Rhapsody (operating system)

Last updated

Rhapsody
Apple Rhapsody screenshot.png
Rhapsody, with a drawing application and a QuickTime movie playing
Developer Apple Computer
OS family
Working stateHistoric
Source model Closed source
Latest release Developer Release 2 / May 1998;25 years ago (1998-05)
Platforms PowerPC, IA-32
Kernel type Hybrid kernel
Influenced macOS
Influenced by NeXTSTEP, Classic Mac OS, Copland
License Only released to developers
Preceded by OPENSTEP for Mach

Rhapsody is an operating system that was developed by Apple Computer after its purchase of NeXT in the late 1990s. It is the fifth major release of the Mach-based operating system that was developed at NeXT in the late 1980s, previously called OPENSTEP and NEXTSTEP. [1] Rhapsody was targeted to developers for a transition period between the Classic Mac OS and Mac OS X. Rhapsody represented a new and exploratory strategy for Apple, more than an operating system, and runs on x86-based PCs and on Power Macintosh.

Contents

Rhapsody's OPENSTEP [lower-alpha 1] based Yellow Box API frameworks were ported to Windows NT for creating cross-platform applications. Eventually, the non-Apple platforms were discontinued, and later versions consist primarily of the OPENSTEP operating system ported to Power Macintosh, merging the Copland-originated GUI of Mac OS 8 with that of OPENSTEP. Several existing classic Mac OS frameworks were ported, including QuickTime and AppleSearch. Rhapsody can run Mac OS 8 and its applications in a paravirtualization layer called Blue Box for backward compatibility during migration to Mac OS X.

Background

Naming

Rhapsody follows Apple's pattern through the 1990s of music-related codenames for operating system releases (see Rhapsody (music)). Apple had canceled its previous next-generation operating system strategy of Copland (named for American composer, Aaron Copland) and its pre-announced successor Gershwin (named for George Gershwin, composer of Rhapsody in Blue ). [2] Other musical code names include Harmony (Mac OS 7.6), Tempo (Mac OS 8), Allegro (Mac OS 8.5), and Sonata (Mac OS 9).

Previous attempts to develop a successor to the Classic Mac OS

In the mid-1990s, Mac OS was falling behind Windows. [3] In 1993, Microsoft had introduced the next-generation Windows NT, which was a processor-independent, multiprocessing and multi-user operating system. [4] At the time, Mac OS was still a single-user OS, and had gained a reputation for being unstable. Apple made several attempts to develop modern replacements for Mac OS, which all failed, harming public confidence in the company, while Macintosh sales continued to decline. Apple's most promising next-generation operating system, Copland, was mismanaged and had to be abandoned in 1996. In response, Apple CEO Gil Amelio decided to acquire or license an already-built operating system from another company. Apple's executive team considered BeOS, NeXT's NeXTSTEP, Sun Microsystems' Solaris, and Windows NT, and eventually acquired NeXT in December 1996. [3]

Announcement

Rhapsody was announced by Gil Amelio at the January 7, 1997 Macworld Expo SF, [5] [6] and first demonstrated at the May 1997 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC). [7] [8]

Pitch to developers

At Macworld SF 1997, Steve Jobs said that Mac OS and its Macintosh Toolbox placed developers on the "fifth floor", Windows NT on the "seventh floor", while Rhapsody's OpenStep [lower-alpha 1] libraries would let developers start on the "twentieth floor". [9] Jobs argued that this would make it faster to implement existing apps, and would allow even small developer teams to create innovative apps. [9] At the time, fewer than 25% of Americans used computers, and many thought the computing industry was "just waiting to take off"; most existing applications were office tools, and "the software for the vast majority of people [had] yet to be written". [10] Jobs gave the examples of Lighthouse Design, which had created an entire office suite for NeXTSTEP with only 18 employees, Tim Berners-Lee, who had created WorldWideWeb, the first web browser, on NeXTSTEP, and Dell, which created its first eCommerce website using NeXT's WebObjects. [9]

Since Yellow Box was also available on Windows as a dynamic-link library (DLL), Yellow Box apps would be able to run on both Rhapsody and Windows through a recompile. [11] Microsoft provided no equivalent that would enable Win32 apps to run on other platforms. [12] Additionally, Rhapsody itself could be installed on either PowerPC Macintoshes or Intel x86 PCs, enlarging developers' potential customer base. [11]

