28] [26]
NewsDaily12.comNewsDaily12.comImpostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

 [19] [24] [25]
newsdaily27.comnewsdaily27.comPart of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [26]
News Now 11newsnow11.comLikely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [38]
The North Devon Journalnorthdevonjournal.co.ukLikely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [29]
oreillypost.comoreillypost.comPart of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [26]
WBN 12 Newswbn12.comLikely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31]
wcpm3.comwcpm3.comPart of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [26]
wleb21.comwleb21.comPart of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [26]
WRPT 16 Newswrpt16.comPart of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [27] [26]
WTOE 5 Newswtoe5news.comOriginal source of false claim that Pope Francis had endorsed Donald Trump in 2016. [39]

Your News Wire

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Neon Nettleneonnettle.comPer FactCheck.org and PolitiFact.

Stated by Snopes to be "interrelated" with NewsPunch and Your News Wire.

 [19] [40] [41]
Newspunch Newspunch.comAlternative name for YourNewsWire. [40]
The People's Voice (formerly NewsPunch and Your News Wire)thepeoplesvoice.tvFounded by Sean Adl-Tabatabai and Sinclair Treadway in 2014. It has published fake stories, such as "claims that the Queen had threatened to abdicate if the UK voted against Brexit." Its name was changed to NewsPunch in 2018 and The People's Voice in 2023. [42] [19] [40] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49]
Your News Wireyournewswire.comFormer name for The People's Voice. [42] [19]

Others

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
ABCNews1.usABCNews1.usSame owner as AJUAnews. [50]
African News Updatesafricannewupsdate.comSame owner as News Updates South Africa. Published a false story about election fraud during the 2016 municipal elections in South Africa, which led to the Electoral Commission of South Africa filing a criminal complaint against the site owner. [51] [52]
AJUAnewsAJUAnews.comPlagiarized content from The Last Line of Defense. Reportedly owned by individual based in Pakistan. [50]
ALNewsNetwork.pressALNewsNetwork.pressSame owner as AJUAnews. [50]
America TalksAmericatalks.comPer FactCheck.org. [40]
America's Freedom FightersAmericasfreedomfighters.comPer FactCheck.org. [40]
Banned InformationBannedInformation.comPer FactCheck.org. [40]
Conservative Beaverconservativebeaver.comPublished false anti-vaccination claims related to Pfizer, leading to Pfizer filing a petition to compel the site host to reveal the site owner's identity. [53]
Dos Palos Newsdospalosnews.comSame owner as AJUAnews. [50]
FB News CycleFbnewscycle.comPer FactCheck.org.

Same owner as Banned Information.

 [40]
HealthFacts.proHealthFacts.proSame owner as AJUAnews. [50]
Hot Global Newshotglobalnews.com [47] [54]
ILoveQuilting.proILoveQuilting.proSame owner as AJUAnews. [50]
Leading Report theleadingreport.comA website and Twitter account that promotes misinformation and conspiracy theories about COVID-19 and United States politics. [55]
National News Bulletinnationalnewsbulletin.comSame Google Analytics ID as News Updates South Africa. [51] [52]
The National Sunthenationalsun.comSame owners as Hot Global News. [54] [56]
net-breaking.comnet-breaking.comAffiliated with Leading Report. [55]
News@Lastnewsatlast.comFake news website in South Africa, per Africa Check, an IFCN signatory.

Same owner as News Updates South Africa.

 [51] [52]
News Updates South Africanewsupdatessa.sitePer Africa Check and News24. [57] [51]
Ohio Press Proohiopress.proSame owner as AJUAnews. [50]
thepedogate.comthepedogate.comPart of same network as America Talks. Spread the false Pizzagate conspiracy theory. [40]
The Red Panthertheredpanther.comFormer name of Toronto Today. [53]
Right Wing TribuneRightwingtribune.comPer FactCheck.org.

Same owners as America's Freedom Fighters.

 [40]
Toronto99.comToronto99.comHad the same Google Adsense code as The Conservative Beaver. [53]
Toronto Todaytorontotoday.netHad the same Google Adsense code as The Conservative Beaver. [53]
Vancouver Timesvancouvertimes.orgLikely shares the same site owner as the Conservative Beaver and Toronto Today. [58]

Disinformation campaigns

Corporate disinformation campaigns

Examples of disinformation campaigns from companies include Eliminalia, a reputation management firm that created a network of over 600 websites for its clients, [59] [60] and Regency Enterprises, which created sites to promote the movie A Cure for Wellness. [61] [62]

Political disinformation campaigns

Examples of countries with political actors that have been confirmed or suspected to be involved with fake news website networks include Brazil, [63] India, [64] Iran, [3] Italy, [65] the People's Republic of China, [66] the Philippines, [67] Russia, [68] Ukraine (Luhansk), [69] and the United States. [70]

Fraudulent fact-checking websites

According to the Poynter Institute, there are four categories of false fact-checking websites:

