Initial Muslim victory, conquering the coastal areas of Iberian Peninula and stablishing some colonies on the coast of Spain to help the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb.
The Arab element on the Iberian peninsula is increased, on detriment of berber, due to middle easterns migrants from the junds settlements (but also destabilizing the power of the governor of al-Andalus).
Then Ferdinand I of León is crowned as King of Leon, dominating all the Iberian Peninsula and considering himself as Imperator totius Hispaniae. Afterward, in his Curia regis elevates Castille from County to Kingdom in 1065.
1° Phase:Pact of Vadoluengo: Navarre-Aragon union is maintained, with Navarre loyal to García Ramirez as vassals to Aragon loyal to Ramiro II, joining forces against Castilan invasion (which conquered Kingdom of Zaragoza).
2° Phase: García of Navarre declared himself a vassal of Alfonso VII of Castile and León, so supporting Alfonso's claims to Aragon crown.
3° Phase: Alfonso VII and Ramiro II consolidates an alliance in the Treaty of Alagon (during the short time that all iberian kingdoms were vassals of Castile, Alfonso VII declared himself Imperator totius Hispaniae). However, Garcia of Navarre rebels against Castile, while also in war with Aragon.
4° phase: Aragonese nobility rejects alliance with Castille, so pacts an alliance with Catalan County of Barcelona on the Capitulations of Barbastre, donating Ramiro II his realm to Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona. Aragonese-Castilian conflict ends with the Treaty of Carrion (ending the conflict of sucession in Aragon). 5° phase: After a failed attempt of partitioning Navarre between Castile and Aragon, Castilian-Navarrese conflict ends with the Peace of Calahorra (ending Conflict of sucession in Navarra).
6° phase: The Aragonese-Navarrese conflicts continues until 1146 with the Truce of San Esteban de Gormaz, in which Castile quits of the war.
Recognition of the territorial status quo at the end of active campaigning, including continued Muslim control of Jerusalem and the restoration of the Levantine Crusader States.
Languedoc, which until then was still under the influence of Catalonia and the Aragonese, definitively entered in French hands and they were incorporated into their sphere of influence as conquered Royal Domains.
The crusade leads to the definitive separation between the Occitans, to the north, and the Catalans, to the south.
End of Moroccan hegemony in the Strait of Gibraltar. No more offensive or expansion attempts against the Christian Kingdoms would be done by Marinids, being just at the defensive for the rest of the reconquista.
Navarrese conquered much of Messenia and the towns of Androusa and Kalamata for James of Baux on 1381. Then Navarrese governed the entire Morea under the auspices of James.
Navarrese fail in their offensive against Duchy of Athens. But obtain alliance with Venetians (since 1382) and Ottomans (just on 1395).
Defeat of the Government. Jewish population lost it's legal protection due to anti-semitic presions and Pogroms. Most of them are forced to convert to Catholicism or be expelled of Spain.
A small portion of Navarre north of the Pyrenees, Lower Navarre, along with the neighbouring Principality of Béarn survived as an independent kingdom, which passed by inheritance to French monarchs.
Hungary was divided into larger Ottoman and smaller Habsburg spheres of influence, as well as a semi-independent Hungarian vassal state of Transylvania.
Treaty of Nagyvárad divided Hungary between them. Ferdinand recognized Zápolya as John I, King of Hungary and ruler of two-thirds of the Kingdom, while Zápolya conceded the rule of Ferdinand over western Hungary, and recognized him as heir to the Hungarian throne, since Zápolya was childless.
Establishment of the Captaincy General of Chile after incorporating the territories up to the Biobío River, avoiding incorporating hostile indigenous people.
Spanish Empire renounces the domination of the territories south of the Biobío River and recognizes the independence of the Mapuche tribes of the place.
The Amazon is divided between Spain and Portugal with the Treaty of Madrid (1750), as both countries compromissed to stop and punish bandits expeditions from bandeirantes.
Start of a Franco-Spanish War in 1595 in defense of Catholic resistance remnants.
Political Defeat
Protestant favorite, Henry IV of France, is recognised as king in most of France after converting to Catholicism, instead of catholic favorite and pro-Spanish, Isabella Clara Eugenia.
Mole Majimu took over or received back a number of territories previously held by Ternate, such as parts of Makian, Mayu island, and a section of Morotai.
Start of Spanish-Ternatean conflicts until 1660s, through Mudafar Syah I proclamation of Sultan of Ternate with Dutch recognization.
The island was divided between the two powers: the Spaniards were allied with Tidore and the Dutch with their Ternaten allies. Spanish colonization until 1663.
