STS-93

Last updated

STS-93
STS-93 Deployment of Chandra (deploy1).jpg
Chandra and its Inertial Upper Stage, prior to deployment from Columbia's payload bay
Names Space Transportation System-93
Mission typeChandra X-ray Observatory Deployment
Operator NASA
COSPAR ID 1999-040A OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
SATCAT no. 25866
Mission duration4 days, 22 hours, 49 minutes, 34 seconds
Distance travelled2,890,000 km (1,796,000 mi) [1]
Orbits completed80
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft Space Shuttle Columbia
Launch mass122,534 kg (270,142 lb) [2]
Landing mass99,781 kg (219,980 lb) [2]
Payload mass22,780 kg (50,222 lb) [2]
Crew
Crew size5
Members
Start of mission
Launch date23 July 1999, 04:31:00 (1999-07-23UTC04:31Z) UTC [3]
Launch site Kennedy LC-39B
End of mission
Landing date28 July 1999, 03:20:35 (1999-07-28UTC03:20:36Z) UTC [3]
Landing site Kennedy SLF Runway 33
Orbital parameters
Reference system Geocentric
Regime Low Earth
Perigee altitude 260 kilometres (160 mi)
Apogee altitude 280 kilometres (170 mi)
Inclination 28.4 degrees
Period 90 minutes
STS-93 patch.svg STS-93 crew.jpg
Left to right: Collins, Hawley, Ashby, Tognini, Coleman
←  STS-96 (94)
STS-103 (96) →
 

STS-93 in 1999 marked the 95th launch of the Space Shuttle, the 26th launch of Columbia, and the 21st night launch of a Space Shuttle. Eileen Collins became the first female shuttle Commander on this flight. Its primary payload was the Chandra X-ray Observatory.

Contents

STS-93 would be Columbia's last mission until March 2002. During the interim, Columbia would be out of service for upgrading and would only fly again on STS-109. The launch was originally scheduled for 20 July, but it was aborted at T−7 seconds. The successful launch of the flight occurred three days later. The payload was also the heaviest ever carried by the Space Shuttle system, at over 22.7 tonnes (25 tons). [4] [5]

Crew

Position Astronaut
Commander Flag of the United States.svg Eileen M. Collins
Third spaceflight
Pilot Flag of the United States.svg Jeffrey S. Ashby
First spaceflight
Mission Specialist 1 Flag of the United States.svg Catherine G. Coleman
Second spaceflight
Mission Specialist 2 Flag of the United States.svg Steven A. Hawley
Fifth and last spaceflight
Mission Specialist 3 Flag of France.svg Michel Tognini, CNES
Second and last spaceflight

Crew seating arrangements

Seat [6] LaunchLanding Space Shuttle seating plan.svg

Seats 1–4 are on the Flight Deck. Seats 5–7 are on the Middeck.

S1CollinsCollins
S2AshbyAshby
S3TogniniColeman
S4HawleyHawley
S5ColemanTognini

Problems during ascent

STS-93 SSME hydrogen coolant nozzle leak at liftoff STS-93 SSME Hydrogen Coolant Nozzle Leak at Liftoff.png
STS-93 SSME hydrogen coolant nozzle leak at liftoff

During the main engine ignition sequence, a gold pin used to plug an oxidizer post in the Space Shuttle's number three (right) engine came loose and was violently ejected, striking the engine nozzle's inner surface and tearing open three cooling tubes containing hydrogen. These ruptures resulted in a leak upstream of the main combustion chamber. This anomalous event and the automatic response to the leak by the right engine's controller did not violate any launch commit criteria and liftoff proceeded normally. However, approximately 5 seconds after liftoff, an electrical short disabled the center engine's primary digital control unit, DCU-A, and the right engine's backup unit, DCU-B. The center and right engines continued to operate on their remaining DCUs for the rest of powered flight to orbit. The redundant set of DCUs in each engine controller saved Columbia and her crew from potential catastrophe, as shutdown of two engines at that point in the flight would have resulted in a very risky contingency abort [7] with no guarantee of success. [8] The electrical short was later discovered to have been caused by poorly routed wiring, which had rubbed on an exposed screw head. This wiring issue led to a program-wide inspection of the wiring in all orbiters.