  1. Sites that are satirical in nature
  2. Sites that attempt to subvert serious fact-checking sites
  3. Sites that re-appropriate the term "fact-check" for partisan political causes
  4. Sites with more violent intentions, such as genocide denial. [71]
NameDomainStatusNotesSources
AosFatos.comAosFatos.comSpoof of Brazilian fact-checking organization Aos Fatos. [72]
Business2Communitybusiness2community.comPlagiarized fact-checks from Lead Stories. [73]
The California Republicancarepublican.comRun by Devin Nunes' political campaign. [71]
Descobrindo As Verdadesdescobrindoasverdades.blogspot.comHas the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com. [72]
Duboka Vodadubokavoda.comPartisan false fact-checking site in Croatia, per the Poynter Institute. [71]
Fact Check Armenia factcheckarmenia.comA website with ties to Turkish government-related organizations that denies the historical facts of the Armenian genocide. [74] [75]
Fact-Checking Turkeyfactcheckingturkey.comOperated by PR company Bosphorus Global and counters criticism of Turkey in foreign media. It treats statements by Turkish government officials as arbiters of the truth. [74] [75] [76] [77]
Faktiskt.euFaktiskt.euSpoof of Swedish fact-checking organization Faktiskt. [78]
India News Networkindianewsnetwork.comSame owner as India Vs Disinformation. [79]
India Vs Disinformationindiavsdisinformation.comOwned by "a Canadian communications firm called Press Monitor" [80] [80] [79]
Jigyasa Onlinejigyasaonline.orgSame owner as India Vs Disinformation. [79]
Middle East Guardiansmeguardians.comPublished false fact-check about Jamal Khashoggi. [81]
Notícias Brasil Onlinenoticiasbrasilonline.com.brHas the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com. [72]
O Detetiveodetetive.comHas the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com. The website owner was summoned by a regional court in Brazil for publishing a false story about the 2018 attack on Jair Bolsonaro. [72] [82]
OpIndia opindia.comOpIndia is an Indian website that has been rejected by the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN). Fact checkers certified by the IFCN have identified 25 fake news stories published by OpIndia between January 2018 and June 2020. [83] [84]
Pensa Brasilpensabrasil.comHas the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com. [72]
Plantão Brasilplantaobrasil.netHas the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com. [72]
Shayeaatshayeaat.irPartisan false fact-checking site in Iran, per the Poynter Institute. [71]
Vøxvoxnews.infoPartisan false fact-checking site in Italy, per the Poynter Institute. Not to be confused with Vox, the American news site. [71]
War on Fakes waronfakes.comA Russian website that promotes Russian propaganda and disinformation about the Russian invasion of Ukraine. [85] [86]

Generative AI

As of April 2024, NewsGuard has tracked at least 790 news/information websites automatically generated by machine learning models that span 16 languages. [87]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
AlaskaCommons.comAlaskaCommons.com [88]
BestBudgetUSA.comBestBudgetUSA.com [89]
Biz Breaking Newsbizbreakingnews.comSummarizes The Financial Times and Fortune. [90]
BNN Breaking bnnbreaking.com [91]
bnn.network
Boluno.comBoluno.com [92]
bosase.combosase.com [92]
Buckeye State Pressbuckeyestatepress.comCreated by a journalist to demonstrate the ease of building generative AI-based political news sites. [93]
Celeb Jihad celebjihad.comDescribed by the Daily Beast as a "satirical celebrity gossip website", [94] the site has spread real and fake nude images of celebrities using Photoshop and Generative AI. [94] [95] [96] [97]
celebritiesdeaths.comcelebritiesdeaths.com [98] [89]
CountyLocalNews.comCountyLocalNews.com [89]
Daily Business Post [90]
DailyHeadliner.comDailyHeadliner.com [99]
Daily Time Update [100]
Famadillo.comFamadillo.com [98] [89]
FilthyLucre.comFilthyLucre.com [89]
FoodingWorld.comFoodingWorld.com [88]
Getintoknowledge.comGetintoknowledge.com [98] [89]
globalvillagespace.comglobalvillagespace.com [99]
HistoryFact.inHistoryFact.in [89]
iBusiness Day [100]
Ireland Top Newsirelandtopnews.com [100]
L'Observatoire de l'Europeobservatoiredeleurope.comAccused of automatically plagiarizing stories from Euronews. [101]
LiverPoolDigest.co.ukLiverPoolDigest.co.uk [99]
Lunumi.comLunumi.com [92]
Medical Outlinemedicaloutline.com [100]
NewsGPTnewsgpt.ai [102]
News Live 79 [90]
News You Can't Usenewsyoucantuse.com [103]
NoticiasDeEmprego.com.brNoticiasDeEmprego.com.br [88]
NotRealNews.netNotRealNews.net [104]
Roadan.comRoadan.com [99]
Scoop EarthScoopEarth.com [98] [89]
setolu.comsetolu.com [92]
Time.newsTime.news [88]
TnewsNetwork.comTnewsNetwork.com [89]
TopGolf.krTopGolf.kr [99]
topnews67.comtopnews67.comAccused of plagiarizing story from The Last Line of Defense, possibly via ChatGPT. [105]
TopStories.com.ngTopStories.com.ng [99]
vatolu.comvatolu.com [92]
Walli.usWalli.us [99]
WaveFunction.infoWaveFunction.info [89]
WhatsNew2Day.comWhatsNew2Day.com [99]
World-Today-News.comWorld-Today-News.com [88]
Worldtimetodays.comworldtimetodays.comAccused of plagiarizing stories from Distractify and Heavy.com. [106]

Hate groups

The following table lists websites that have been both considered by fact-checkers as distributing false news and are run by organizations that have been designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups.

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
banned.videobanned.videoSister site of InfoWars.

Warned by the US Food and Drug Administration for spreading misinformation on COVID-19 for "claims on videos posted on your websites that establish the intended use of your products and misleadingly represent them as safe and/or effective for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19."

