New Rochelle High School

Last updated

New Rochelle High School
New Rochelle HS Seal.jpg
New Rochell High School.JPG
Front of school
Address
New Rochelle High School
265 Clove Road

New Rochelle
,
New York
10801

United States
Coordinates 40°55′46″N73°47′38″W / 40.92944°N 73.79389°W / 40.92944; -73.79389
Information
Other nameNRHS
Former nameWoodrow Wilson Memorial High School
Type Public high school
Motto Latin: Summa Optimaque Æmulari
Established1926;98 years ago (1926)
School district City School District of New Rochelle
NCES School ID 362049001900 [1]
PrincipalSteven Goldberg (Interim)
Teaching staff213.89 (on an FTE basis) [1]
Grades9–12
Enrollment3,073 (2022–2023) [1]
Student to teacher ratio14.38 [1]
Color(s)Purple, White, Black    
Athletics conference Section 1 (NYSPHSAA)
MascotHuguenot; Purple Wave
Nickname The Huguenots
NewspaperThe Huguenot Herald
Website nrhs.nred.org

New Rochelle High School (NRHS), a public secondary school in New Rochelle, New York, is part of the City School District of New Rochelle and is the city's sole public high school. Its buildings were designed by the noted architectural firm Guilbert and Betelle and constructed in the French-Gothic style. It opened in 1926 as the Woodrow Wilson Memorial High School, but was renamed as New Rochelle High School.

Contents

The school's student body represents 60 countries. [2] It is a two-time Blue Ribbon School [3] and is accredited by the Middle States Association Commission on Secondary Schools. [4] The school is organized into eight learning communities of approximately 400-600 students each.

Campus

New Rochelle High School's buildings are situated at the rear of a plot of land, fronted by two lakes, and Huguenot Park. The city acquired the park's 43 acres (17 ha) of land, including what is now Twin Lakes, in 1923 as the site for the community's new high school and a park. The twin lakes were one large lake that had been used for an ice manufacturing business by the Mahlstedt family. At the southeast corner of the property is Mahlstedt House, where the family lived. In 1926, Mahlstedt House became the Huguenot Park Branch of New Rochelle Public Library, which closed in 1992, and in 1996 it became Huguenot Children's Library. [5]

A white, marble, World War II Marines Memorial is located near the causeway leading to the High School from North Avenue. The monument was dedicated on June 3, 1949, to the 15 New Rochelle Marines who died while fighting in the war. [6]

The school's campus was designed in the French-Gothic style by the architectural firm Guilbert and Betelle. [7] It includes a working clock tower, indoor swimming facilities, eight tennis courts, two football fields, one combined soccer and baseball field, an outdoor track, a television station and a planetarium. The planetarium can hold 84 viewers and uses a Spitz Scidome, a 360-degree full-dome video projector with ATM-4 automation and a 5.1 surround sound audio system. [8]

History

The high school was completed in 1926 at a cost of over $1 million. It was originally named the Woodrow Wilson Memorial High School, but was removed by the city board of education and renamed to New Rochelle High School, sparking protests. [9] [10] On May 17, 1968, school buildings dating from the 1920s and 1930s were destroyed by arson. [11] A 16-year-old high-school student with a history of setting fires to attract attention was arrested for the arson. Additions made to school buildings in 1959 and 1960 were not affected. Fire insurance allowed the school to rebuild while displaced students were accommodated at local junior high schools under a time-sharing arrangement. [12]

On August 15, 2008, two months after the 40th anniversary of the 1968 arson fire that destroyed much of the school, New Rochelle High School was struck by lightning, causing a fire that severely damaged the building's distinctive spire. [13] [14]

During the spring 2018 semester at the school, three instances of violence involving students occurred; in an incident on January 18 of that year, a student was stabbed to death. [15] In 2019, a student named Z'Inah Brown was sentenced to 17 years in prison for her actions in the January 2018 incident. [16]

