Pando (tree)

Last updated
Pando
Pando Land Mass Outline.jpg
Image of the approximate land mass of Pando shaded green
Map
USA Utah relief location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Location in Utah
Usa edcp relief location map.png
Red pog.svg
Location in the United States
Geography
Location Sevier County, Utah, United States
Coordinates 38°31′30″N111°45′00″W / 38.52500°N 111.75000°W / 38.52500; -111.75000
Elevation2,700 m (8,900 ft)
Area108 acres (43.6 ha)
Administration
Established+14000;11976 years' time (14000) BP
Ecology
Dominant tree species Populus tremuloides
Pando aspen grove at Fishlake National Forest FallPando02.jpg
Pando aspen grove at Fishlake National Forest

Pando (Latin for "I spread"), [1] the world's largest tree, is a quaking aspen tree ( Populus tremuloides ) located in Sevier County, Utah in the Fishlake National Forest. A male clonal organism, Pando has an estimated 47,000 stems (ramets) that appear as individual trees, but are connected by a root system that spans 106 acres. Pando is the largest tree by weight and landmass and, is the largest known aspen clone. Pando was identified as a single living organism because each of its stems possesses identical genetic markers. [2] The massive interconnected root system coordinates energy production, defense and regeneration across its expanse. [3] Pando spans 0.63 miles by 0.43 miles of the southwestern edge of the Fishlake Basin in the Fremont River Ranger District of the Fishlake National Forest and lies 0.43 miles to the west of Fish Lake, the largest natural mountain freshwater lake in Utah. [4] Pando is located at an elevation of 2,700 m (8,900 ft) above sea level. [5]

Contents

Pando occupies approximately 106 acres (43 ha) and is estimated to weigh collectively 6,000 tonnes (6,000,000 kg), [6] or 13.2 million pounds, making it the heaviest known organism. [7] [8] Systems of classification used to define large trees vary considerably, leading to some confusion about Pando's status. In contrast to the General Sherman Tree, the largest single stem tree, Pando is often characterized as an "organism" or "plant". Pando, however, is a tree and commonly known as the "Pando Tree".

Within the United States, the Official Register of Champion Trees defines the largest trees in a species specific way, in this case, Pando is the largest aspen tree (Populustremuloides). In forestry, the largest trees are measured by the greatest volume of a single stem, regardless of species. While many emphasize that Pando is the largest clonal organism, other large trees, including Redwoods can also reproduce via cloning. This leaves Pando in a class of its own being the largest aspen tree, largest tree by weight and largest by land mass, combined.

A recent discovery whose scale of operation was only verified in 2008, little is known about Pando's origins and how its genetic integrity has been sustained over a long period time (between 9,000 and 12,000 years). Researchers have argued that Pando’s future is uncertain due to a combination of factors including drought, grazing, and fire suppression. [9] [10] Each claim has met with controversy considering how little time the tree has been the subject of concern. In terms of drought, Pando's long lived nature suggest it has survived droughts that have driven out humans for centuries. In terms of grazing, a majority of Pando's land mass is fenced for permanent protection and management as a unique tree. What's more, grazing is only permitted 10 days a year in October in a small edge of Pando's boundary along the waters of Coots Slough, part of Fish Lake. In terms of fire suppression, research published in 2022 by Jan Novak et al. [11] seems to suggest Pando has survived conflagrations that would have likely leveled the tree many times, after which Pando regenerated itself from the root system. That paper suggest such large scale fire events are infrequent, which may be owed to the fact that aspen are water heavy and so, are naturally fire resistant earning them the name "asbestos forest" by Canadian Forest Ecologist Lori Daniels. [12] Regardless of controversies and how little is known today about Pando, there is broad consensus that protection from deer and elk who feed on the new growth faster than they can reach maturity is critical. What's more, such protection systems are only meaningful if they are coupled with ongoing management and restoration efforts which are under way.

Today, Friends of Pando, [13] the United States Forest Service are official partners working to study and protect Pando and work alongside Utah Division of Wildlife Resources to care for and protect the Pando Tree. [14] Notable organizations that also study and advocate to protect Pando's care include Western Aspen Alliance [15] and Grand Canyon Trust. [16]

Discovery, naming and verification

The Pando tree was identified in 1976 by Jerry Kemperman and Burton V. Barnes. [17] [18] A posthumous biography by Burton V. Barnes' colleague, Daniel Kashian, [19] details Pando's discovery:

As a part of his aspen work in the West, Burt began to examine an extremely large trembling aspen clone southwest of Fish Lake, Utah, in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Using aerial photography and the same morphological differentiation techniques he developed for aspen at UMBS for his dissertation, Burt concluded that the aspen forest that covered about 106 acres was a single aspen clone, quite possibly the “world’s largest organism.” Other than a single publication about aspen clone size and another great story to tell his students, Burt’s studies on the Fish Lake clone were relatively obscure.