Pitch to users

Apple pitched Rhapsody to users by emphasizing its improved stability and responsiveness. For example, on classic Mac OS, incoming faxes could leave the machine frozen until the fax completes; and if an app crashed, it could take down the whole system and require a reboot, potentially leading to data loss. [13] [14] Additionally, Rhapsody would inherit NeXTSTEP's local network sharing functionality, and make it easy to share data across apps. [13] At Macworld SF 1997, Steve Jobs vaunted NeXTSTEP's maturity by pointing out that it had been adopted by many large organizations, including Wall Street banks and the CIA. [9] BYTE magazine described NeXTSTEP as "field-tested, time-proven code" in January 1998, ten years after the operating system's introduction. [15]

Planned transition from Mac OS

Apple's plan was to maintain compatibility with "most" existing Mac OS applications through Blue Box but require apps to be rewritten for Yellow Box to take advantage of Rhapsody's new features. Blue Box would run in a window, and support System 7 apps (Motorola 68k and PowerPC), but would only be able to support apps that did not need to communicate with the hardware. Throughout Rhapsody's development, Apple would continue to release major upgrades to the classic Mac OS, which would remain supported for several years after Rhapsody's public release. [14] [5] [16]

Architecture

Rhapsody's architecture Planned Rhapsody architecture.svg
Rhapsody's architecture

Rhapsody runs on a modified Mach 2.5 kernel and 4.4BSD Unix environment. Atop that were the threaded, object-oriented Yellow Box libraries, the Blue Box compatibility layer for Mac OS applications, and a Java virtual machine. [15] [17] Rhapsody combines NeXT's OpenStep object-oriented framework, NeXT's other frameworks (WebObjects, Enterprise Objects Framework), and Apple's Mac OS technologies (including AppleScript, QuickTime Media Layer, ColorSync, Apple events). [18] [14] Rhapsody uses the Unix File System (UFS) for hard disks, and Network File System on network drives. [15]

Pixels are drawn onscreen using Display PostScript instead of Mac OS's QuickDraw. Since Display PostScript relies on the same PostScript language that is used to communicate with printers, no conversion process is required when printing, and printed documents are more faithful to how they look onscreen. [19]

Rhapsody supports app development in three programming languages: Objective-C, Java, and C++. [20]

Kernel

Rhapsody uses Carnegie Mellon University's Mach 2.5 kernel, which was modified to add support for the Network File System, SCSI disks, and removable devices like CD-ROMs and Jaz drives. This kernel lacks symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) support, which was planned to be added in a later release of Rhapsody that would use a Mach 3.0 kernel. [15] Mach had been created at CMU by Avie Tevanian, who was in charge of Rhapsody's development as Apple's senior vice president of software engineering, a role he previously held at NeXT.[ citation needed ]

In a WWDC 1997 presentation, Jeff Robbin said Rhapsody was based on Mach 2.6.[ citation needed ]

Blue Box

Blue Box is a non-reentrant virtualization layer that allows Rhapsody to run classic Mac OS apps. It was released after Rhapsody DR1, in the form of an application called MacOS.app that loaded a Macintosh ROM file stored on disk. Blue Box did not support Mac OS applications that needed hardware access or that relied on non-public Mac OS APIs. [21] [15]

Blue Box beta 1.0 only worked in full screen, requiring users to press ⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter to exit the environment, and it implements networking through Open Transport, instead of Rhapsody's BSD sockets. Later versions of Blue Box could run Mac OS in a window. [21]

Rhapsody's Blue Box environment, available only on PowerPC due to paravirtualization, provides runtime compatibility with Mac OS 8 applications. All virtualized applications and their associated windows are encapsulated within a single Blue Box desktop window instead of being interspersed with native Yellow Box applications.

Blue Box later became the Classic environment, [21] which remained in Mac OS X until Mac OS X Tiger, with support for Classic dropped in Mac OS X Leopard.