In 2019, the school's administrator was dismissed "for changing 212 grades for 32 students by making 'entries and changes to students' records in violation of NRHS grade-change practice and without any consistent, comprehensible or valid explanation'". [17] [18]

Academics

The NRHS is organized into eight geographically defined learning communities of approximately 400-600 students each that serve as a home base for students and teachers. In each community, ninth and tenth grade students in are teamed with teachers in English, social studies, mathematics, and science. These teacher-student 'teams' remain intact for ninth and tenth grades to provide continuity for students and staff. Eleventh and twelfth grade students remain within their communities but most coursework occurs throughout the campus. [19]

Departments

The school features several departments. The Arts Department is a program that integrates Art, Music, Dance and Theater Arts within the school. [20] The school also includes a Business Education Department and its current programs of study include business, Marketing & Entrepreneurship, and Marketing and Computer Applications. [21] The Engineering and Architectural Design Department offers courses in architectural design, architectural presentation, CADD aided residential drawing and design and drawing for production. [22]

Honor societies

The Fund for Educational Excellence

The private foundation The Fund for Educational Excellence was formed to address the dramatic increase in the cost of public education by supporting aspects of the public education system that fall outside the normal operating budget. [26] The fund was established in 1998 by the Superintendent of Schools, members of the Board of Education and community leaders. The fund has sponsored several benefit concerts featuring NRHS students at major performance venues including Carnegie Hall and Avery Fisher Hall at the Lincoln Center. [27]

The Museum of Arts and Culture

The on-site Museum of Arts and Culture offers exhibits and programs focused on the fine arts, history, literature, science and technology. The museum opened in 2006 and is the only Regents-chartered museum in a school in the state of New York. [28]

Co and extra-curricular activities

The school has a considerable number of clubs including: [29]

Accomplishments

Interscholastic sports

Athletic accomplishments

An NRHS cheerleader at a football game New Rochelle High School cheerleader at football game.jpg
An NRHS cheerleader at a football game

Notable alumni

Notable alumni sorted by graduation year.

Related Research Articles

Pascack Valley High School (PVHS) is a four-year comprehensive regional public high school located in Hillsdale in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades as one of two secondary schools in the Pascack Valley Regional High School District. Pascack Valley High School serves the residents of both Hillsdale and neighboring River Vale, while its counterpart Pascack Hills High School serves the communities of Woodcliff Lake and Montvale. As part of its 1:1 eLearning Initiative, the school has provided a laptop to every student, teacher, and administrator for educational use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Miami Beach Senior High School</span> Secondary school in Miami Beach, Florida

Miami Beach Senior High School is a secondary school located at 2231 Prairie Avenue Miami Beach, Florida, across from the Miami Beach Convention Center and Botanical Garden. It is located at the corner of Prairie Avenue and Dade Boulevard. The school is in Miami-Dade County and is part of the Miami-Dade County Public Schools, the fourth-largest school district in the United States. In addition, Miami Beach Senior High is the second oldest in Miami-Dade County. In 2009, the school was recognized as a magnet school.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Academy of American Studies</span> Selective public high school in Long Island City, New York, United States

The Academy of American Studies is a public high school in Long Island City, Queens, New York, which was founded in 1996 by the New York City Board of Education and the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. In June 2022, the school had approximately 1200 students;

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marriotts Ridge High School</span> Public high school in the United States

Marriotts Ridge High School is a public High School located in Marriottsville, Maryland, United States. It is part of the Howard County Public School System. The school was named after the town of Marriottsville, and the height of its location. The pre-opening name of Marriott's Ridge was later changed to Marriotts Ridge.

Sewanhaka High School is a six-year public high school located in Floral Park, New York. It is part of the Sewanhaka Central High School District. Sewanhaka High School was established in 1929. Its name translates to "Island of Shells" in English.