 [107] [108] [109]
Bare Naked Islambarenakedislam.com [110] [111]
BrighteonBrighteon.comSister site of Natural News. [112]
The Daily Stormer DailyStormer.comPer PolitiFact. [19] [113]
Geller Report Gellerreport.comRegistered through Pamela Geller's organization, the American Freedom Defense Initiative. [40] [111]
HoggWatchhoggwatch.comSetup by Natural News founders to publish attacks against Parkland high school shooting survivors. [114] [115]
InfoWars infowars.comManaged by Alex Jones. Has claimed that millions of people have voted illegally in the 2016 presidential election, that the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting was a hoax, that the Boston Marathon bombing was a false flag attack, and that the Democratic Party was hosting a child sex slave ring out of a pizza restaurant. [116] [117]

[118] [119] [120] [121] [122] [123] [124] [125] [126]

Natural News naturalnews.comFormerly NewsTarget, a website for the sale of various dietary supplements, promotion of alternative medicine, controversial nutrition and health claims, and various conspiracy theories, such as "chemtrails", chemophobic claims (including the purported dangers of fluoride in drinking water, anti-perspirants, laundry detergent, monosodium glutamate, aspartame), and purported health problems caused by allegedly "toxic" ingredients in vaccines, including the now-discredited link to autism. [127] [128] [129] [130] [125] [126]
NewsTargetnewstarget.comSister site of Natural News. [112]
Next News Networknextnewsnetwork.comCombined content from mainstream sites such as the Associated Press with content from sites such as RT and Sputnik. [131] [132] [133] [134]
PrisonPlanetprisonplanet.comSister site of InfoWars. [135]
Red Ice RedIce.tv [136] [137]
TruNews trunews.com [138] [139] [126]
WorldNetDaily wnd.comA far-right website known for promoting falsehoods and conspiracy theories, including the false claim that Barack Obama was not born in the United States. [138] [140] [141] [125] [142] [126]

Pseudoscience and junk science

The following is a list of websites that have been characterized by journalists and researchers as promoting pseudoscience or junk science.

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
ancient-code.comancient-code.com [143]
Children's Health Defense childrenshealthdefense.orgAccused by NBC of "[misinterpreting] research to stoke fears that vaccines might be dangerous for children and pregnant women". [144] Filed a lawsuit in 2020 against Facebook, PolitiFact, Science Feedback, and the Poynter Institute over advertisements and fact-checked claims. Produced an anti-vaccine film that was marketed towards Black Americans. One of its participants, a medical history professor, felt that she had been "used" as part of "an advocacy piece for anti-vaxxers." [145] Cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media. [146] Banned by Facebook and Instagram in 2022 for repeatedly spreading medical misinformation. [144] [147] [148] [149] [150] [145] [146] [151]
Collective Evolutioncollective-evolution.comSpread misinformation about vaccines and COVID-19, and shared conspiracy theories about Mark Zuckerberg and airport body scanners. [152] [143] [153] [138] [154]
collectivelyconscious.netcollectivelyconscious.net [143]
dineal.comdineal.com [138] [155] [143] [156] [157]
EWAO (Earth. We Are One)ewao.comPublished false claim that images of a mountain formation in Antartica is evidence of an ancient civilization. [143] [158]
Feature Remediesfeatureremedies.comFalsely claimed that ginger is a more effective cancer treatment than chemotherapy. [144] [159] [160]
Food Babe foodbabe.comPromoted anti-vaccine misinformation. Criticized for promoting chemophobia and "misinformation and fear-mongering about food ingredients." [161] NPR notes that a revenue stream is based on affiliate marketing partnerships with organic and non-GMO food brands. Alleged collusion between Monsanto and the Food and Drug Administration over cancelling a program to monitor glyphosate in food, which Snopes has deemed as false. [143] [162] [161] [163]
Galactic Connectiongalacticconnection.comPublished an article claiming the existence of aliens was disclosed by Russia after a joke made by then-Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev. [143] [164]
Geoengineering Watchgeoengineeringwatch.orgPublished video claiming the existence of solar geoengineering and chemtrails, which Climate Feedback deemed as incorrect. The site owner filed a lawsuit against one of the scientist reviewers, claiming that the fact-check limited the video's reach on social media. The lawsuit was dismissed, with plans to appeal as of September 2022. [143] [165] [166] [167]
Goop goop.comAccused in 2020 by Truth in Advertising of violating a court settlement to stop spreading false medical claims about Goop products. Criticized by Simon Stevens, the then-Chief Executive of NHS England, for promoting products and procedures that he described as monetarily wasteful or "carrying considerable risks to health". [168] Sells many of the same wellness products as Infowars. [169] [168] [170]
GreenMedInfo greenmedinfo.comFounded by Sayer Ji, who has been cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media. [146] Removed from Pinterest in 2019, which Snopes concluded was likely due to the site’s promotion of health misinformation. Spread false claims about COVID-19 vaccines. Includes a search engine that McGill University describes as "biased toward scientific papers that claim natural food and alternative medicine can prevent and heal diseases." [171] Claims without evidence that marijuana is a cure for cancer. [172] [173] [171] [174] [175] [176] [177] [146]
Health Holistic Livinghealthyholisticliving.comFalsely claimed that ginger is a more effective cancer treatment than chemotherapy, that manuka honey is more effective than antibiotics, and that repeatedly boiling water is harmful. Cites peer-reviewed research to draw conclusions not supported by the works in question, such as citing four studies to claim that magnesium is an effective treatment for ADHD. [144] [159] [175] [178] [179]
healthy-holistic-living.com
Health Impact Newshealthimpactnews.comFalsely linked deaths to flu vaccines and COVID-19 vaccines, and spread unproven cures for COVID-19. [152] [180] [143] [181] [182] [183] [184]
Health Nut Newshealthnutnews.comFounded by Erin Elizabeth, who was cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media. [146] Removed from Pinterest in 2019, which Snopes concluded was likely due to the site’s promotion of health misinformation. Spread conspiracy theories falsely alleging that the deaths of doctors or alternative health practitioners were connected. [146] [185] [138] [186] [143] [187] [188] [189] [190] [191] [172]
In5Din5d.com [143]
The Institute for Creation Research icr.org [143]
Institute for Responsible Technologyresponsibletechnology.orgFounded by Jeffrey M. Smith. [143] [192]
Medical Kidnapmedicalkidnap.comSpread false or unproven claims about cases involving Child protective services. Falsely framed COVID-19 vaccines as "experimental". [184] Part of the same network as Vaccine Impact and Health Impact News. [138] [193] [194] [184]
Mercola.commercola.comFounded by Joseph Mercola, who was cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media. [146] Removed from Pinterest in 2019, which Snopes concluded was likely due to the site’s promotion of health misinformation. [146] [172] [195]
Natural Blazenaturalblaze.com [143]
RealFarmacyrealfarmacy.comNoted by the Wall Street Journal to promote homeopathy. Spread false claims about COVID-19 origins and unproven treatments. Spread anti-vaccine misinformation and has been noted by NewsGuard to have "promoted ineffective and potentially dangerous cancer treatments." [196] [143] [197] [198] [199] [200] [201] [196] [202]
Riposte laiqueripostelaique.comSpread false claim that the French government approved euthanasia during the COVID-19 pandemic. [152] [203] [204]
Science Vibesciencevibe.comReposted satirical story from World News Daily Report and framed it as genuine news. Reposted hoax on assassination of Marilyn Monroe. [205] [206] [207]
Stop Mandatory Vaccination stopmandatoryvaccination.comThe founder has been described by NBC News as "a man without medical training who has made a name as a leader of the online anti-vaccination movement." [208]