Yellow Box

Yellow Box is Rhapsody's development platform. It consists of much of the OpenStep framework, combined with a runtime, and a development environment. Since Yellow Box also had a Windows NT implementation, apps made for it could also run natively on Microsoft Windows, and would look like normal Windows applications. Yellow Box includes three major frameworks: Foundation, Application Kit, and Display PostScript. It also includes NeXTSTEP's Project Builder and Interface Builder development tools. [21] [11]

Yellow Box has full support for preemptive multitasking, multithreading, and protected memory (which would have only been partially supported under the previous Copland project). Third-party apps would need to be rewritten for Yellow Box to take advantage of Rhapsody's new features. [14]

In May 1997, Amelio announced that Yellow Box would be renamed Concert. [22] [23]

Yellow Box was later used as the foundation for Mac OS X's Cocoa framework. [21]

Java virtual machine

Rhapsody's Java virtual machine is derived from Sun's JDK 1.1.3, which was modified so that Java apps could call Yellow Box APIs. Rhapsody DR1 included Sun's Java compiler and libraries. [15]

Developer releases

Apple issued two developer releases of Rhapsody for both the PowerPC and Intel x86 architectures. [7]

Developer Release 1

The first developer release of Rhapsody was released on October 13, 1997 (for Power Macintosh) [24] to 10,000 developers, who were given two CDs: the bootable Rhapsody installer, and another CD with sample source code (including a version of TextEdit in Java that calls Yellow Box APIs). Apple modified its implementation of Open Firmware to allow users to dual boot Rhapsody and Mac OS by holding down ⇪ Caps Lock. DR1 did not have Blue Box, and was missing many promised Mac OS technologies like QuickTime, AppleScript, and AppleTalk; its main purpose was to give developers a shipping version of Yellow Box so they could start rewriting their apps for it. DR1 has OPENSTEP's Workspace Manager instead of the Mac OS Finder. [15] Within the following weeks, Apple also released the Windows version of the Yellow Box runtime, as well as DR1 of Rhapsody for PC Compatibles (Intel), and the first release of Blue Box. [25]

The overall developer reaction to DR1 was positive. [26] BYTE magazine's Tom Thompson described DR1 as a "Jekyll-and-Hyde mixture" of an "amazingly Mac-like" user interface and hard-to-use NeXTSTEP components, some of which could only be configured properly through the command line, but said it "did not crash once" during his testing. [15]

User interface

Rhapsody's user interface was considered preliminary, with the developer previews focusing on the system's underlying architecture. [18] Its user interface was a blend of the OPENSTEP UI and Mac OS 8's Platinum UI, [17] with the latter originating with the cancelled Copland prototype. Developer Release 1 (DR1) does not have Mac OS's Finder, and has OPENSTEP's Workspace Manager, Shelf, and column view. The Shelf was eliminated in favor of OPENSTEP's Dock; and Finder was added, inheriting column view.

Reception

Developers were "impressed" and "enthusiastic" about Apple's plans, but, with Copland in mind, many were skeptical of Apple's ability to deliver on these plans, and the Macintosh's declining sales raised doubts about Apple's odds of survival. As a result, "many" developers were unwilling to commit to rewriting their apps for Rhapsody, which posed a chicken-and-egg problem, since Rhapsody would not be commercially successful without apps rewritten to take advantage of its new features. [8] [12]

Technology columnist Walt Mossberg observed that many third-party developers were already abandoning the Mac due to its shrinking market share, and that NeXTSTEP's lack of consumer applications, combined with the need to rewrite apps for Rhapsody, "[made] buying a Mac a relatively risky investment" compared to buying a Windows 95 or Windows NT computer. [16]

To assuage developers' concerns, Apple announced in May 1997 that it would add support for Yellow Box apps to Mac OS, to make the transition from Mac OS smoother. However, the same month, Apple announced in an SEC filing that contrary to its previous earnings guidance, it would fail to return to profitability by the fourth quarter of fiscal year 1997 (ending in September), and that it expected Macintosh net sales to continue to decline. [8] [12] [27] In Q4 FY1997, quarterly Macintosh sales declined from 932,000 to 625,000 year-over-year, and Apple had an operating loss of $24 million (though it still had $1.45 billion in cash). [28] Shortly before the August 6, 1997 Macworld Expo Boston, Amelio tried to obtain a commitment from Microsoft to release Office for Rhapsody, but Bill Gates refused. [29] Some small developers announced Rhapsody ports of their apps, including Stone Design's Create, Anderson Financial systems' PasteUp, Onyshuk & Associates' Glyphix, OpenBase, and Dantz Development's Retrospect. [28]

In February 1998, Macworld columnist David Pogue wrote:

The intriguing thing about Apple's upcoming Rhapsody OS is that it'll be available for Mac and Intel computers. What if it's a huge hit? What if it's cheaper and less troublesome than Windows and NT? What if it dawns on software companies that they can write one Rhapsody program and sell it on both "Mac" and "Windows" machines? The experience of using a computer is determined mostly by its system software. In other words, Rhapsody will put Apple elegance on any personal computer, no matter who made it. Every PC in the world will become, in effect, a Mac. On the other hand, a Rhapsody triumph would mean nobody'd have to buy computers from Apple anymore. Has Apple thought this thing through? [30]

Strategy

In a meeting with Michael Dell, owner of PC maker Dell, Steve Jobs demonstrated Rhapsody on Intel x86, and offered to license the operating system to Dell for distribution on its PCs. The deal failed, however, when Jobs insisted that all of its computers ship with both Mac OS and Windows so that consumers could choose the platform they prefer (which would have resulted in Dell having to pay royalties to Apple for every computer it sells), as opposed to Dell's preference that the choice of OS be a factory option. [31] [ needs context ]

In mid-1997, after Amelio was ousted as Apple's CEO and Jobs informally replaced him, the company grew quieter on Rhapsody, leading to speculation over its fate. At the October 1997 Seybold publishing conference, Jobs announced that the transition would be more "gradual" than previously announced by Amelio, and would follow a "dual-OS" strategy, with Rhapsody oriented towards servers, followed by a consumer released several years later, imitating Microsoft's Windows NT strategy. [32] [33] [24]

At WWDC 1998 held in May, Apple stated that "not a single" major third-party developer had committed to rewriting their apps for Rhapsody. Apple instead unveiled their Mac OS X strategy: classic Mac OS applications would not need a complete rewrite to run well on the system, which Jobs said could have taken as long as two years; instead, applications could run on Mac OS X with only "minor adjustments". [33] Apple also ported existing classic Mac OS frameworks into Mac OS X and developed the cross-platform Carbon API for Mac OS 9 and X as the transition layer. [34] Widely used Mac OS libraries like QuickTime and AppleScript were ported and published to developers. Carbon allows full compatibility and native functionality for both platforms, while enabling new features.[ citation needed ] Apple also announced that Adobe, Microsoft and Macromedia were on board with the new strategy, and had committed to releasing their applications for Mac OS X. [33] Programmer Dave Winer celebrated the new strategy. [35]

As part of the landmark Microsoft antitrust trial, Avie Tevanian argued that Rhapsody's failure was partly caused by Windows's dominance, which made new operating system platforms inherently uncompetitive; however, The Register 's John Lettice argued that "those [Yellow Box] APIs Apple couldn't get developers to support [...] are of course APIs that NeXT couldn't get developers to support". Lettice described Rhapsody as inherently flawed, stating that: "The theory of this school of OS development [that] says you allow users to run their existing apps while making it possible for a whole new generation of compelling apps to take over in the long run" is a strategy that "has not so far worked in practice". [36]

Though developers were expecting Rhapsody DP3,[ inconsistent ] Steve Jobs announced at the July 1998 MacWorld Expo NY that an improved version of Rhapsody would be publicly released as Mac OS X Server 1.0, which would bundle WebObjects, the QuickTime Streaming Server, and an Apache web server. [37] [38]

Legacy

Apple forked Rhapsody into Darwin, an open source operating system that is the foundation for Apple's current commercial operating systems. [37]

Since Rhapsody could run on both PowerPC and Intel x86, some commentators speculated that Apple could be planning to switch the Macintosh from PowerPC to Intel processors. [39] [40] This switch occurred in 2005, with Apple revealing that it had internally tested Intel builds of Mac OS X since the year 2000. [41] [42]

In 2016, historian Hanson Hsu called Steve Jobs's vision for developers "prescient" (Jobs's vision is described in the §Pitch to developers section). Many NeXTSTEP innovations were foundational to Mac OS X, including the Cocoa framework, Interface Builder (which became part of Xcode), and the Objective-C programming language. These technologies attracted many indie developers to the Mac, and are still in use today on the Mac; they were later used on the iPhone, the iPad, the Apple Watch, and the Apple TV. [9]

System requirements

The PowerPC version of Rhapsody DR1 required 32 MB of RAM (64 MB recommended), and 1 GB of disk space, and only officially supported the Power Macintosh 9500, 9600, 8500 and 8600. [15]