The subjugated territories were returned to the Three Leagues after expelling the French, but with restrictions on the sovereign rights of the leagues (the Three Leagues effectively became a protectorate of Austria and Spain).
The Spanish representative in the Duchy of Milan was granted a right of supervision over the administration of Graubünden and a right of protection over Catholic subjects. Spain also received permission to recruit mercenaries and the right to use roads and mountain passes. These should remain closed to all enemies of Spain
France prevents Habsburg total control of Valtellina by soliciting the Papal troops to occupy Valtellina
The territory was "definitively" ceded to the Grisons in 1639 with the only condition that the practice of the Catholic religion be respected in this valley.
Koxinga's forces raided effectively several towns in the Philippines, but demanded tribute from the colonial government never accomplished and threatened invasion cancelled due to his death.
Partial reforms are given to appease the rebels, as well as severe punishments for repeat offender leaders, to prevent future insurrections among the local population.
Multiple social groups, dissatisfied with the Bourbon Reforms, would continue to rebel under the motto of "Long live the King, death to the bad government" for an improvement of the Spanish state in its compliance with the colonial pact between subject and monarch, longing for the previous "fueros" and local autonomies of the traditional Monarchy of the House of Austria against the thriving Bourbon Absolutism.
First notions of anti-colonial political independence in the most radical groups, usually influenced by the Spanish-American Enlightenment.
Bourbon territorial gains. Both Naples and Sicily were conquered by the Spanish Bourbons. France guaranteed Lorraine following death of Stanisław Leszczyński.
The thesis of the Portuguese Empire prevailed that the Guaporé river should serve as a border between the two Empires in the Amazon Jungle on present-day Bolivia.
Victory, but withdrawal due to anti-clerical policies of Charles III and economical problems in Peru to support the stability of the catholic missions.
The rebels apprehend the highest authority (Lieutenant Colonel Primo de Rivera), passing command to the second in command, Sergeant Martín. The new chief evacuated the colony, directing the survivors to São Tomé, where he was captured by the Portuguese who restored the Ten. Cor. Primo de Rivera in his position.
The Spanish city of Concepción is razed by the native Africans.
Due to the adversity of the climate, the tropical diseases that decimated the soldiers, the hostility of the nearby British fleet and the fear of an attack by the Bubi population. The Spanish leave the colony after taking possession in the name of Carlos III of Spain of the Territories of the Gulf of Guinea.
Hostilities resume later in 1807 with the commencement of the Peninsular War and expanded in 1809 with the formation of a Fifth Coalition against France
The United States forcibly relocates Seminole in northern Florida to a reservation in the center of the peninsula in the Treaty of Moultrie Creek of 1823
The Agraviados, who rose up against the "reformist" Enlightened absolutism government that supposedly had King Ferdinand VII "kidnapped", lay down their arms when Ferdinand VII had to go to Catalonia to demonstrate that he enjoyed full freedom.
The throne of the ndowés (Kingdom of Corisco) remains separated into two branches (Cabo San Juan and the north of the Corisco island) since 1843.
Bonkoro I flee to Cape san juan and complies the arrangement with Juan José Lerena y Barry (Treaty of Tika) of stablishing a Spanish protectorate. His son, king Bonkoro II recognized Spanish sovereignty over Cabo San Juan, including several towns that had not been ceded by his father, such as Corisco and Elobey.
Imunga proclaims himself as king Munga I of Kombe people, then reigned in Corisco between the years 1848 and 1858, date on which he received the support of the first Spanish governor, Carlos de Chacón y Michelena, who appointed him lieutenant governor of Corisco, transforming also in a Spanish protectorate.
In 1906 the two parts of the kingdom (Cabo San Juan and northern Corisco) were reunited under the kingdom of Santiago Uganda.
Due to Morocco–Congo Treaty, a Franco-Spanish Treaty was concluded on 27 November 1912, slightly revising the previous Franco-Spanish boundaries in Morocco, in favour to France.
1° Victory of the Spanish State and repression of Spanish Anarchists. Divission between moderates which wanted to collaborate with Spanish Republic (Treintists and Possibilists of the Syndicalist Party) and Radicals opposed to the State (Faístas).
The efforts of all the governments involved managed to end the tension between the fleets, but there would still be protests from the Spanish fishing fleet.
Catalan, known in the Valencian Community and Carche as Valencian, is a Western Romance language. It is the official language of Andorra, and an official language of three autonomous communities in eastern Spain: Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and the Valencian Community, where it is called Valencian. It has semi-official status in the Italian comune of Alghero, and it is spoken in the Pyrénées-Orientales department of France and in two further areas in eastern Spain: the eastern strip of Aragon and the Carche area in the Region of Murcia. The Catalan-speaking territories are often called the Països Catalans or "Catalan Countries".