— Daniel M. Kashian, BURTON V. BARNES (1930–2014)

Work by Fishlake National Forest to understand and protect the tree began in 1987, according to interviews and articles written by Fishlake Forest as well as accounts gathered by Friends of Pando. [20] Based of Barnes and Kempermans's 1976 paper noting Pando's discovery, Michael Grant, Jeffrey Mitton, and Yan Linhart of the University of Colorado at Boulder re-examined the clone in 1992 and described Pando as a single male aspen clone based on its morphological characteristics such as pollen production, leaves, and root structure. Michael Grant named the tree "Pando" which is latin for "I spread" in an editorial which was later published in Discover Magazine. [21] A large scale genetic sampling and analysis was published in 2008 by Jennifer DeWoody, Karen Mock, Valerie Hipkins and Carol Rowe. [22] The research team's genetic study confirmed morphological analysis by Barnes and Kemperman as well as Mitton, Grant and Linhart verifying Pando's size and scale of operation.

Closeup of a trunk and leaves Pando 2021 Official Picture.jpg
Closeup of a trunk and leaves

Research and protection

In the late 1987, Fishlake National Forest began work to remove diseased trees and promote new growth using coppicing, mechanical stimulation, [23] and ground fire to simultaneously remove diseased stems while stimulating regeneration. [24] In 1993, Fishlake National Forest began work on the "Aspen Regeneration Project", [25] installing fences to help control deer and elk who threatened to destroy the productive results of the regeneration project. Today, 53 acres of Pando is protected by 8-foot fences to control populations of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and elk (Cervus canadensis), and to control human use, such as permitted grazing by domestic cattle (Bos taurus).

Regeneration rates in portions of the "Aspen Regeneration Project" which started in the 1990's, and was expanded in 2014 showed promise based on photographic evidence and repeated survey plots by land managers, scientists and conservation groups between 1993 and today. [26] Despite this, many have argued more work needs to be done to control wildlife, as Pando is surrounded by 700 square miles of de facto wildlife preserve managed by people, groups and agencies who do not have Pando's sustainability as a central concern in their land management policies. Paul Rogers and Darren McAvoy of Utah State University completed an assessment of Pando's status in 2018 and stressed the importance of reducing herbivory by mule deer as critical to conserving Pando for the future. [10] In 2019, Rogers and Jan Šebesta surveyed other vegetation within Pando besides aspen, finding additional support for their 2018 conclusion that interactions between browsing and management strategy may have had adverse effects on Pando's long-term resilience to change. [27] In 2023, a team of researchers, land managers, wildlife biologists and citizen scientists groups began long term programs to monitor deer and elk using GPS collars and wildlife cameras to better understand wildlife, as well as deer and elk browsing on the tree. [28]

Size and age

Most agree, based on Barnes' work and later work, that Pando encompasses 42.89 hectares (106 acres), weighs an estimated 6,000 metric tons (6,600 short tons) or 13.2 million pounds, and features an estimated 47,000 stems, which die individually and are replaced by genetically identical stems that are sent up from the tree's vast root system, a process known as "suckering". [2] [4] The root system is estimated to be several thousand years old, with habitat modeling suggesting a maximum age of 14,000 years. [29] [30] Individual stems do not typically live more than 100–130 years.

Mitton and Grant summarize the development of stems in aspen clones: [7]

... quaking aspen regularly reproduces via a process called suckering. An individual stem can send out lateral roots that, under the right conditions, send up other erect stems; from all above-ground appearances the new stems look just like individual trees. The process is repeated until a whole stand, of what appear to be individual trees, forms. This collection of multiple stems, called ramets, all form one, single, genetic individual, usually termed a clone.

Range of age estimates

Due to the progressive replacement of stems and roots, the overall age of an aspen clone cannot be determined from tree rings. In Pando's case, ages up to 1 million years have therefore been suggested. [7] An age of 80,000 years is often given for Pando, but this claim derives from a now-removed National Park Service web page, which redacted that claim in 2023 and, was inconsistent with the Forest Service's post ice-age estimate. [31] Glaciers repeatedly formed on the Fish Lake Plateau [32] over the past several hundred thousand years and the mountain above Fish Lake Basin occupied by Pando was crowned by glaciers as recently as the last glacial maximum. [33] Ages greater than approximately 16,000 years therefore require Pando to have survived at least the Pinedale glaciation, something that appears unlikely under current estimates of Pando's age and modeling of variation in Pando's local climate. [29] [30]