Release history

Apple initially planned to release a developer preview of Rhapsody in the third quarter of 1997. It would be followed in January 1998 by a consumer release codenamed Rhapsody Premier, containing a preliminary version of Blue Box, the compatibility environment that would allow Rhapsody to run Mac OS apps. The full Blue Box would come in Rhapsody Unified, planned for mid-1998. [14]

Rhapsody's version numbers start at version 5.0, since was a rename of NeXT's OPENSTEP for Mach operating system, whose last version was OPENSTEP for Mach 4.2. Though Apple never released Rhapsody 5.2, some speculated that it was meant to be Rhapsody Premier.[ citation needed ]

VersionCode namePlatformDate OS name Darwin version
Rhapsody Developer Release 1Grail1Z1 PowerPC October 13, 1997 [24] Rhapsody 5.0
Grail1Z4 IA-32 (Intel x86)weeks later [25]
Rhapsody Developer Release 2Titan1T7PowerPCMay 14, 1998Rhapsody 5.1
Titan1UIA-32 (Intel x86)
Mac OS X Server 1.0 is also based on Rhapsody:
Mac OS X Server 1.0Hera1O9PowerPCMarch 16, 1999Rhapsody 5.30.1
Mac OS X Server 1.0.1Loki1A2

(also labelled Hera1O9)

April 15, 1999Rhapsody 5.4?
0.2
Mac OS X Server 1.0.2Loki2G1

(also labelled Hera1O9+Loki2G1)

July 29, 1999Rhapsody 5.50.3
Mac OS X Server 1.2Pele1Q10January 14, 2000Rhapsody 5.6
Mac OS X Server 1.2 v3Medusa1E3October 27, 2000 [43] [44]

Notes

  1. 1 2 Note the capitalization. "OpenStep" refers to the object-oriented framework developed jointly by NeXT and Sun Microsystems, while "OPENSTEP" is what NeXT's NeXTSTEP operating system was called after version 4.0.

Related Research Articles

macOS Operating system for Apple computers

macOS, originally Mac OS X, previously shortened as OS X, is an operating system developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac computers. Within the market of desktop and laptop computers, it is the second most widely used desktop OS, after Microsoft Windows and ahead of all Linux distributions, including ChromeOS.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NeXT</span> American technology company (1985–1997)

NeXT, Inc. was an American technology company headquartered in Redwood City, California that specialized in computer workstations for higher education and business markets, and later developed web software. It was founded in 1985 by CEO Steve Jobs, the Apple Computer co-founder who had been forcibly removed from Apple that year. NeXT debuted with the NeXT Computer in 1988, and released the NeXTcube and smaller NeXTstation in 1990. The series had relatively limited sales, with only about 50,000 total units shipped. Nevertheless, the object-oriented programming and graphical user interface were highly influential trendsetters of computer innovation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NeXTSTEP</span> Operating system from NeXT Computer

NeXTSTEP is a discontinued object-oriented, multitasking operating system based on the Mach kernel and the UNIX-derived BSD. It was developed by NeXT Computer, founded by Steve Jobs, in the late 1980s and early 1990s and was initially used for its range of proprietary workstation computers such as the NeXTcube. It was later ported to several other computer architectures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mac OS X Server</span> Server software for macOS

Mac OS X Server is a series of discontinued Unix-like server operating systems developed by Apple Inc. based on macOS. It provided server functionality and system administration tools, and tools to manage both macOS-based computers and iOS-based devices, network services such as a mail transfer agent, AFP and SMB servers, an LDAP server, and a domain name server, as well as server applications including a Web server, database, and calendar server.

Darwin is the core Unix operating system of macOS, iOS, watchOS, tvOS, iPadOS, visionOS, and bridgeOS. It previously existed as an independent open-source operating system, first released by Apple Inc. in 2000. It is composed of code derived from NeXTSTEP, FreeBSD, other BSD operating systems, Mach, and other free software projects' code, as well as code developed by Apple.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">OpenStep</span> Defunct object-oriented application programming interface specification

OpenStep is an object-oriented application programming interface (API) specification that was developed by NeXT Computer. It provides a framework for building graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and developing software applications. OpenStep was designed to be platform-independent, allowing developers to write code that could run on multiple operating systems, including NeXTSTEP, Windows NT, and various Unix-based systems. It has influenced the development of other GUI frameworks, such as Cocoa for macOS and GNUstep.

Cocoa is Apple's native object-oriented application programming interface (API) for its desktop operating system macOS.