Censured by the Advertising Standards Authority in 2018 for distributing a Facebook ad targeted towards parents with misleading claims about vaccines. Accused by the Guardian of "[using] Facebook’s advertising tools to target their propaganda exclusively at women." [209] Publishes "accounts from parents who claim that a baby's death was the result of a vaccination. Many of those viral articles have been debunked with official, medically supported explanations that include sudden infant death syndrome, pneumonia and accidental asphyxiation." [144] Misinformation from the group has resulted in at least one death: a child whose mother was urged by other group members not to give her son Tamiflu after he had a bout of the flu. Accounts associated with the site and its founder have been suspended from Facebook and Twitter in 2020 for promoting QAnon conspiracy theories. The founder’s YouTube channel was demonetized in 2019 due to "[promoting] anti-vaccination content". [210] Ads to the site were also removed by Facebook in 2019 for violating Facebook’s policies on misinformation about vaccines. The founder’s Twitter account was reinstated in 2023.

 [144] [211] [208] [209] [212] [213] [214] [210]
Technocracy Newstechnocracy.newsSpread misinformation about face masks with respect to COVID-19 as well as COVID-19 vaccinations. Falsely claimed that carbon dioxide is not a greenhouse gas. The site owner edits a health newsletter for Newsmax. [152] [215] [216] [217] [218]
The Truth About Cancerthetruthaboutcancer.comAccording to NewsGuard, "repeatedly promotes ineffective, unproven, and dangerous treatments for cancer". [219] [143] [219]
TruthKingstruthkings.comPosted false allegations of fraud in the 2008 US presidential election. Spread false information about vaccines. Reportedly owned by Sherri Tenpenny. [157] [156] [138] [220] [221] [222] [223]
Vaccine Impactvaccineimpact.comPart of the same network as Medical Kidnap and Health Impact News. [184] [195]
The Waking Timeswakingtimes.comAccused by the Global Disinformation Index of spreading disinformation on COVID-19 public policies. [156] [143] [224]

Climate change denial

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Chicks On The Rightchicksonright.comSpread false claim about an upcoming "mini ice age". [225] [156] [226] [225] [157] [138]
chicksontheright.com
Climate Intelligence Foundation (CLINTEL)clintel.org [227] [228]
NoTricksZonenotrickszone.com [227] [228]
Klimaat Feitenklimaatfeiten.nl [227] [228]
Climate Gateclimategate.nl [227] [228]
Energy Talking Pointsenergytalkingpoints.com [227] [228]
Clima et Veritéclimatetverite.net [227] [228]
Climato-Réalistesclimato-realistes.fr [227] [228]
Global Warming Scareglobalwarmingscare.wordpress.com [228]
Climate Fraudklima-schwindel.com [228]
Climate Skepticalclimat-sceptique.over-blog.com [228]
Climate Depotclimatedepot.com [228]
Climate Exit (CLEXIT)clexit.net [228]
Climate Resistanceclimate-resistance.org [228]
CO2 Coalitionco2coalition.org [228]
The Daily Sceptic dailysceptic.orgPublishes anti-vaccine and climate change denial misinformation. [229] [227]
The Daily Wire dailywire.comPublished multiple false claims that were debunked by Snopes. Per the Daily Beast, Mike Adams would repeatedly post to the site "to attack and mock... students, staff, and faculty" at University of North Carolina Wilmington. [230] Identified by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as a major distributor of climate change denialism. In 2022, the Global Disinformation Index described the Daily Wire as having a high risk of disinformation due to "bias", "sensational language" and "a high degree of sensational visuals". [231] Alongside Ken Paxton and The Federalist, filed a lawsuit in 2023 against the United States Department of State, partially as a result of this assessment by the GDI, alleging censorship of right-wing media and revenue loss. [157] [232] [231] [233] [156] [138] [234] [235] [236] [237] [230]
De Groene Rekenkamergroene-rekenkamer.nl [228]
Destaatvanhet Klimaatdestaatvanhet-klimaat.nl [228]
Ecologia, Clima, Aquecimentoecologia-clima-aquecimento.blogspot.com [228]
Climate Curiousshortfall.blog [228]
Climate Etcjudithcurry.com [228]
Environmental Progressenvironmentalprogress.org [228]
European Climate Realist Networkecr.network [228]
Everything Climateeverythingclimate.com [228]
Klimaat Gekklimaatgek.nl [228]
Klima Realismeklimarealisme.dk [228]
Klima Realisteneklimarealistene.com [228]
Klimat Sansklimatsans.com [228]
Klimat Upplysningenklimatupplysningen.se [228]
Koklimaatkoklimaat.nl [228]
La Question Climatiquelaquestionclimatique.org [228]
Science, Climat et Énergiescience-climat-energie.be [228]
Sky Fallskyfall.fr [228]
Weather Actionweatheraction.com [228]
A Grande Farsa do Aquecimento Globalagfdag.wordpress.com [228]