Peekskill High School, established in 1929, is located at 1072 Elm Street in Peekskill, New York, United States. It educates most of the district's ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth graders. The school's current principal is Dr. Jenna Ferris. Peekskill students prepare for the New York State Regents Exams in science, language, mathematics, history and English. In addition to the Regents curriculum, the high school also offers Advanced Placement courses, which prepare students to take the AP Exams offered by the College Board in early May. A new course at the school as of the 2007–2008 school year is the three-year Authentic Science Research program. Several college courses are also offered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastport-South Manor Central School District</span> School district in the U.S. state of New York

Eastport-South Manor is a school district that serves parts of both Brookhaven and Southampton towns in eastern Suffolk County, New York. Commonly known as "ESM", the district serves the hamlets of Manorville and Eastport, as well as portions of the hamlets of Speonk and Mastic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iona Preparatory School</span> Private, Catholic school for boys in New Rochelle, New York

Iona Preparatory School, or simply Iona Prep, is an independent, Catholic, all-male, college-preparatory school located in the north end of New Rochelle, New York, in suburban Westchester County. It consists of the Upper School for Grades 9 through 12 and the Lower School for kindergarten to grade 8. The primary and secondary schools are located on separate and nearby campuses less than a mile apart on Stratton Road. It is a privately-owned independent school without parochial affiliation and is located within the Archdiocese of New York. The school was named for the Scottish island of Iona and was founded in 1916 by the Congregation of Christian Brothers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oakland High School (Oakland, California)</span> Public magnet high school in Oakland, California, United States

Oakland Senior High School is a public high school in Oakland, California. Established in 1869, it is the oldest high school in Oakland and the sixth oldest high school in the state.

Tappan Zee High School is a public high school located in Orangeburg, New York in Rockland County. The school serves students in grades 9–12, and is part of the South Orangetown Central School District. The school derives its name from the nearby Tappan Zee section of the Hudson River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Rockland High School</span> High school in Thiells, New York, United States

North Rockland High School (NRHS) is public, co-educational high school located in Thiells, New York, serving 9th to 12th grade students from the northern section of Rockland County, in southern New York. The building was formerly used as an education center for the nearby Letchworth Village mental institution. In the 1970s it transitioned to a high school for the public following an expansion of the Willowbrook State School in Staten Island, New York. Today, it is the only high school in the North Rockland Central School District.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Leon M. Goldstein High School for the Sciences</span> Public school in Brooklyn, NY, United States

The Leon M. Goldstein High School for the Sciences at Kingsborough Community College, CUNY, formerly Kingsborough High School for the Sciences at Kingsborough Community College, CUNY from 1993 to 1999) is a four-year high school, located in Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn, New York. Leon M. Goldstein High School is screened-admission public school under the administration of the New York City Department of Education.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Ursuline School</span> Private, all-female school in New Rochelle, , New York, United States

The Ursuline School is an American all-girls', independent, private, Roman Catholic middle and high school located on a 13-acre (53,000 m2) campus in New Rochelle, New York, in Westchester County.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">City School District of New Rochelle</span> School district in the U.S. state of New York

The City School District of New Rochelle is a public school district located in New Rochelle, New York. New Rochelle has one of the most extensive educational systems in Westchester County, comprising a high school, two middle schools, six elementary schools, and one pre-k through second grade Early Childhood Center. The district enrollment is 9,900+ students in 10 schools in grades Pre-K through 12th grade. The annual budget was $316,000,000 in 2023-24, with a per-pupil expenditure of $19,000+.

Great Oak High School is a public high school that lies at the base of Wolf Valley in Temecula, California, USA, in the Temecula Valley Unified School District. In 2009 and 2010, Great Oak High School was listed in Newsweek's annual top 1000 high schools in America. As of 2022, GOHS is ranked #1,097 nationally and ranked 157th in the State of California. Great Oak High School has been a California Distinguished School since 2009 and is also a California Gold Ribbon School.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander Hamilton Jr./Sr. High School</span> Public school in Elmsford, , New York, United States

Alexander Hamilton Jr./Sr. High School (AHHS) is a public, six-year middle and secondary school in Elmsford, New York, United States. It is the only public junior and senior high school in the Elmsford School District.