The history of macOS, Apple's current Mac operating system formerly named Mac OS X until 2011 and then OS X until 2016, began with the company's project to replace its "classic" Mac OS. That system, up to and including its final release Mac OS 9, was a direct descendant of the operating system Apple had used in its Mac computers since their introduction in 1984. However, the current macOS is a UNIX operating system built on technology that had been developed at NeXT from the 1980s until Apple purchased the company in early 1997.

The Dock is a prominent feature of the graphical user interface of macOS. It is used to launch applications and to switch between running applications. The Dock is also a prominent feature of macOS's predecessor NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP operating systems. The earliest known implementations of a dock are found in operating systems such as RISC OS and NeXTSTEP. iOS has its own version of the Dock for the iPhone and iPod Touch, as does iPadOS for the iPad.

Copland is an operating system developed by Apple for Macintosh computers between 1994 and 1996 but never commercially released. It was intended to be released with the name System 8, and later, Mac OS 8. Planned as a modern successor to the aging System 7, Copland introduced protected memory, preemptive multitasking, and several new underlying operating system features, while retaining compatibility with existing Mac applications. Copland's tentatively planned successor, codenamed Gershwin, was intended to add more advanced features such as application-level multithreading.

Star Trek is the code name that was given to a secret prototype project, running a port of Macintosh System 7 and its applications on Intel-compatible x86 personal computers. The project, starting in February 1992, was conceived in collaboration between Apple Computer, who provided the majority of engineers, and Novell, who at the time was one of the leaders of cross-platform file-servers. The plan was that Novell would market the resulting OS as a challenge to Microsoft Windows, but the project was discontinued in 1993 and never released, although components were reused in other projects. The project was named after the Star Trek science fiction franchise with the slogan "To boldly go where no Mac has gone before".

CodeWarrior is an integrated development environment (IDE) published by NXP Semiconductors for editing, compiling, and debugging software for several microcontrollers and microprocessors and digital signal controllers used in embedded systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mac OS X Public Beta</span> First publicly available version of Mac OS X

The Mac OS X Public Beta was the first publicly available version of Apple Computer's Mac OS X operating system to feature the Aqua user interface. It was released to the public on September 13, 2000 for US$29.95. Its release was significant as the first publicly available evidence of Apple's ability to ship the "next-generation Mac operating system" after the Copland failure. It allowed software developers and early adopters to test a preview of the upcoming operating system and develop software for it before its final release. It is the only public version of Mac OS X to have a code name not based on a big cat until the release of 10.9 Mavericks in 2013. The US version had a build number of 1H39 and the international version had build number 2E14.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spinning pinwheel</span>

The spinning pinwheel is a type of throbber or variation of the mouse pointer used in Apple's macOS to indicate that an application is busy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mac OS X Server 1.0</span> Server operating system developed by Apple

Mac OS X Server 1.0 is an operating system developed by Apple, Inc. released on March 16, 1999. it was the first version of Mac OS X Server.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AppKit</span> Graphical user interface toolkit

AppKit is a graphical user interface toolkit. It initially served as the UI framework for NeXTSTEP. Along with Foundation and Display PostScript, it became one of the core parts of the OpenStep specification of APIs. Later, AppKit and Foundation became part of Cocoa, the Objective-C API framework of macOS. GNUstep, GNU's implementation of the OpenStep/Cocoa API, also contains an implementation of the AppKit API.

Project Builder was an integrated development environment (IDE) originally developed by NeXT for version 3 of the NeXTSTEP operating system by separating out the code editing parts of Interface Builder into its own application.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Architecture of macOS</span> Layers of the operating system

The architecture of macOS describes the layers of the operating system that is the culmination of Apple Inc.'s decade-long research and development process to replace the classic Mac OS.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mac (computer)</span> Family of personal computers made by Apple

The Mac, short for Macintosh, is a family of personal computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The name Macintosh is a reference to a type of apple called McIntosh. The product lineup includes the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro laptops, and the iMac, Mac Mini, Mac Studio, and Mac Pro desktops. Macs are sold with the macOS operating system.

Two major families of Mac operating systems were developed by Apple Inc.

