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Russia is divided into several types and levels of subdivisions.
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Russia is divided into several types and levels of subdivisions.
Since 30 September 2022, the Russian Federation has consisted of eighty-nine federal subjects that are constituent members of the Federation. [1] However, six of these federal subjects—the Republic of Crimea, the Donetsk People's Republic, the Kherson Oblast, the Lugansk People's Republic, the federal city of Sevastopol, and the Zaporozhye Oblast—are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. All federal subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council (upper house of the Federal Assembly). They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy.
De jure, excluding the occupied Ukrainian territories, there are 6 types of federal subjects—21 republics, 9 krais, 46 oblasts, 2 federal cities, 1 autonomous oblast, and 4 autonomous okrugs.
Autonomous okrugs are the only ones that have a peculiar status of being federal subjects in their own right, yet at the same time they are considered to be administrative divisions of other federal subjects (with the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug being the only exception).
On 18 March 2014, as a part of the annexation of Crimea and following the establishment of the Republic of Crimea (an independent entity that was recognized only by Russia), a treaty was signed between Russia and the Republic of Crimea incorporating the Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol as constituent members of the Russian Federation. [2] According to the Treaty, the Republic of Crimea is accepted as a federal subject with the status of a republic while the City of Sevastopol has received federal city status. [2] Neither the Republic of Crimea nor the city of Sevastopol are politically recognized as parts of Russia by most countries. [3]
Similarly, Russia also annexed four Ukrainian oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporozhzhia on 30 September 2022 after internationally-unrecognized referendums held days prior, during the invasion of Ukraine that began in late February, which were organized by Russian occupation authorities in territories where hostilities were ongoing and much of the population had fled. [4] It occurred seven months after the start of the invasion and less than a month after the start of the Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive. The signing ceremony was held in the Grand Kremlin Palace in Moscow in the presence of occupation authority heads Leonid Pasechnik, Denis Pushilin, Yevgeny Balitsky, and Vladimir Saldo, and Russian President Vladimir Putin. Like Crimea, none of the four occupied regions are internationally recognized as part of Russia. [5]
Prior to the adoption of the 1993 Constitution of Russia, the administrative-territorial structure of Russia was regulated by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of 17 August 1982 "On the Procedures of Dealing with the Matters of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the RSFSR". [6] The 1993 Constitution, however, did not identify the matters of the administrative-territorial divisions as the responsibility of the federal government nor as the joint responsibility of the federal government and the subjects. This was interpreted by the governments of the federal subjects as a sign that the matters of the administrative-territorial divisions became solely the responsibility of the federal subjects. [6] As a result, the modern administrative-territorial structures of the federal subjects vary significantly from one federal subject to another. While the implementation details may be considerably different, in general, however, the following types of high-level administrative divisions are recognized:
Autonomous okrugs and okrugs are intermediary units of administrative divisions, which include some of the federal subject's districts and cities/towns/urban-type settlements of federal subject significance.
Typical lower-level administrative divisions include:
In the course of the Russian municipal reform of 2004–2005, all federal subjects of Russia were to streamline the structures of local self-government, which is guaranteed by the Constitution of Russia. The reform mandated that each federal subject was to have a unified structure of municipal government bodies by 1 January 2005, and a law enforcing the reform provisions went into effect on 1 January 2006. According to the law, the units of the municipal division (called "municipal formations") are as follows: [7]
Territories not included as a part of municipal formations are known as inter-settlement territories , a concept introduced in 2019. [9]
The Federal Law was amended on 27 May 2014 to include new types of municipal divisions: [10]
In June 2014, Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug became the first urban okrug to implement intra-urban divisions. [11]
Federal legislation introduced on May 1, 2019, added an additional territorial unit: [12]
All of the federal subjects are grouped into eight federal districts , [13] each administered by an envoy appointed by the President of Russia. Federal districts' envoys serve as liaisons between the federal subjects and the federal government and are primarily responsible for overseeing the compliance of the federal subjects with the federal laws.
For economic and statistical purposes the federal subjects are grouped into twelve economic regions . [14] Economic regions and their parts sharing common economic trends are in turn grouped into economic zones and macrozones.
In order for the Armed Forces to provide an efficient management of military units, their training, and other operational activities, the federal subjects are grouped into five military districts . [15] Each military district operates under the command of the district headquarters, headed by the district commander, and is subordinated to the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
An okrug is a type of administrative division in some Slavic-speaking states. The word okrug is a loanword in English, alternatively translated as area, district, or region.
