1377 in literature

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Geoffrey Chaucer English poet and author

Geoffrey Chaucer was an English poet and author. Widely seen as the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages, he is best known for The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer has been styled the "Father of English literature". He was the first writer buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey. Chaucer also gained fame as a philosopher and astronomer, composing the scientific A Treatise on the Astrolabe for his 10-year-old son Lewis. He maintained a career in the civil service as a bureaucrat, courtier, diplomat, and member of parliament.

Ibn Khaldun 14th-century Arab historiographer and historian

Ibn Khaldun was a leading Tunisian Muslim historiographer and historian. He is widely considered as a forerunner of the modern disciplines of historiography, sociology, economics, and demography.

Nicole Oresme French philosopher

Nicole Oresme, also known as Nicolas Oresme, Nicholas Oresme, or Nicolas d'Oresme, was a significant philosopher of the later Middle Ages. He wrote influential works on economics, mathematics, physics, astrology and astronomy, philosophy, and theology; was Bishop of Lisieux, a translator, a counselor of King Charles V of France, and probably one of the most original thinkers of 14th-century Europe.

Abu Muhammad 'Abd al-Malik bin Hisham ibn Ayyub al-Himyari al-Mu'afiri al-Baṣri, or Ibn Hisham, edited the biography of Islamic prophet Muhammad written by Ibn Ishaq. He was said to have mastered Arabic philology in a way which only Sibawayh had.

The Thamūd is an ancient civilization in the Hejaz known from the 8th century BCE to near the time of Muhammad. The Thamud civilization was located in the north of the peninsula. Although they are thought to have originated in Southern Arabia, Arabic tradition has them moving north to settle on the slopes of Mount Athlab near Mada'in Saleh.

Malhun, meaning "the melodic poem", is a form of music originated in Morocco. It is a kind of urban, sung poetry that comes from the exclusively masculine working-class milieu of craftsmen's guilds.

The historiography of early Islam refers to the historiogaphic study of the early history of Islam during the 7th century, from Muhammad's first revelations in 610 until the disintegration of the Rashidun Caliphate in 661, and arguably throughout the 8th century and the duration of the Umayyad Caliphate, terminating in the incipient Islamic Golden Age around the beginning of the 9th century.

Franz Rosenthal was the Louis M. Rabinowitz professor of Semitic languages at Yale from 1956 to 1967 and Sterling Professor Emeritus of Arabic, scholar of Arabic literature and Islam at Yale from 1967 to 1985.

Sijilmasa Medieval Moroccan city

Sijilmasa was a medieval Moroccan city and trade entrepôt at the northern edge of the Sahara in Morocco. The ruins of the town extend for five miles along the River Ziz in the Tafilalt oasis near the town of Rissani. The town's history was marked by several successive invasions by Berber dynasties. Up until the 14th century, as the northern terminus for the western trans-Sahara trade route, it was one of the most important trade centres in the Maghreb during the Middle Ages.

Mansa (title) royal title in the Mali Empire

Mansa is a Mandinka word meaning "sultan" (king) or "emperor". It is particularly associated with the Keita Dynasty of the Mali Empire, which dominated West Africa from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century. Powers of the mansa included the right to dispense justice and to monopolize trade, particularly in gold. Sundiata Keita was the first to assume the title of mansa (emperor), which was passed down through the Keita line with few interruptions well into the 15th century. Other notable mansas include his son Wali Keita and the powerful Mansa Musa, whose hajj helped define a new direction for the Empire. The succession of the Mali Empire is primarily known through Tunisian historian ibn Khaldun's History of the Berbers.

Ash-Shihr Place in Hadhramaut, Yemen

ash-Shihr, also known as al-Shir or simply Shihr, is a coastal town in Hadhramaut, eastern Yemen.