References

  1. "Shaw's Rhapsody Resource Page".
  2. Singh 2006, p. 24.
  3. 1 2 Schlender & Tetzeli 2015, pp. 190–197.
  4. Cutler, Dave (2005), "Preface", in Russinovich, Mark; Solomon, David A (eds.), Microsoft Windows Internals (fourth ed.), Microsoft Press, ISBN   0-7356-1917-4 .
  5. 1 2 "Amelio Pledges a Smooth Shift To New Mac Operating System". The Wall Street Journal. January 7, 1997. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  6. "Apple Announces Future Macintosh Operating System (OS) Strategy and Road Map". Apple.com (Press release). Apple Computer, Inc. January 7, 1997. Archived from the original on January 16, 1999. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
  7. 1 2 Singh 2006, pp. 27–29.
  8. 1 2 3 "Apple Tries to Woo Developers As a Crucial Conference Starts". WSJ. May 13, 1997. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Hansen, Hsu (March 15, 2016). "The Deep History of Your Apps: Steve Jobs, NeXTSTEP, and Early Object-Oriented Programming". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on November 16, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
  10. Feiler 1997, pp. xxiv-14.
  11. 1 2 3 Feiler 1997, pp. 15, 30–35.
  12. 1 2 3 Gomes, Lee (May 13, 1997). "Apple Says Rhapsody Programs Will Run on Current Mac OS". Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  13. 1 2 Feiler 1997, pp. xxii–xxiv.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Fliegel, Tova; Gruman, Galen (March 1997). "What's Next for the Mac OS?". Macworld. pp. 32–37.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Thompson, Tom (January 1998). "A First Look at Rhapsody". BYTE . pp. 45–46.
  16. 1 2 Mossberg, Walter S. (January 23, 1997). "Sticking With the Mac Requires Patience and a Big Leap of Faith". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  17. 1 2 Singh 2006, pp. 27–28.
  18. 1 2 Feiler 1997, p. xxii.
  19. Feiler 1997, pp. 207–208.
  20. Feiler 1997, pp. 72.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Singh 2006, p. 29.
  22. Morgan, Justin (July 1997). "Concert's API Goes Cross-Platform". BYTE magazine. pp. 51–52.
  23. Thurrott, Paul (May 12, 1997). "Apple will release Rhapsody on Intel PCs as well as PowerPC systems". ITPro Today. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
  24. 1 2 3 Linzmayer 2004, p. 278.
  25. 1 2 "Apple delivers Blue Box early". ARNnet. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
  26. Newswires, Dow Jones (May 14, 1997). "Microsoft Unveils Mac Browser As Developer Meeting Continues". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  27. Duncan, Geoff (May 26, 1997). "Yellow Box, Blue Box, Rhapsody & WWDC". TidBITS. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
  28. 1 2 Beale, Stephen (January 1998). "Apple ships Rhapsody to developers". Macworld. pp. 22–23.
  29. Amelio, Gil; Simon, William L. On the Firing Line. HarperBusiness. p. 253.
  30. Pogue, David (February 1998). "The Apple Doomsday Scenario". Macworld. pp. 192, 194.
  31. Guglielmo, Connie (October 6, 2021). "The Apple-Dell deal that could have changed history". CNET. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  32. Carlton, Jim (October 3, 1997). "Apple to Gradually Roll Out Rhapsody; No Quick Transition". WSJ. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  33. 1 2 3 Carlton, Jim (May 12, 1998). "Apple Kills Its Plan to Use Rhapsody As New Macintosh Operating System". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  34. Siracusa, John (April 3, 2008). "Rhapsody and blues". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on November 4, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  35. Winer, Dave (May 12, 1998). "Rhapsody Cancelled". DaveNet. Archived from the original on November 29, 2010. Retrieved February 2, 2010.
  36. Lettice, John (November 5, 1998). "Who killed Apple's Rhapsody?". The Register. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
  37. 1 2 Singh 2006, p. 31.
  38. Beale, Stephen (September 1998). "Jobs Touts Apple Comeback in Expo Keynote". Macworld . p. 27.
  39. "Apple Ships Early Version Of Rhapsody, Cuts Prices". Wall Street Journal. October 13, 1997. ISSN   0099-9660. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  40. "Apple Computer Says It Plans To Cut Number of Distributors". Wall Street Journal. November 4, 1997. ISSN   0099-9660. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  41. Schlender & Tetzeli 2015, pp. 373–374.
  42. Snell, Jason (January 11, 2006). "Chip Story: The Intel Mac FAQ, 2006 edition". Macworld. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  43. "Rhapsody Media - Identifying what media you have". Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
  44. "Rhapsody Timeline". Archived from the original on October 15, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2009.

Bibliography