Catalonia is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy. Most of its territory lies on the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, to the south of the Pyrenees mountain range. Catalonia is administratively divided into four provinces or eight regions, which are in turn divided into 42 comarques. The capital and largest city, Barcelona, is the second-most populated municipality in Spain and the fifth-most populous urban area in the European Union.
The Reconquista or the reconquest of al-Andalus was the successful series of military campaigns that European Christian kingdoms waged against the Muslim kingdoms following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Umayyad Caliphate. The beginning of the Reconquista is traditionally dated to the Battle of Covadonga, in which an Asturian army achieved the first Christian victory over the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate since the beginning of the military invasion. Its culmination came in 1492 with the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs.
The recorded history of the lands of what today is known as Catalonia begins with the development of the Iberian peoples while several Greek colonies were established on the coast before the Roman conquest. It was the first area of Hispania conquered by the Romans. It then came under Visigothic rule after the collapse of the western part of the Roman Empire. In 718, the area was occupied by the Umayyad Caliphate and became a part of Muslim ruled al-Andalus. The Frankish Empire conquered northern half of the area from the Muslims, ending with the conquest of Barcelona in 801, as part of the creation of a larger buffer zone of Christian counties against Islamic rule historiographically known as the Marca Hispanica. In the 10th century the County of Barcelona became progressively independent from Frankish rule.
Alfonso II, called the Chaste or the Troubadour, was the King of Aragon and, as Alfons I, the Count of Barcelona from 1164 until his death. The eldest son of Count Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona and Queen Petronilla of Aragon, he was the first King of Aragon who was also Count of Barcelona. He was also Count of Provence, which he secured from Douce II and her would-be father-in-law Raymond V, Count of Toulouse, from 1166 until 1173, when he ceded it to his brother, Ramon Berenguer III. His reign has been characterised by nationalistic and nostalgic Catalan historians as l'engrandiment occitànic or "the Pyrenean unity": a great scheme to unite various lands on both sides of the Pyrenees under the rule of the House of Barcelona.
Peter I, known as the Just or the Cruel, was King of Portugal from 1357 until his death.
The Catalan Countries are those territories where the Catalan language is spoken. They include the Spanish regions of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, Valencian Community, and parts of Aragon and Murcia (Carche), as well as the Principality of Andorra, the department of Pyrénées-Orientales in France, and the city of Alghero in Sardinia (Italy). It is often used as a sociolinguistic term to describe the cultural-linguistic area where Catalan is spoken. In the context of Catalan nationalism, the term is sometimes used in a more restricted way to refer to just Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The Catalan Countries do not correspond to any present or past political or administrative unit, though most of the area belonged to the Crown of Aragon in the Middle Ages. Parts of Valencia (Spanish) and Catalonia (Occitan) are not Catalan-speaking.
The Crown of Aragon was a composite monarchy ruled by one king, originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona and ended as a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession. At the height of its power in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Crown of Aragon was a thalassocracy controlling a large portion of present-day eastern Spain, parts of what is now southern France, and a Mediterranean empire which included the Balearic Islands, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta, Southern Italy and parts of Greece.
Raül Romeva i Rueda is a politician from Spain and a former Member of the European Parliament with the Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds, part of the European Greens. He sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality. In the Catalan parliamentary election of 2015 he led the pro-independence electoral list, Junts pel Sí. He was named Minister for External and Institutional Relations, and Transparency in the Catalan Regional Government under President Carles Puigdemont on January 14, 2016 before his role was revoked by the Spanish Government on the 27th of October 2017, as part of the application of the constitution's article 155 during the Catalan crisis. Romeva spent almost 4 years in prison from 2017 to 2021, and in 2019 was sentenced to 12 years imprisonment for sedition along with other members of the Puigdemont government. He was pardoned in 2021 and freed from prison.
Maria of Portugal was a Portuguese infanta (princess) member of the House of Burgundy and by marriage Marchioness of Tortosa and Lady of Albarracín.
The Catalan counties were the administrative Christian divisions of the eastern Carolingian Hispanic Marches and the southernmost part of the March of Gothia in the Pyrenees created after their rapid conquest by the Franks.
The creation of the tradition of the political community of Spaniards as common destiny over other communities has been argued to trace back to the Cortes of Cádiz. From 1812 on, revisiting the previous history of Spain, Spanish liberalism tended to take for granted the national conscience and the Spanish nation.