Because of the leak in the right engine, its controller sensed a decrease in power or thrust—measured indirectly as main combustion chamber pressure—since the leaking hydrogen was not being burned in the SSME's two pre-burners or the main combustion chamber. [9] To bring the engine back up to the commanded thrust level, the controller opened the oxidizer valves a bit more than normal. The hydrogen leak and increased oxidizer consumption resulted in the right engine deviating from the desired oxygen/hydrogen mixing ratio of 6.03 and running hotter than normal. The increased oxidizer consumption during ascent resulted in a premature shutdown of all three engines near the end of the projected burn due to low liquid-oxygen level sensed in the External Tank. Though the premature shutdown resulted in a velocity 15 ft/s (4.6 m/s) lower than targeted, [10] the vehicle safely achieved its intended orbit and completed the mission as planned. This incident brought on a maintenance practice change that required damaged oxidizer posts to be removed and replaced as opposed to being intentionally plugged, as was the practice beforehand.

Three days previously, in the first launch attempt, the launch was stopped at T−7 seconds, just prior to the SSMEs' ignition sequence, due to a senior console operator manually triggering a cutoff in the countdown. It was later determined that the console operator, monitoring the hydrogen gas concentration in the Space Shuttle's aft compartment, where the three SSMEs are located, saw a hydrogen increase spike above the Launch Commit Criteria redline, for a single sample just prior to main engine start. Subsequent troubleshooting and analysis indicated the most likely cause was the mass spectrometer instrument experienced a data anomaly in the high vacuum region of the instrument for a single sample. The system performance was nominal prior to the cut-off and during subsequent launch attempts.

Mission objectives

STS-93 Launch STS-93 launch.jpg
STS-93 Launch

The primary objective of the STS-93 mission was to deploy the Chandra X-ray Observatory (formerly the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility) with its Inertial Upper Stage booster. At its launch, Chandra was the most sophisticated X-ray observatory ever built. It is designed to observe X-rays from high energy regions of the universe, such as hot gas in the remnants of exploded stars.

Other payloads on STS-93 included the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX), the Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Local Exhaust (SIMPLEX), the Southwest Ultraviolet Imaging System (SWUIS), the Gelation of Sols: Applied Microgravity Research (GOSAMR) experiment, the Space Tissue Loss – B (STL-B) experiment, a Light mass Flexible Solar Array Hinge (LFSAH), the Cell Culture Module (CCM), the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment – II (SAREX – II), EarthKAM, Plant Growth Investigations in Microgravity (PGIM), the Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA), the Micro-Electrical Mechanical System (MEMS), and the Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC).

Eileen Collins became the first woman to command a Space Shuttle during this mission. Eileen Collins (S93-E-5033, 1999-07-24).jpg
Eileen Collins became the first woman to command a Space Shuttle during this mission.

The Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Local Exhaust (SIMPLEX) payload activity researched the source of Very High Frequency (VHF) radar echoes caused by the orbiter and its OMS engine firings. The Principal Investigator (PI) used the collected data to examine the effects of orbital kinetic energy on ionospheric irregularities and to understand the processes that take place with the venting of exhaust materials.

Chandra X-ray Observatory sits inside the payload bay for Columbia's mission STS-93. Chandra X-ray Observatory inside the Space Shuttle payload bay.jpg
Chandra X-ray Observatory sits inside the payload bay for Columbia's mission STS-93.
CNES astronaut Michel Tognini works with a nitrogen freezer, which supported the Plant Growth Investigations in Microgravity (PGIM) and Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) experiments on this mission which took place in 1999 STS-93 Shuttle Mission - Michel Tognini.jpg
CNES astronaut Michel Tognini works with a nitrogen freezer, which supported the Plant Growth Investigations in Microgravity (PGIM) and Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) experiments on this mission which took place in 1999

The Southwest Ultraviolet Imaging system (SWUIS) was based around a Maksutov-design ultraviolet (UV) telescope and a UV-sensitive, image-intensified charge-coupled device (CCD) camera that frames at video frame rates. Scientists can obtain sensitive photometric measurements of astronomical targets.

The objective Gelation of Sols: Applied Microgravity Research (GOSAMR) experiment was to investigate the influence of microgravity on the processing of gelled sols. In particular, the purpose was to demonstrate that composite ceramic precursors composed of large particulates and small colloidal sols can be produced in space with more structural uniformity.

The focus of the Space Tissue Loss – B (STL-B) experiment was direct video observation of cells in culture through the use of a video microscope imaging system with the objective of demonstrating near real-time interactive operations to detect and induce cellular responses.

The Light mass Flexible Solar Array Hinge (LFSAH) payload consisted of several hinges fabricated from shape memory alloys. Shape memory deployment hinges offered controlled shockless deployment of solar arrays and other spacecraft appendages. LFSAH demonstrated this deployment capability for a number of hinge configurations.

The objectives of the Cell Culture Module (CCM) were to validate models for muscle, bone, and endothelial cell biochemical and functional loss induced by microgravity stress; to evaluate cytoskeleton, metabolism, membrane integrity and protease activity in target cells; and to test tissue loss medications.

The Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX-II) demonstrated the feasibility of amateur short-wave radio contacts between the shuttle and ground-based amateur radio operators. SAREX also served as an educational opportunity for schools around the world to learn about space by speaking directly to astronauts aboard the shuttle via amateur radio.

The EarthKAM payload conducted Earth observations using the Electronic Still Camera (ESC) installed in the overhead starboard window of the Aft Flight Deck.

The Plant Growth Investigations in Microgravity (PGIM) payload experiment used plants to monitor the space flight environment for stressful conditions that affect plant growth. Because plants cannot move away from stressful conditions, they have developed mechanisms that monitor their environment and direct effective physiological responses to harmful conditions.

The Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA) payload hardware allowed for sample processing and stowage functions. The Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus – Isothermal Containment Module (GBA-ICM) was temperature controlled to maintain a preset temperature environment, controlled the activation and termination of the experiment samples, and provided an interface for crew interaction, control and data transfer.

The Micro-Electrical Mechanical System (MEMS) payload examined the performance, under launch, microgravity, and reentry conditions of a suite of MEMS devices. These devices included accelerometers, gyroscopes, and environmental and chemical sensors. The MEMS payload was self-contained and required activation and deactivation only.

Butterflies and habitat Butterflies and habitat.jpg
Butterflies and habitat

The Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) payload was designed to investigate the effects of space flight on small arthropod animals and plant specimens. The flight crew was available at regular intervals to monitor and control payload/experiment operations.

Space Shuttle Columbia lands at KSC. STS-93 Landing (19891217201).jpg
Space Shuttle Columbia lands at KSC.

Columbia's landing at Kennedy Space Center marked the twelfth night landing in the Shuttle program's history. Five had been at Edwards Air Force Base in California and the rest KSC. To date, there had been 19 consecutive landings at KSC and 25 of the last 26 had been there.

AttemptPlannedResultTurnaroundReasonDecision pointWeather go (%)Notes
120 Jul 1999, 12:36:00 amscrubbed—excessive hydrogen detected ​(T-0:07)
222 Jul 1999, 12:28:00 amscrubbed1 day, 23 hours, 52 minutesweather [11]  ​(T-5:00)
323 Jul 1999, 12:31:00 amsuccess1 day, 0 hours, 3 minutes

Special cargo

In 2001, Coin World reported the revelation (via a FOIA document request) that the United States Mint had struck 39 examples of the 2000 Sacagawea dollar in gold in June 1999 at the West Point Mint. The planchets came from specially prepared ½ troy-oz $25 American Gold Eagle Bullion Planchets. Why they were struck is not known; speculation is that this was an attempt by the mint to offer "Premium" collectibles in conjunction with the newly released Sacagawea dollar in 2000.

Twenty-seven were soon melted and the remaining 12 were on board Space Shuttle Columbia for the July 1999 STS-93 mission. Two examples then popped up at two separate events; one during a Private Congressional Dinner in August 1999, and another example at the Official First-Strike ceremonies in November. The coins remained at Mint Headquarters under lock and key until they were transferred in 2001 to Fort Knox. The strikes are considered to be illegal due to the Coinage regulations in place.

In 2007, the Mint announced it would for the first time publicly display the 12 space-flown gold dollars at the American Numismatic Association's World's Fair of Money in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. [12]

Wake-up calls

Sleeping shuttle astronauts were often awakened with a short piece of music, a tradition that began during the Gemini and Apollo missions. [13] Each track was specially chosen, sometimes by their families, and usually had a special meaning to an individual member of the crew or was applicable to their daily activities. [13] [14]

Flight daySongArtist/composerPlayed forLink [14]
Day 2"Beep! Beep!" Louis Prima Eileen Collins WAV
Day 3"Brave New Girls"Teresa WAV
Day 4"Someday Soon" Judy Collins / Suzy Bogguss Jeff Ashby WAV
Day 5"The Sound of Silence" Simon and Garfunkel WAV
Day 6"A Little Traveling Music"
"The Air Force Song"		 Barry Manilow
Robert MacArthur Crawford 		Steven Hawley
Eileen Collins, Catherine Coleman		 WAV

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Shuttle</span> Partially reusable launch system and space plane

The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft where it was the only item funded for development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-6</span> 1983 American crewed spaceflight and maiden flight of Space Shuttle Challenger

STS-6 was the sixth NASA Space Shuttle mission and the maiden flight of the Space ShuttleChallenger. Launched from Kennedy Space Center on April 4, 1983, the mission deployed the first Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, TDRS-1, into orbit, before landing at Edwards Air Force Base on April 9, 1983. STS-6 was the first Space Shuttle mission during which a Extravehicular activity was conducted, and hence was the first in which the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) was used.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-50</span> 1992 American crewed spaceflight