Lockport City High School is a comprehensive New York public high school located on Lincoln Avenue in Lockport, east of the city of Niagara Falls in the Lockport City School District, serving ninth to twelfth grade students. It is the only high school within the district, and is the successor to Aaron Mossell Junior High School. The school is governed under the authority of the New York State Education Department, whose standardized examinations are designed and administered by the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York. The high school was established in 1954.

Heritage High School is a public four year high school located in Wake Forest, North Carolina. A part of the Wake County Public School System, Heritage High School is home to over 1,900 students in 9th–12th grade.

Newfound Regional High School (NRHS) is a public secondary school in Bristol, New Hampshire, United States. Surrounding towns that attend NRHS are Alexandria, Bridgewater, Bristol, Danbury, Groton, Hebron, Hill, and New Hampton. The school is part of the Newfound Area School District (NASD) and was originally named Newfound Memorial High School. It was originally located where Newfound Memorial Middle School currently stands until the present high school building was constructed in 1989. Newfound Regional High School was awarded "NH Excellence in Education" in 2010. Newfound Regional High School's motto is "Choose your path to success...make a commitment."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sunset Park High School</span> Public high school in Brooklyn, New York, United States

Sunset Park High School is a public high school located at 153 35th Street, in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, New York, United States, under the jurisdiction of the New York City Department of Education. The school was built in 2009. The current principal is Miguel Negron.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Search for Public Schools - New Rochelle High School (362049001900)". National Center for Education Statistics . Institute of Education Sciences . Retrieved May 26, 2024.
  2. ↑ Newsweek Web Exclusive (2007). "The Top of the Class: The Complete List of the 1,300 Top U.S. High Schools". Newsweek . Archived from the original on July 14, 2009. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
  3. ↑ "Blue Ribbon Schools Program: Schools Recognized 1982–1983 and Through 1999–2002" (PDF). Blue Ribbon Schools Program - Knowledge Applications Division. U.S. Department of Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
  4. ↑ "2007 - New Rochelle High School Receives Accreditation". New Rochelle High School Official Website. nred.org. Archived from the original on February 16, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
  5. ↑ Library for Children in New Rochelle, "New York Times", Jan 11, 1998
  6. ↑ "New Rochelle's Not-So-Secret Gardens" (pdf). noambramson.org. 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
  7. ↑ Best Books on and Project, F.W. (1940). New York City Guide. Best Books on. p. 247. ISBN   9781623760311.
  8. ↑ "New Rochelle High School". www.nred.org.
  9. ↑ Times, Special to The New York (July 1, 1926). "Wilson's Name Voted Off New High School By New Rochelle's Board of Education" – via NYTimes.com.
  10. ↑ Times, Special to The New York (June 15, 1926). "WANT WILSON'S NAME KEPT ON NEW SCHOOL; New Rochelle Residents Object to Plan to Change Designation of Institution" – via NYTimes.com.
  11. ↑ Blumenthal, Ralph (May 18, 1968). "Fire Ruins School in New Rochelle – Arson Believed the Cause, but No Link to Racial Antagonism Is Seen". The New York Times. p. 1.
  12. ↑ New Rochelle Finds Room For Students, "New York Times", May 21, 1968
  13. ↑ Bramson, Noam (August 20, 2008). "Lightning Strikes New Rochelle High School". Mayor Noam Bramson.
  14. ↑ Storm Data. Vol. 50. 2008. p. 224.
  15. ↑ "Third New Rochelle high student stabbed in 8 days: police". WPIX 11 New York. January 18, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