Valentí Almirall i Llozer was a Catalan politician, considered one of the fathers of modern Catalan nationalism, and more specifically, of the left-wing variety.
Vilallonga del Camp is a municipality in the Province of Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain. According to 2009 its population was 1,889 inhabitants. Vilallonga del Camp is the only village within the municipality. It is located north of the provincial capital of Tarragona, roughly 12 miles from the coast. It lies along the A-27 road, north of El Morell and La Pobla de Mafumet, near El Rourell, just to the northeast. Heavily surrounded by fields full of crops, the municipality's main economic activity is agriculture; mainly hazelnuts, grapes, almonds, olive and carob trees.
Blanche of Castile was by birth a member of the Castilian House of Burgundy. She was the only child of Infante Peter of Castile and Infanta Maria of Aragon.
Enric Ucelay-Da Cal is a historian specializing in contemporary history, who has done extensive work on Catalan history. He is at present (2014) Senior Professor Emeritus at the Pompeu Fabra University (UPF) in Barcelona and coordinator of a Research Group on States, Nations and Sovereignties, linked to the UPF.
The Eastern Army, also translated as the Army of the East, was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army that operated in the eastern part of Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Republican forces deployed on the Aragon front of the war initially came under the command structure of the unit. Later in the Civil War, the unit operated in Catalonia, defending the Republican defensive line along the Segre river.
The 81st Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army created during the Spanish Civil War. It operated on the Teruel, Levante and Estremadura fronts.
↑ Wise Bauer, Susan (2010). The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 369. ISBN978-0-393-07817-6
↑ Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1986). The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row Publishers. ISBN0-06-181235-8
↑ Thomas F. Glick. Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. (Princeton, Princeton University Press), p. 38
↑ The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of latin christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226
↑ Valerii︠a︡ Fol, Bulgaria: History Retold in Brief, (Riga, 1999), 103.
↑ Bell, Adrian. "English Members of the Order of the Passion: Their Political, Diplomatic and Military Significance". In Philippe de Mézières and His Age, (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2012) doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004211445_018"whether his influence encouraged the involvement of an English force at the battle of Nicopolis in 1396"
1 2 Csorba, Csaba; Estók, János; Salamon, Konrád (1998). Magyarország Képes Története. Budapest: Hungarian Book-Club. ISBN963-548-961-7. 62.-64. p.
↑ Véronne, Chantal de la (2012). "Saʿdids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill
↑ Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 219–220. ISBN0-521-33767-4
↑ Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio; Vincent, Bernard (1993). Historia de los moriscos: vida y tragedia de una minoría. Alianza Universidad. Madrid: Alianza ed. ISBN978-84-206-2415-0.
↑ Treaty of alliance between France and Portugal concluded at Paris, 1 June 1641. Davenport, Frances Gardiner: European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648. Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2012. ISBN9781584774228, pp. 324–328
1 2 From 1703 started the Rákóczi's War of Independence as a proxy conflict of the Habsburg-Bourbon conflict during Spanish Succession War. Spanish mercenaries fought in the Hungarian conflict for both sides due to alliances.
↑ The Acts of Union of 1707 united the crowns of England and Scotland, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain. For much of the war, Scottish units were under Dutch pay and operated as part of the army of the Dutch Republic.
1 2 In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were unified as the Kingdom of Great Britain, sharing a single Parliament at Westminster under the Act of Union 1707. After this, Scottish troops joined their English counterparts in all colonial wars.
↑ From H.M.C. Brown to Peter P. Pitchlynn. Re: rumors of a band of Comanches and Apaches of hostile nature gathering. "Peter P. Pitchlynn Collection"Archived 17 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , Western Histories Collection, University of Oklahoma Libraries
↑ Cesáreo Fernández Duro, Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León, Est. tipográfico Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, Madrid, 1902, Vol. VI, p. 118
↑ Jorge Ortiz Sotelo (2005). "Expediciones peruanas a Tahití, siglo XVIII"[Peruvian expeditions to Tahiti, 18th century](PDF). Derroteros de la Mar del Sur (in Spanish) (13): 95–103. Archived from the original(PDF) on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
↑ Serulnikov, Sergio (2013). Revolution in the Andes: The Age of Túpac Amaru. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN9780822354833.
↑ "Morocco expresses full support for Central African Republic Peace Agreement". The North Africa Post. 17 November 2019. Morocco has deployed 762 blue helmets in the MINUSCA, who, he said, have succeeded in establishing bonds of trust with local populations regardless of their religious affiliations, said Bourita.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.