Satire

Numerous websites have been created by companies that contain satirical or news parody content that is intended to be or has been designated by fact-checkers as fake news.

Troll farms

Examples of countries with troll farms that have been confirmed or suspected to be involved with fake news website networks include Cambodia, [238] Ghana, [239] North Macedonia, [240] the Republic of Georgia, [241] and Russia. [242]

User-generated fake news

The following table lists websites that have allowed users to generate their own hoaxes that appear in the form of news articles. While the stated purpose is for users to prank their friends, many of the resulting false stories have spread on social media and have led to harassment. [243]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
12minutos.com12minutos.comSame owner as React 365. [47]
24aktuelles.com24aktuelles.comSame owner as React 365. [47]
actualite.coactualite.coSame owner as React 365. [47]
theasociatedpress.comtheasociatedpress.comSame owner as The Fake News Generator. [244] [245]
thebreakingnews.cothebreakingnews.coSame owner as React 365. [47]
BreakingNews247.netBreakingNews247.netImpostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as React 365. [19] [47]
BreakingNews365.netBreakingNews365.netImpostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as React 365. [19] [47]
cbs-news.uscbs-news.usSame owner as The Fake News Generator. [246]
cbsnews.uscbsnews.usSame owner as The Fake News Generator. [246]
channel22news.comchannel22news.comSame owner as Channel 23 News. [47] [243]
Channel 23 NewsChannel23News.comPrank website for generating false stories. [42]
Channel24news.comChannel24news.comImpostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as Channel 23 News. [19] [47] [243]
channel28news.comchannel28news.comSame owner as Channel 23 News. [47] [243]
channel33news.comchannel33news.comSame owner as Channel 23 News. [47] [243]
channel34news.comchannel34news.comSame owner as Channel 23 News. [47] [243]
channel40news.comchannel40news.comSame owner as Channel 23 News. [47] [243]
channel45news.comchannel45news.comSame owner as Channel 23 News. [47] [243]
channel46news.comchannel46news.comSame owner as Channel 23 News. [47] [243]
channel55news.comchannel55news.comSame owner as Channel 23 News. [47] [243]
channel56news.comchannel56news.comSame owner as Channel 23 News. [47] [243]
channel59news.comchannel59news.comSame owner as Channel 23 News. [47] [243]
channel60news.comchannel60news.comSame owner as Channel 23 News. [47] [243]
channel62news.comchannel62news.comSame owner as Channel 23 News. [47] [243]
channel63news.comchannel63news.comSame owner as Channel 23 News. [47] [243]
channel65news.comchannel65news.comSame owner as Channel 23 News. [47] [243]
channel66news.comchannel66news.comSame owner as Channel 23 News. [47] [243]
channel68news.comchannel68news.comSame owner as Channel 23 News. [47] [243]
channel77news.comchannel77news.comSame owner as Channel 23 News. [47] [243]
Clone Zoneclonezone.linkImpersonated The New York Times to spread the false story that Elizabeth Warren had endorsed Bernie Sanders in 2016. [247] [248] [249] [250] [251] [252] [253]
cnoticias.netcnoticias.netSame owner as React 365. [47]
en-bref.fren-bref.frSame owner as React 365. [47]
fakeawish.comfakeawish.com [254]
The Fake News Generatorthefakenewsgenerator.com [246]
fakeSharefakeshare.com [255] [256]
FeedNewzfeednewz.comRenamed to prank.link. [257]
nachrichten.de.comnachrichten.de.comSame owner as React 365. [47]
nachrichten365.comnachrichten365.comSame owner as React 365. [47]
net-infosnews.comnet-infosnews.comSame owner as React 365. [47]
thenewyorktimes.companythenewyorktimes.companySame owner as The Fake News Generator. [244] [245]
Nipsy’s Newsnipsysnews.com [258]
noticias-frescas.comnoticias-frescas.comSame owner as React 365. [47]
notizzia.comnotizzia.comSame owner as React 365. [47]
prank.linkprank.link [257] [255]
PunkSharePunkShare.com [259]
React 365React365.comThis user-created fake news generator, supposedly for "pranking your friends", had at least two stories that went viral. [21] [47]
routers.newsrouters.newsSame owner as PunkShare. Spoof of Reuters. [260]
SHRTURLshrturl.co [261]
toutelinfo.frtoutelinfo.frSame owner as React 365. [47]

Other networks

Many fake news websites can be assessed as likely being part of the same network campaign if some combination of the following are true:

Action News 3

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Action News 3actionnews3.comSpread death hoaxes about various public figures. [21] [266] [267]
Breaking13News.comBreaking13News.com [266] [267]
Daily Buzz LiveDailyBuzzLive.comPer PolitiFact.