STS-50 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission, the 12th mission of the Columbia orbiter. Columbia landed at Kennedy Space Center for the first time ever due to bad weather at Edwards Air Force Base caused by the remnants of Hurricane Darby.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-41-D</span> 1984 American crewed spaceflight and maiden flight of Space Shuttle Discovery

STS-41-D was the 12th flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program, and the first mission of Space Shuttle Discovery. It was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on August 30, 1984, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on September 5, 1984. Three commercial communications satellites were deployed into orbit during the six-day mission, and a number of scientific experiments were conducted, including a prototype extendable solar array that would eventually form the basis of the main solar arrays on the International Space Station (ISS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-30</span> 1989 American crewed spaceflight to deploy Magellan

STS-30 was the 29th NASA Space Shuttle mission and the fourth mission for Space Shuttle Atlantis. It was the fourth shuttle launch since the Challenger disaster and the first shuttle mission since the disaster to have a female astronaut on board. The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on May 4, 1989, and landed four days later on May 8, 1989. During the mission, Atlantis deployed the Venus-bound Magellan probe into orbit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-28</span> 1989 American crewed spaceflight for the Department of Defense

STS-28 was the 30th NASA Space Shuttle mission, the fourth shuttle mission dedicated to United States Department of Defense (DoD) purposes, and the eighth flight of Space Shuttle Columbia. The mission launched on August 8, 1989, and traveled 3,400,000 km (2,100,000 mi) during 81 orbits of the Earth, before landing on runway 17 of Edwards Air Force Base, California, on August 13, 1989. STS-28 was also Columbia's first flight since January 1986, when it had flown STS-61-C, the mission directly preceding the Challenger disaster of STS-51-L. The mission details of STS-28 are classified, but the payload is widely believed to have been the first SDS-2 relay communications satellite. The altitude of the mission was between 295 km (183 mi) and 307 km (191 mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-35</span> 1990 American crewed spaceflight

STS-35 was the tenth flight of Space Shuttle Columbia, the 38th shuttle mission. It was devoted to astronomical observations with ASTRO-1, a Spacelab observatory consisting of four telescopes. The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida on December 2, 1990.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-40</span> 1991 American crewed spaceflight

STS-40, the eleventh launch of Space Shuttle Columbia, was a nine-day mission in June 1991. It carried the Spacelab module for Spacelab Life Sciences 1 (SLS-1), the fifth Spacelab mission and the first dedicated solely to biology. STS-40 was the first spaceflight that included three women crew members.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-54</span> 1993 American crewed spaceflight to deploy TRDS-6

STS-54 was a NASA Space Transportation System mission using Space Shuttle Endeavour. This was the third flight for Endeavour, and was launched on January 13, 1993 with Endeavour returning to the Kennedy Space Center on January 19, 1993.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-55</span> 1993 American crewed spaceflight

STS-55, or Deutschland 2 (D-2), was the 55th overall flight of the NASA Space Shuttle and the 14th flight of Shuttle Columbia. This flight was a multinational Spacelab flight involving 88 experiments from eleven different nations. The experiments ranged from biology sciences to simple Earth observations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-58</span> 1993 American crewed spaceflight

STS-58 was a NASA mission flown by Space Shuttle Columbia launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on October 18, 1993. The missions was primarily devoted to experiments concerning the physiological effects in space. This was the first in-flight use of the "Portable In-flight Landing Operations Trainer" (PILOT) simulation software. It was also the last time Columbia would land at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-112</span> 2002 American crewed spaceflight to the ISS

STS-112 was an 11-day Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by Space ShuttleAtlantis. Space Shuttle Atlantis was launched on 7 October 2002 at 19:45 UTC from the Kennedy Space Center's launch pad 39B to deliver the 28,000 pound Starboard 1 (S1) truss segment to the Space Station. Ending a 4.5-million-mile journey, Atlantis landed at 15:44 UTC on 18 October 2002 on runway 33 at the Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-60</span> 1994 American crewed spaceflight

STS-60 was the first mission of the U.S./Russian Shuttle-Mir Program, which carried Sergei K. Krikalev, the first Russian cosmonaut to fly aboard a Space Shuttle. The mission used NASA Space Shuttle Discovery, which lifted off from Launch Pad 39A on February 3, 1994, from Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The mission carried the Wake Shield Facility experiment and a SPACEHAB module, developed by SPACEHAB Inc., into orbit, and carried out a live bi-directional audio and downlink link-up with the cosmonauts aboard the Russian space station Mir.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-69</span> 1995 American crewed spaceflight