Estimates of Pando's age have also been influenced by changes in the understanding of establishment of aspen clones in western North America. Earlier sources argued germination and successful establishment of aspen on new sites was rare in the last 10,000 years and therefore, Pando's root system was likely over 10,000 years old. [7] More recent observations, however, have shown seedling establishment of new aspen clones is a regular occurrence and can be abundant on sites exposed by wildfire. [34] These findings are summarized in the U.S. Forest Service's Fire Effects Information System: [35]

Kay documented post-fire quaking aspen seedling establishment following 1986 and 1988 fires in Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks, respectively. He found seedlings were concentrated in kettles and other topographic depressions, seeps, springs, lake margins, and burnt-out riparian zones. A few seedlings were widely scattered throughout the burns. In Grand Teton National Park, establishment was greatest (950–2,700 seedlings/ha) in 1989, a wet year, but hundreds to thousands of seedlings established each year despite drought conditions in 1986–1988 and 1990–1991. Seedlings surviving past one season occurred almost exclusively on severely burned surfaces.

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. ↑ Grant, Michael C. (October 1993). "The Trembling Giant". Discover. Vol. 14, no. 10. Chicago. pp. 82–89. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
  2. 1 2 DeWoody, Jennifer; Rowe, Carol A.; Hipkins, Valerie D.; Mock, Karen E. (2008). ""Pando" Lives: Molecular Genetic Evidence of a Giant Aspen Clone in Central Utah". Western North American Naturalist. 68 (4): 493–497. doi:10.3398/1527-0904-68.4.493. S2CID   59135424.
  3. ↑ "Frequently asked questions about the World's Largest Tree". Friends of Pando. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  4. 1 2 "Pando". USDA Forest Service. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
  5. ↑ Google Earth
  6. ↑ OECD (2000). Consensus Document on the Biology of Populus L. (Poplars) (PDF). Series on Harmonization of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology. Vol. 16. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 2018-11-17.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Mitton, Jeffry B.; Grant, Michael C. (1996). "Genetic Variation and the Natural History of Quaking Aspen". BioScience. 46 (1): 25–31. doi: 10.2307/1312652 . JSTOR   1312652.
  8. ↑ Mihai, Andrei (February 9, 2015). "The Heaviest Living Organism in the World". ZME Science. Retrieved 2015-02-12.
  9. ↑ Rogers, Paul C.; Gale, Jody A. (2017). "Restoration of the iconic Pando aspen clone: Emerging evidence of recovery". Ecosphere. 8 (1): 1–15. Bibcode:2017Ecosp...8E1661R. doi: 10.1002/ecs2.1661 .
  10. 1 2 Rogers, Paul C.; McAvoy, Darren J. (2018-10-17). "Mule deer impede Pando's recovery: Implications for aspen resilience from a single-genotype forest". PLOS ONE. 13 (10): e0203619. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1303619R. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203619 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   6192553 . PMID   30332420.
  11. ↑ Novák, Jan; Kusbach, Antonín; Šebesta, Jan; Rogers, Paul C. (2022-10-01). "Soil macrocharcoals reveal millennial-scale stability at the Pando aspen clonal colony, Utah, USA". Forest Ecology and Management. 521: 120436. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120436. ISSN   0378-1127.
  12. ↑ Lindsay, Bethany (November 17, 2018). "'It blows my mind': How B.C. destroys a key natural wildfire defence every year". Candian Broadcast Corportion. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
  13. ↑ "Friends of Pando". Friends of Pando. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  14. ↑ Harkins, Paighten (August 14, 2023). "Once given a death sentence, Utah's Pando aspen grove has 'come a long way'". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
  15. ↑ University, Utah State. "Western Aspen Alliance". qcnr.usu.edu. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  16. ↑ "Pando Clone Recovery". Grand Canyon Trust. 2020-03-05. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  17. ↑ Kemperman, Jerry A.; Barnes, Burton V. (1976-11-15). "Clone size in American aspens". Canadian Journal of Botany. 54 (22): 2603–2607. doi:10.1139/b76-280. ISSN   0008-4026. S2CID   85891968.
  18. ↑ Mock, K. E.; Rowe, C. A.; Hooten, M. B.; Dewoody, J.; Hipkins, V. D. (2008). "Clonal dynamics in western North American aspen (Populus tremuloides)". Molecular Ecology. 17 (22): 4827–4844. Bibcode:2008MolEc..17.4827M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03963.x. PMID   19140975. S2CID   1425039. Archived from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2018-11-17.