Republished a hoax about worldwide blackout, a false claim that had been spreading since 2012.

Hosted on the same webserver as Action News 3.

 [19] [268] [269] [267]
dailyviralbuzz.comdailyviralbuzz.com [267]
News4KTLA.comNews4KTLA.comImpostor site, per PolitiFact.

Has the same IP address as Action News 3.

Repurposed an Associated Press article with a false headline.

Cited story from World News Daily Report.

 [19] [270] [271] [272] [273] [266] [267]
News4Local.comNews4Local.com [266] [267]
Now 8 NewsNow8News.comStarted in 2015, this fake news website is also designed to look like a local television outlet. Several of the website's fake stories have successfully spread on social media. Has the same IP address as Action News 3. [21] [274] [275] [270] [266] [267]
TheRacketReport.comTheRacketReport.comPer PolitiFact.

Has the same IP address as Action News 3.

Repurposed an Associated Press article with a false headline.

 [19] [270] [271] [267]
realstonedtimes.comrealstonedtimes.com [267]
Straight Stonedstraightstoned.comHosted on the same webserver as Action News 3. [47] [276] [267]

Batty Post

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
abc14news.comabc14news.comSpoof of ABC News. [277] [278]
abcnews-us.comabcnews-us.comSpoof of ABC News. [21] [47]
abcnews5.comabcnews5.comSpoof of ABC News. [279]
AlabamaObserver.comAlabamaObserver.com [19] [262]
albertatimes.comalbertatimes.com [262]
Batty Postbattypost.comPublished a false claim about being acquired by East Asia Tribune, a page that has the same Google AdSense ID. [262] [47] [280] [281]
Border Heraldborderherald.com [262]
Boston Leaderbostonleader.comPossibly part of same network as Associated Media Coverage, another fake news site. [19] [21] [282] [262]
boston-post.comboston-post.comNot to be confused with the Boston Post.

Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com.

 [277] [279]
cairnstimes.comcairnstimes.com [262]
cbs15.comcbs15.comSpoof of CBS News. Possibly part of same network as abc14news.com. [283] [284]
cbsnews10.comcbsnews10.comSpoof of CBS News. Part of same network as abc14news.com. [277] [278]
cbsnews15.comcbsnews15.comSpoof of CBS News. [279]
cbsnews24.comcbsnews24.comSpoof of CBS News. [279]
cgcnews.comcgcnews.comPart of the same network as nbc9news.com. [284] [283]
cnn-globalnews.comcnn-globalnews.comImpostor site of CNN. Published death hoax on Clint Eastwood. [285] [262] [47]
cnn-internationaledition.comcnn-internationaledition.comImpostor site of CNN. [262] [47]
coindesk-us.comcoindesk-us.comSpoof of CoinDesk. [279]
countyweekly.comcountyweekly.com [47]
dallastimes.usdallastimes.us [47]
DenverInquirer.comDenverInquirer.com [19] [262]
dublintribune.comdublintribune.com [47]
East Asia Tribuneeastasiatribune.comPublished death hoax about Kim Jong-un. [286]
Florida Sun Postfloridasunpost.comPossibly part of same network as Associated Media Coverage, another fake news site. [282] [19] [262]
focustimes.orgfocustimes.org [262]
foreignjournal.comforeignjournal.com [262]
fox-26houston.comfox-26houston.com [279]
fox-32chicago.comfox-32chicago.com [279]
foxnews-us.comfoxnews-us.comPart of the same network as abcnews-us.com. [277] [279]
foxnews15.comfoxnews15.com [279]
freeinquirer.comfreeinquirer.com [47]
The Jackson Telegraphjacksontelegraph.com [285] [262] [47]
longarticles.comlongarticles.com [262]
MississippiHerald.comMississippiHerald.com [19] [262] [47]
nbc9news.comnbc9news.comSpoof of NBC. Part of same network as abc14news.com. [277] [278] [283] [284]
nbcnews11.comnbcnews11.com [279]
nbcnews15.comnbcnews15.com [279]
nbcnews6.comnbcnews6.com [279]
newjournal.usnewjournal.us [47]
thenyherald.comthenyherald.comPart of the same network as nbc9news.com. [284]
pressunion.orgpressunion.org [262]
si-nba.comsi-nba.com [279]
sundayregister.comsundayregister.com [262]
The Sunday Inquirersundayinquirer.com [285] [262]
The Sunday Postsundaypost.org [262]
surreytelegraph.comsurreytelegraph.com [47]
sydneybulletin.comsydneybulletin.com [47]
Telegraph Suntelegraphsun.com [262]
timesofcambodia.comtimesofcambodia.com [47]
tmz-us.comtmz-us.comSpoof of TMZ. Part of the same network as nbc9news.com. [284]
tvtnews.comtvtnews.comPart of the same network as nbc9news.com. [284] [283]
unitednews.orgunitednews.org [262]
us-nbcnews.comus-nbcnews.comSpoof of NBC News. Part of the same network as nbc9news.com. [284]
usatoday-go.comusatoday-go.comHas the same IP address as cbsnews10.com. [277] [287]
Vancouver Inquirervancouverinquirer.com [262] [47]
vice-en-us.comvice-en-us.comPart of the same network as abcnews-us.com. [277] [279]
weekendherald.comweekendherald.com [262]
yahoonews-us.comyahoonews-us.comPart of the same network as abcnews-us.com. [277] [279]