  16. ↑ "Teen Sentenced To 17 Years In Fatal Stabbing Of New Rochelle Classmate". CBS New York. August 7, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  17. ↑ Wilson, Colleen (January 9, 2019). "New Rochelle High School administrator fired after grade-fixing scandal". The Journal News.
  18. ↑ "Grade-Fixing Scandal Rocks New Rochelle High School". CBS New York. December 5, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
  19. ↑ "School publications - handbook". nrhs.nred.org. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008.
  20. ↑ "The PAVE Program". nrhs.nred.org. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008.
  21. ↑ "Business Education". nrhs.nred.org. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
  22. ↑ Kump Leghorn, Theresa (May 18, 2012). ""Hidden Talents: The Flip Side of the NRHS Faculty"". NY Patch. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
  23. ↑ "Seven NRHS Students Named To National Honor Society". New Rochelle, NY Patch. November 7, 2018.
  24. ↑ "New Rochelle High School Students Inducted Into Art Honor Society". New Rochelle, NY Patch. April 11, 2013.
  25. ↑ "National English Honor Society". nrhs.nred.org.
  26. ↑ "The New Rochelle Fund for Educational Excellence". Archived from the original on June 3, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
  27. ↑ PAVE-ing the Way for Future Artists, NY Metro Parents, April 4, 2007
  28. ↑ "Museum". nredfund.org.
  29. ↑ "New Rochelle High School Handbook". nrhs.nred.org. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016.
  30. ↑ Cox, Robert (May 21, 2023). "New Rochelle High School Newspaper Editor Established Landmark Press Freedoms in 1969 Court Case". robertcox.substack.com. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  31. ↑ "FRC Event Web : Home". frc-events.firstinspires.org.
  32. ↑ "Tournament Progress". qunlimited.com. 2008. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  33. 1 2 Carley, Jeanne M. (March 18, 1979). "Model Congress to Meet Friday". The New York Times. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  34. ↑ "New Rochelle Science Olympiad 2007". www.scienceteacherprogram.org. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
  35. 1 2 "District Awards". nred.org. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011.
  36. ↑ "New Rochelle High School (NY) Boys Varsity Volleyball". MaxPrep. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  37. ↑ Thomson, Josh. "Football: New Rochelle's story ends with total domination in the state championship". The Journal News.
  38. ↑ "City School District of New Rochelle". February 16, 2012. Archived from the original on February 16, 2012.
  39. ↑ Semple, Kirk (November 21, 2004). "2-4-6-8, Best Football in the State! (Who Knew?)". The New York Times.
  40. ↑ "Section 1 Swimming!".
  41. ↑ "New Rochelle Invitational Meet Manager". MileSplit New York.
  42. ↑ "NRHS Girls Track Coach Andy Capellan Goes the Distance". New Rochelle, NY Patch. September 16, 2010.
  43. ↑ "New Rochelle High School Makes Cheerleading History As JV And Varsity Cheer Teams Come Home UCA National Champions For 2013". Talk of the Sound. February 11, 2013.
  44. ↑ Zacchio, Mike (November 13, 2016). "New Rochelle washes away 29-year state title drought with 'AA' crown". The Journal News. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  45. ↑ Current Biography Yearbook. New York: H. W. Wilson Company. 1971. p. 24.
  46. ↑ O'Toole, Jim (September 28, 1983). "Rye's Bill Morton honored guest at New Rochelle homecoming". The Daily Item (Port Chester) . Port Chester, New York. p. 6-C. Retrieved June 25, 2023– via newspapers.com.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Distinguished Alumni". New Rochelle High School Official Website. nrhs.nred.org. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
  48. ↑ "Remembering Henry Heimlich, New Rochelle High Class Of 1937". New Rochelle Daily Voice. December 21, 2016.