  19. ↑ https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/burton-v-barnes-as-a-forest-botanist.pdf?c=mbot;idno=0497763.0054.108;format=pdf
  20. ↑ "History of Land Management in Pando". Friends of Pando. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  21. ↑ Grant, Michael C. (November 11, 2019) [October 1, 1993]. "The Trembling Giant". Discover Magazine. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
  22. ↑ DeWoody, Jennifer; Rowe, Carol; Hipkins, Valerie; Mock, Karen (2008-01-01). "Pando lives: molecular genetic evidence of a giant aspen clone in central Utah". Western North American Naturalist. 68 (4): 493–497. doi:10.3398/1527-0904-68.4.493.
  23. ↑ Shepperd, Wayne D. (2001). "Manipulations to regenerate aspen ecosystems". In: Shepperd, Wayne D.; Binkley, Dan; Bartos, Dale L.; Stohlgren, Thomas J.; Eskew, Lane G., Comps. Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes: Symposium Proceedings; 13-15 June 2000; Grand Junction, CO. Proceedings RMRS-P-18. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. P. 355-366. 18: 355–366.
  24. ↑ "History of Land Management in Pando". Friends of Pando. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  25. ↑ "History of Land Management in Pando". Friends of Pando. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  26. ↑ "Pando Clone Recovery". Grand Canyon Trust. 2020-03-05. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  27. ↑ Rogers, Paul C.; Šebesta, Jan (December 2019). "Past Management Spurs Differential Plant Communities within a Giant Single-Clone Aspen Forest". Forests. 10 (12): 1118. doi: 10.3390/f10121118 .
  28. ↑ "Once given a death sentence, Utah's Pando aspen grove has 'come a long way'". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  29. 1 2 Mock, K. E.; Rowe, C. A.; Hooten, M. B.; Dewoody, J.; Hipkins, V. D. (November 2008). "Clonal dynamics in western North American aspen ( Populus tremuloides )". Molecular Ecology. 17 (22): 4827–4844. Bibcode:2008MolEc..17.4827M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03963.x. PMID   19140975. S2CID   1425039.
  30. 1 2 Ding, Chen; Schreiber, Stefan G.; Roberts, David R.; Hamann, Andreas; Brouard, Jean S. (2017-07-05). "Post-glacial biogeography of trembling aspen inferred from habitat models and genetic variance in quantitative traits". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 4672. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.4672D. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04871-7. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   5498503 . PMID   28680120.
  31. ↑ United States Forest Service, Fishlake National Forest. "Pando - (I Spread)".
  32. ↑ "A Geologic History of Fishlake, Pando's Home". Friends of Pando. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  33. ↑ Marchetti, David W.; Harris, M. Scott; Bailey, Christopher M.; Cerling, Thure E.; Bergman, Sarah (January 2011). "Timing of glaciation and last glacial maximum paleoclimate estimates from the Fish Lake Plateau, Utah". Quaternary Research. 75 (1): 183–195. Bibcode:2011QuRes..75..183M. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2010.09.009. ISSN   0033-5894. S2CID   128684169.
  34. ↑ Kay, Charles E. (1993). "Aspen seedlings in recently burned areas of Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks" (PDF). Northwest Science. 67 (2): 94–104. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-17. Retrieved 2018-11-17.
  35. ↑ Howard, Janet L. (1996). "Populus tremuloides". Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 2018-11-17.
  36. ↑ Sussman, Rachel (2014). "Pando". The Oldest Living Things in the World. University of Chicago Press. p. 59. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226057644.001.0001. ISBN   978-0-226-05764-4.
  37. ↑ "Wonders of America: Land of Superlatives". Archived from the original on 2 December 2008.
  38. ↑ Utah's State Tree: The Quaking Aspen, by Monroe Elementary , retrieved 2023-10-31
  39. ↑ March 26, Benjamin Wood | Posted-; P.m, 2014 at 9:45. "Utah state tree changes thanks to elementary students". www.ksl.com. Retrieved 2023-10-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  40. ↑ "Clive Romney: Mormon Musician - Mormonism, The Mormon Church, Beliefs, & Religion - MormonWiki". www.mormonwiki.com. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  41. ↑ Watch The Blacklist Clip: The Trembling Giant | NBC's The Blacklist - NBC.com , retrieved 2023-10-31
  42. ↑ "Pando's voice: Unveiling the acoustic wonders of Southern Utah's most famous tree" . Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  43. ↑ "The Sweet Song Of The Largest Tree On Earth". Science Friday. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  44. ↑ Listening to the Largest Tree on Earth , retrieved 2023-10-31
  45. ↑ "xkcd: Pando". xkcd. 2021-12-23. Retrieved 2023-12-09.

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