Celebtricity

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
20minutenews.com20minutenews.com [47] [263]
alertchild.comalertchild.com [47] [263]
areyousleep.comareyousleep.com [47] [263]
badcriminals.combadcriminals.com [47] [263]
cartelreport.comcartelreport.com [47] [263]
Celebtricitycelebtricity.comHas falsely claimed that Barack Obama declared a state of emergency in Chicago, Illinois after more than 300 people were shot in one night; that a Wendy's employee put vaginal discharge on a burger as revenge against a partner; and that Bryshere Y. Gray was Jay-Z's son. Contains a "notorious fauxtire and satire entertainment" disclaimer which used to read "the most notorious urban satirical entertainment website in the world". [288] [289] [288] [290]
channel5000.comchannel5000.com [47] [263]
drugsofficial.comdrugsofficial.com [47] [263]
everydaybreakingnews.comeverydaybreakingnews.com [47] [263]
FedsAlert.comFedsAlert.com [19] [47] [263]
folksvideo.comfolksvideo.com [47] [263]
thefrt.comthefrt.com [47] [263]
jokerviral.comjokerviral.com [47] [263]
mrnewswatch.commrnewswatch.com [47] [263]
Persecutes.comPersecutes.com [19] [47] [263]
qualitysharing.comqualitysharing.com [47] [263]
scaryhours.comscaryhours.com [47] [263]
smhwtfnews.comsmhwtfnews.com [47] [263]
tmzbreaking.comtmzbreaking.com [47] [263]
tmzbusiness.comtmzbusiness.com [263]
tmzcomedy.comtmzcomedy.com [47] [263]
tmzhiphop.comtmzhiphop.com [47] [263]
tmzurban.comtmzurban.com [263]
tmzuncut.comtmzuncut.com [47] [263]
TMZWorldNews.comTMZWorldNews.com [19] [47] [263]
tmzworldstar.comtmzworldstar.com [47] [263]
tmzworldstarnews.comtmzworldstarnews.com [47] [263]
ViralActions.comViralActions.comCited story from World News Daily Report. [19] [47] [263] [273]
viralcocaine.comviralcocaine.com [263]
viraldevil.comviraldevil.com [47] [263]
viralmugshot.comviralmugshot.com [47] [263]
viralpropaganda.comviralpropaganda.com [47] [263]
viralspeech.comviralspeech.com [47] [263]
viralstupid.comviralstupid.com [47] [263]

PoliticsFocus

Used a technique called "domain hopping" - repeatedly switching domain names to stay ahead of advertising blacklists on social media. [291] [292]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
PoliticsFocusanypolitical.com [291]
PoliticsFocuscloudpolitical.com [291] [293]
PoliticsFocusgoldpolitics.com [293]
PoliticsFocusflexpolitics.com [293]
PoliticsFocusjetpolitics.com [291] [293]
PoliticsFocusmaxrepublican.com [291] [293]
PoliticsFocuspoliticsbee.com [291]
PoliticsFocuspoliticsedge.com [293]
PoliticsFocuspoliticsfast.com [293]
PoliticsFocusPoliticsfocus.comPer FactCheck.org. [40] [291] [293] [294]
PoliticsFocuspoliticsmate.com [291] [293]
PoliticsFocuspoliticstec.com [291] [293]
PoliticsFocuspoliticsvision.com [291] [293]
PoliticsFocussunrepublican.com [291]
PoliticsFocustotalpolitical.com [293]

Miscellaneous

The following article lists miscellaneous sites that are one-offs or otherwise lack information that would place them into one of the other categories above.

See also

Related Research Articles

Fact-checking is the process of verifying the factual accuracy of questioned reporting and statements. Fact-checking can be conducted before or after the text or content is published or otherwise disseminated. Internal fact-checking is such checking done in-house by the publisher to prevent inaccurate content from being published; when the text is analyzed by a third party, the process is called external fact-checking.

Misinformation is incorrect or misleading information. Misinformation can exist without specific malicious intent; disinformation is distinct in that it is deliberately deceptive and propagated. Misinformation can include inaccurate, incomplete, misleading, or false information as well as selective or half-truths.

In communication, media are the outlets or tools used to store and deliver content; semantic information or subject matter of which the media contains. The term generally refers to components of the mass media communications industry, such as print media, publishing, news media, photography, cinema, broadcasting, digital media, and advertising.

Fake news websites are websites on the Internet that deliberately publish fake news—hoaxes, propaganda, and disinformation purporting to be real news—often using social media to drive web traffic and amplify their effect. Unlike news satire, fake news websites deliberately seek to be perceived as legitimate and taken at face value, often for financial or political gain. Such sites have promoted political falsehoods in India, Germany, Indonesia and the Philippines, Sweden, Mexico, Myanmar, and the United States. Many sites originate in, or are promoted by, Russia, or North Macedonia among others. Some media analysts have seen them as a threat to democracy. In 2016, the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs passed a resolution warning that the Russian government was using "pseudo-news agencies" and Internet trolls as disinformation propaganda to weaken confidence in democratic values.

A troll farm or troll factory is an institutionalised group of internet trolls that seeks to interfere in political opinions and decision-making.

World News Daily Report (WNDR) was a satirical fake news website purporting to be an American Jewish Zionist newspaper based in Tel Aviv and dedicated to covering biblical archeology news and other mysteries around the globe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupy Democrats</span> American left-wing political Facebook page and website

Occupy Democrats is an American left-wing media outlet built around a Facebook page and corresponding website. Established in 2012, it publishes false information, hyperpartisan content, and clickbait. Posts originating from the Occupy Democrats Facebook page are among the most widely shared political content on Facebook.