STS-69 was a Space Shuttle Endeavour mission, and the second flight of the Wake Shield Facility (WSF). The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida on 7 September 1995. It was the 100th successful crewed NASA spaceflight, not including X-15 flights.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-77</span> 1996 American crewed spaceflight

STS-77 was the 77th Space Shuttle mission and the 11th mission of the Space Shuttle Endeavour. The mission began from launch pad 39B from Kennedy Space Center, Florida on 19 May 1996 lasting 10 days and 40 minutes and completing 161 revolutions before landing on runway 33. The defense and aerospace technology company L'Garde was responsible for the design and manufacture of the Antenna in the Inflatable Antenna Experiment, a key component of the STS-77 mission.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-83</span> Unsuccessful 1997 American crewed spaceflight

STS-83 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission flown by Columbia. It was a science research mission that achieved orbit successfully, but the planned duration was a failure due to a technical problem with a fuel cell that resulted in the abort of the 15 day duration. Columbia returned to Earth just shy of four days. The mission was re-flown as STS-94 with the same crew later that year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-105</span> 2001 American crewed spaceflight to the ISS

STS-105 was a mission of the Space Shuttle Discovery to the International Space Station, launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, 10 August 2001. This mission was Discovery's final mission until STS-114, because Discovery was grounded for a refit, and then all Shuttles were grounded in the wake of the Columbia disaster. The refit included an update of the flight deck to the glass cockpit layout, which was already installed on Atlantis and Columbia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Shuttle external tank</span> Component of the Space Shuttle launch vehicle

The Space Shuttle external tank (ET) was the component of the Space Shuttle launch vehicle that contained the liquid hydrogen fuel and liquid oxygen oxidizer. During lift-off and ascent it supplied the fuel and oxidizer under pressure to the three RS-25 main engines in the orbiter. The ET was jettisoned just over 10 seconds after main engine cut-off (MECO) and it re-entered the Earth's atmosphere. Unlike the Solid Rocket Boosters, external tanks were not re-used. They broke up before impact in the Indian Ocean, away from shipping lanes and were not recovered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Shuttle orbiter</span> Reusable spacecraft component of the Space Shuttle system

The Space Shuttle orbiter is the spaceplane component of the Space Shuttle, a partially reusable orbital spacecraft system that was part of the discontinued Space Shuttle program. Operated from 1977 to 2011 by NASA, the U.S. space agency, this vehicle could carry astronauts and payloads into low Earth orbit, perform in-space operations, then re-enter the atmosphere and land as a glider, returning its crew and any on-board payload to the Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">G-616</span>

G-616, formally known as GAS canister #G-616: The Effect of Cosmic Radiation on Static Computer Media & Plant Seeds Exposure to Microgravity was an experiment flown on the Space Shuttle as a self-contained experiment, as part of STS-40.

References

PD-icon.svg This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration .

  1. ↑ "STS-93 (95)". Shuttle Countdown Online. NASA. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 "STS-93: Columbia OV102". Shuttle Press Kit. 13 July 1999. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  3. 1 2 "International Flight No. 210: STS-93". Spacefacts.de. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  4. ↑ "Shuttle releases heaviest payload ever". CNN. 23 July 1999. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  5. ↑ "Heaviest payload launched - shuttle". Guinness World Records. July 1999. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  6. ↑ "Spaceflight mission report: STS-93". www.spacefacts.de. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  7. ↑ "Contingency Aborts 21007/31007" (PDF). nasa.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  8. ↑ Hale, Wayne (17 October 2014). "STS-93: Dualing computers". Wayne Hale's Blog. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  9. ↑ Greene, William D. (24 August 2011). "Inside The J-2X Doghouse: Engine Control — Open versus Closed Loop". Liquid Rocket Engines (J-2X, RS-25, general). NASA. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  10. ↑ Hale, Wayne (26 October 2014). "STS-93: We don't need any more of those". Wayne Hale's Blog. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  11. ↑ Hale, Wayne (31 October 2013). "Keeping Eileen on the Ground: Part II – or – How I Got Launch Fever". Wayne Hale's Blog. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  12. ↑ "US Mint to show unseen gold space coins". collectSpace. 14 July 2007. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  13. 1 2 Fries, Colin (13 March 2015). "Chronology of Wakeup Calls" (PDF). NASA History Division. p. 43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  14. 1 2 "STS-93 Wakeup Calls". NASA. 11 May 2009. Archived from the original on 2 October 1999. Retrieved 31 July 2009.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.