ʿAsabiyya or asabiyyah is a concept of social solidarity with an emphasis on unity, group consciousness and sense of shared purpose, and social cohesion, originally in a context of "tribalism" and "clanism". It was familiar in the pre-Islamic era, but became popularized in Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah where it is described as the fundamental bond of human society and the basic motive force of history, pure only in its nomadic form. ʿAsabiyya is neither necessarily nomadic nor based on blood relations; rather, it resembles philosophy of classical republicanism. In the modern period, it is generally analogous to solidarity. However, it is often negatively associated because it can sometimes suggest loyalty to one's group regardless of circumstances, or partisanship. Ibn Khaldun also argued that ʿasabiyya is cyclical and directly related to the rise and fall of civilizations: it is most strong at the start of a civilization, declines as the civilization advances, and then another more compelling ʿasabiyyah eventually takes its place to help establish a different civilization.

Recorded history historical narrative based on a written record or other documented communication

Recorded history or written history is a historical narrative based on a written record or other documented communication. It contrasts with other narratives of the past, such as mythological, oral or archeological traditions. For broader world history, recorded history begins with the accounts of the ancient world around the 4th millennium BC, and coincides with the invention of writing. For some geographic regions or cultures, written history is limited to a relatively recent period in human history because of the limited use of written records. Moreover, human cultures do not always record all of the information relevant to later historians, such as the full impact of natural disasters or the names of individuals. Recorded history for particular types of information is therefore limited based on the types of records kept. Because of this, recorded history in different contexts may refer to different periods of time depending on the topic.

Moroccan literature is the literature produced by people who lived in or were otherwise connected to Morocco and the successive states throughout history that have existed partially or entirely within the geographical area that is now Morocco. The literature of Morocco encompasses various forms of written literature, including poetry, prose, theater, and others—written in the numerous languages spoken in Morocco throughout history: Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, Amazigh languages, Darija, French, Spanish, and English.

A zairja was a device used by medieval Arab astrologers to generate ideas by mechanical means. The name may derive from a mixture of the Persian words zaicha and daira ("circle").

The Muqaddimah, also known as the Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldun or Ibn Khaldun's Prolegomena, is a book written by the Arab historian Ibn Khaldun in 1377 which records an early view of universal history. Some modern thinkers view it as the first work dealing with the social sciences of sociology, demography, and cultural history. The Muqaddimah also deals with Islamic theology, historiography, the philosophy of history, economics, political theory, and ecology. It has also been described as an early representative of social Darwinism, and Darwinism.

In the history of economic thought, ancient economic thought refers to the ideas from people before the Middle Ages.

Muqaddimah (مقدمة) or Mukadimah is an Arabic word used to mean "Prologue" or "The Introduction", to introduce a larger work, e.g., a book. Sometimes any preface of a book called muqaddimah too. Muqaddimah may specifically refer to:

A political midlife crisis is a turning point or watershed moment in the fortunes of a governance entity such as an empire, nation, faction, political party, or international alliance. The concept was first advanced by Arab thinker Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), who compared an individual's decline after reaching the age of forty, with the sedentary decline that occurs in a dynasty. More recently, political scientist Joshua S Goldstein has used the concept in his 1988 book, Long Cycles: Prosperity and War in the Modern Age.

Abdullah al-Kafif az-Zarhuni was a North African zajal poet in the Marinid period. He is known for composing an epic zajal poem known as Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni, considered the first text in Moroccan vernacular Arabic, in the period of Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman al-Marini.

References

  1. Rossignol, Rosalyn (2006). Critical Companion to Chaucer: A literary Reference to His Life and Work. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 612. ISBN   0-8160-6193-9.
  2. Ibn Khaldun (1989). The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p.  Back Cover. ISBN   0-691-01754-9.
  3. Grant, Edward (2002). "Nicole Oresme". In Curren, Randall (ed.). A Companion to the Philosophy of Education. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN   0-631-21672-3.
  4. Bediuzzaman Said Nursi (2008). The Reasonings: A Key to Understanding the Qu'ran's Eloquence. Somerset, NJ: Tughra Books. p. 50. ISBN   978-1-59784-129-0.