Kolchugino is a town and the administrative center of Kolchuginsky District in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located on the Peksha River some 74 kilometers (46 mi) northwest of Vladimir, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 39,410 (2021 Census); 45,776 (2010 Russian census); 47,059 (2002 Census); 45,601 (1989 Soviet census).
Kurakhsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the south of the republic. The area of the district is 740 square kilometers (290 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Kurakh. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 15,434, with the population of Kurakh accounting for 21.0% of that number.
Tsumadinsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic. The area of the district is 1,100 square kilometers (420 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Agvali. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 23,345, with the population of Agvali accounting for 10.5% of that number.
Kalevalsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the fifteen in the Republic of Karelia, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the republic and borders with Finland in the west, Loukhsky District in the north, Kemsky and Muyezersky Districts in the east, and with the territory of the town of republic significance of Kostomuksha in the south. The area of the district is 13,316 square kilometers (5,141 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Kalevala. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 8,321, with the population of Kalevala accounting for 54.4% of that number.
Ulyanovka is an urban locality in Tosnensky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of the center of Saint Petersburg. Municipally it is incorporated as Ulyanovskoye Urban Settlement, one of the seven urban settlements in the district. Population: 11,601 (2010 Russian census); 9,244 (2002 Census); 9,595 (1989 Soviet census).
Valuysky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Belgorod Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Valuysky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,709.6 square kilometers (660.1 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Valuyki. Population: 33,845 (2010 Russian census); 36,601 ; 38,293 (1989 Soviet census).
Khasynsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the eight in Magadan Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Khasynsky Urban Okrug. Its administrative center is the urban locality of Palatka. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 8,141, with the population of Palatka accounting for 52.1% of that number.
Pokhvistnevsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-seven in Samara Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,130 square kilometers (820 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Pokhvistnevo. Population: 29,027 ; 30,180 (2002 Census); 32,437 (1989 Soviet census).
Krasnokutsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-eight in Saratov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,900 square kilometers (1,100 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Krasny Kut. Population: 34,676 ; 36,445 (2002 Census); 37,551 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Krasny Kut accounts for 41.6% of the district's total population.
Saratovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-eight in Saratov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,900 square kilometers (730 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Saratov. Population: 48,105 ; 46,233 (2002 Census); 45,252 (1989 Soviet census).
Sorokinsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-two in Tyumen Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Sorokinsky Municipal District. It is located in the east of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,700 square kilometers (1,000 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Bolshoye Sorokino. Population: 10,254 ; 11,801 (2002 Census); 13,590 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Bolshoye Sorokino accounts for 51.9% of the district's total population.
Tobolsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-two in Tyumen Oblast, Russia. Within the framework of municipal divisions, it is incorporated as Tobolsky Municipal District. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 17,222 square kilometers (6,649 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Tobolsk. Population: 22,354 ; 23,679 (2002 Census); 29,661 (1989 Soviet census).
The municipal divisions in Russia, also called municipal formations, are territorial divisions of the Russian Federation which are formally granted the authority to manage local affairs through local self-government. As of January 1, 2020, there are 20,846 municipal divisions in Russia, including 1,673 municipal districts, 635 urban okrugs, and 33 municipal okrugs.
Vazhiny is an urban locality in Podporozhsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Svir River at the mouth of the Vazhinka River, several kilometers northwest of the town of Podporozhye. Municipally, it is incorporated as Vazhinskoye Urban Settlement, one of the four urban settlements in the district. Population: 2,754 (2010 Russian census); 2,941 (2002 Census); 3,956 (1989 Soviet census).
Achi-Su, also known as Achisu (Ачису), is an urban locality in Karabudakhkentsky District of the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,679.
Kyakhulay is an urban locality under the administrative jurisdiction of Sovetsky City District of the City of Makhachkala in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. At the 2010 Census, its population was 6,962.
Askiz is an urban-type settlement in Askizsky District of the Republic of Khakassia, Russia. Population: 5,208 (2010 Russian census); 7,030 (2002 Census); 4,572 (1989 Soviet census).
Bayevo is a rural locality and the administrative center of Bayevsky District of Altai Krai, Russia. Population: 4,707 (2010 Russian census); 5,175 (2002 Census); 5,556 (1989 Soviet census).. The population estimate as of 2016 was 4,188
Ushumun is an urban locality in Magdagachinsky District of Amur Oblast, Russia. Population: 2,390 (2010 Russian census); 2,920 (2002 Census); 3,232 (1989 Soviet census).
So-called "referendums" are under way in areas of Ukraine occupied by Russian troops, with residents told to vote on proposals for the four Ukrainian regions to declare independence and then join Russia.