  49. ↑ Wellin, Edward (December 1953). "The People Who Write SCIENCE STORIES: Edward Wellin". Science Stories . p. 2. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  50. ↑ "Calling the Class of '37". The Standard-Star. October 21, 1997. p. 4A. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  51. ↑ Oden. Gloria. “Open letter.” Inertia Magazine. January 2008. Web. 20 October 2011.
  52. ↑ "Rosemarie Beck: Paintings 1965-2001".
  53. ↑ "Tell Me a Story: The Don Hewitt Saga". evesmag.com.
  54. ↑ "Tad Mosel papers". archives.nypl.org. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  55. ↑ "About FUMC". First United Methodist Church, Eunice, Louisiana. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012.
  56. ↑ Herschbach, Dudley (January 27, 2018). "William Klemperer". Nature Astronomy. 2 (1): 24–25. doi:10.1038/s41550-017-0365-0 – via www.nature.com.
  57. ↑ 1988–1989 Annual Report Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
  58. ↑ Reisman, Phil. "Reisman: Requiem for a New York politician". The Journal News.
  59. ↑ Whitehouse, Franklin (September 29, 1985). "Pisani Reflects On His Changed Life" – via NYTimes.com.
  60. ↑ Goldstein, Richard (February 8, 2006). "Lou Jones, 74, Sprinting Star, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  61. ↑ Zurawik, David; Sun, Baltimore. "Long-time PBS Host Louis Rukeyser Dies - chicagotribune.com". Chicago Tribune.
  62. ↑ "Henry C. Moses '38". Princeton Alumni Weekly. January 21, 2016.
  63. ↑ "William S. Rukeyser '61". Princeton Alumni Weekly. June 29, 2023.
  64. ↑ "New Rochelle". Daily News. New York. September 7, 2007.
  65. ↑ Dougherty, Mike. "To hear Butch Harmon tell it, golf is a simple game". The Journal News.
  66. ↑ Excellence, New Rochelle Fund for Educational. "NBC's Andrea Mitchell, Alvin and Gwen Clayton, Millie Radonjic and Deirdre Polow to be honored by New Rochelle Fund for Educational Excellence at Annual Gala November 13, 2014". www.prnewswire.com.
  67. ↑ Jonietz, Erika (November 1, 2002). "Computing Athletics". MIT Technology Review . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Retrieved February 9, 2024.
  68. ↑ Reiner, Dan (April 27, 2017). "New Rochelle Walk of Fame to induct Ray Rice, Heimlich, others". The Journal News. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  69. ↑ Music Makers of New Rochelle Biographies
  70. ↑ "Classmates: Jeralyn Merritt".
  71. ↑ Chun, Rene (March 3, 2019). "How David Pecker Built His Tabloid Empire AMI on Fear". The Daily Beast . Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  72. ↑ Music Makers of New Rochelle
  73. ↑ "Alumni's Work Featured at Museum Exhibition". Talk of the Sound. September 23, 2017.
  74. ↑ Haggerty, Nancy (June 12, 2020). "Breaking barriers: Washington first American to play pro basketball behind Iron Curtain". Lohud. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
  75. ↑ "The Boy-Wonder Mayor of New Rochelle". September 21, 2006.
  76. ↑ "Pro Wrestling Returns To New Rochelle". Archived from the original on March 12, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
  77. ↑ "Cristina Teuscher Is Named Top Woman College Athlete". www.columbia.edu.
  78. ↑ Meltzer, Marisa (June 2011). "The Prom Dress Moves Into the Designer Leagues". Fashion & Style. The New York Times. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
  79. ↑ Lipman, Steve (February 17, 2006). "On The Right Track". The Jewish Week . Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
  80. ↑ Eymer, Rick (May 16, 2014). "Koehler an unexpected Major Leaguer". MLB.com.
  81. 1 2 Carpiniello, Rick (June 16, 2013). "Ray Rice ready to take leadership baton from Ray Lewis". USA Today. Retrieved September 14, 2014.
  82. ↑ "Kyle's First Time High | From K&C #10 - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  83. ↑ "New Rochelle Celebrates Hometown Hero And Super Bowl Champion Jordan Lucas". CBS New York. February 3, 2020.
  84. ↑ Mercogliano, Vincent (May 17, 2018). "Baseball: New Rochelle native Josiah Gray has morphed into a highly-touted MLB prospect". The Journal News. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.