The People's Voice is an American fake news website based in Los Angeles. The site was founded as Your News Wire in 2014 by Sean Adl-Tabatabai and his husband, Sinclair Treadway. In November 2018, it rebranded itself as NewsPunch. Your News Wire was revived as a separate website in November 2020, and has continued publishing hoaxes similar to those in NewsPunch. In 2023, NewsPunch adopted its current name, The People's Voice.

First Draft News was a project "to fight mis- and disinformation online" founded in 2015 by nine organizations brought together by the Google News Lab. It included Facebook, Twitter, the Open Society Foundations and several philanthropic organizations. In June 2022, First Draft announced it would be shutting down, with its mission continuing at the Information Futures Lab.

Climate Feedback (CF) is a web-based content annotation tool that allows qualified scientists to comment on stories online, adding context and noting inaccuracies. It is one of three websites under the Science Feedback parent organization that fact-checks media coverage. Science Feedback is a non-profit organization registered in France.

The StopFake website is a project of Ukrainian media NGO Media Reforms Center. It was founded in March 2014 by Ukrainian professors and students with the stated purpose of refuting Russian propaganda and fake news. It began as a Russian- and English-language fact-checking organization, and has grown to include a TV show broadcast on 30 local channels, a weekly radio show, and a strong social media following.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic</span> Aspect of viral outbreak

Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic has varied by country, time period and media outlet. News media has simultaneously kept viewers informed about current events related to the pandemic, and contributed to misinformation or fake news.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Facebook content management controversies</span> Criticism of Facebooks content management

Facebook or Meta Platforms has been criticized for its management of various content on posts, photos and entire groups and profiles. This includes but is not limited to allowing violent content, including content related to war crimes, and not limiting the spread of fake news and COVID-19 misinformation on their platform, as well as allowing incitement of violence against multiple groups.

PoliticusUSA is an American left-wing website that publishes hyperpartisan clickbait. Its content has been described by academic studies and journalistic reports as "unreliable," "misleading," and "fake". It is among the most popular U.S. political websites.

References

  1. ↑ "Watch out for this fake news website masquerading as The New York Times". businessinsider.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  2. ↑ "Would you believe the pope endorsed Trump? Five tips for spotting fake news". NBC News. 22 November 2016. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Lim, Gabrielle; Maynier, Etienne; Scott-Railton, John; Fittarelli, Alberto; Moran, Ned; Deibert, Ron (2019-05-14). Burned After Reading: Endless Mayfly's Ephemeral Disinformation Campaign (Report). University of Toronto.
  4. ↑ Weisburd, Andrew; Watts, Clint (6 August 2016), "How Russia Dominates Your Twitter Feed to Promote Lies (And, Trump, Too)", The Daily Beast , archived from the original on 31 May 2017, retrieved 24 November 2016
  5. 1 2 LaCapria, Kim (2 November 2016), "Snopes' Field Guide to Fake News Sites and Hoax Purveyors - Snopes.com's updated guide to the internet's clickbaiting, news-faking, social media exploiting dark side.", Snopes.com , archived from the original on 28 June 2020, retrieved 19 November 2016
  6. ↑ Lewis Sanders IV (11 October 2016), "'Divide Europe': European lawmakers warn of Russian propaganda", Deutsche Welle , archived from the original on 25 March 2019, retrieved 24 November 2016
  7. ↑ Gilbert, Ben (15 November 2016), "Fed up with fake news, Facebook users are solving the problem with a simple list", Business Insider , archived from the original on 26 May 2019, retrieved 16 November 2016, Some of these sites are intended to look like real publications (there are false versions of major outlets like ABC and MSNBC) but share only fake news; others are straight-up propaganda created by foreign nations (Russia and Macedonia, among others).
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Tavernise, Sabrina (7 December 2016), "As Fake News Spreads Lies, More Readers Shrug at the Truth", The New York Times , p. A1, archived from the original on 3 April 2019, retrieved 9 December 2016, Narrowly defined, 'fake news' means a made-up story with an intention to deceive, often geared toward getting clicks.
  9. ↑ Kertscher, Tom (13 December 2016), "PolitiFact's Lie of the Year 2016: Fake news", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , archived from the original on 7 December 2019, retrieved 14 December 2016
  10. ↑ Ong, Jonathan Corpus (August 30, 2018). "Trolls for Sale in the World's Social Media Capital". AsiaGlobal Online. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  11. 1 2 3 Iannelli, Jerry (28 February 2017). "There's Reportedly a Gigantic #FakeNews Operation Run From Miami (and It's Not New Times!)". Miami New Times. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Silverman, Craig (February 27, 2017). "This Is How Your Hyperpartisan Political News Gets Made". Buzzfeed News. Archived from the original on July 17, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  13. ↑ Bump, Philip (14 November 2016). "Denzel Washington endorsed Trump, according to AmericaNews, Breitbart, USANewsHome — and Facebook". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sydell, Laura (23 November 2016). "We Tracked Down A Fake-News Creator In The Suburbs. Here's What We Learned". All Things Considered. NPR. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  15. ↑ "WP Company LLC v. Jestin Coler / DisInfoMedia Inc - Claim Number: FA1509001636671". National Arbitration Forum. October 26, 2015. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
  16. ↑ Murtha, Jack (May 26, 2016). "How fake news sites frequently trick big-time journalists". Columbia Journalism Review . Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
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