Related Research Articles
The Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD), Urdu: اتحاد برائے بحالی جمہوریت, was a political alliance in Pakistan founded in 1981 by the political parties opposing the military government of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the sixth president of Pakistan. Headed by Benazir Bhutto of the Pakistan People's Party, its objective was the end of martial law and restoration of the democracy.
The political history of Pakistan is the narrative and analysis of political events, ideas, movements, and leaders of Pakistan. Pakistan gained independence from the United Kingdom on 14 August 1947, when the Presidencies and provinces of British India were divided by the United Kingdom, in a region which is commonly referred to as the Indian subcontinent. Since its independence, Pakistan has had a colorful yet turbulent political history at times, often characterized by martial law and inefficient leadership.
Events from the year 2007 in Pakistan.
General elections were held in Pakistan on 7 March 1977 to elect 200 members of the National Assembly. They were the second general elections held in Pakistan and the first to be held after the Bangladesh Liberation War.
The 2010 Kashmir unrest was a series of violent protests and riots in the Kashmir Division and Chenab Valley and Pir Panjal regions of Northern Jammu division of Jammu and Kashmir, India which started in June 2010 after the Indian Army claimed to have killed three Pakistani infiltrators in which a soldier of the Territorial Army, a counter-insurgent and a former special police officer had found three young men from their Nadihal village in Baramulla district and killed them in a "staged" encounter at Sona Pindi. The protests occurred in a movement launched by Hurriyat Conference led by Syed Ali Shah Geelani and Mirwaiz Umar Farooq in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir in June 2010, who called for the complete demilitarisation of Jammu and Kashmir. The All Parties Hurriyat Conference made this call to a strike, citing human rights abuses by security forces. Rioters shouting pro-independence slogans, defied curfew, attacked riot police with stones and burnt vehicles and buildings. The protests started out as anti India protests but later were also targeted against the United States following the 2010 Qur'an-burning controversy. The riot police consisting of Jammu and Kashmir Police and Indian Para-military forces fired teargas shells rubber bullets and also live ammunition on the protesters, resulting in 112 deaths, including many teenagers and an 11-year-old boy. The protests subsided after the Indian government announced a package of measures aimed at defusing the tensions in September 2010.
The 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq or Second Sadr Uprising was a short period of unrest in Iraq in early 1999 following the killing of Muhammad al-Sadr by the then Ba'athist government of Iraq. The protests and ensuing violence were strongest in the heavily Shia neighborhoods of Baghdad, as well as southern majority Shiite cities such as Karbala, Nasiriyah, Kufa, Najaf, and Basra.
The Syrian Revolution, also known as the Syrian Revolution of Dignity, was a series of mass protests and uprisings in Syria – with a subsequent violent reaction by the Syrian Arab Republic – lasting from March 2011 to December 2024, as part of the wider Arab Spring in the Arab world. The revolution, which demanded the end of the decades-long Assad family rule, began as minor demonstrations during January 2011 and transformed into large nation-wide protests in March. The uprising was marked by mass protests against the Ba'athist dictatorship of president Bashar al-Assad meeting police and military violence, massive arrests and a brutal crackdown, resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands wounded. 13 years after the start of the revolution, the Assad regime fell in 2024 after a series of rebel offensives.
Protests against the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état erupted in July 2013. Immediately following the removal of President Mohamed Morsi by the Egyptian Armed Forces on 3 July 2013 amid demonstrations against Morsi's rule, many protesters amassed near the Rabia Al-Adawiya Mosque to call for Morsi's return to power and condemn the military, while others demonstrated in support of the military and interim government. Deadly clashes such as Rabaa massacre continued for several days, with three particularly bloody incidents being described by officials as "massacres" perpetrated by security forces. During the month of Ramadan, prime minister Hazem al-Beblawy threatened to disperse the ongoing Pro-Morsi sit-ins in Rabaa al-Adaweya square and al-Nahda square. The government crackdown of these protests occurred in a violent dispersal on 14 August 2013. In mid-August, the violence directed by the army towards the protesters escalated, with hundreds killed, and the government declaring a month-long nighttime curfew.
The 2019–2020 Guinean protests, or the Front National pour la Défense de la Constitution (FNDC), were a series of violent protests and mass civil unrest around Guinea against the rule of Alpha Condé that first broke out on 14 October 2019 against constitutional changes. More than 800 were killed in violent clashes and political scenes yet ethnic clashes and this spawned even further rhetoric, while the protesters still resisted despite the harsh repression. After the 2020 Guinean presidential election, widespread unrest took place, leading to the deaths of 27 protesters.
The 2020 Ivorian protests were a series of massive rioting and increasingly violent street demonstrations adding to the growing massive street protests and civil disorder sweeping Ivory Coast. The protests were against the results and the re-run of president Alassane Ouattara. These protests were major anti-government opposition protests, and consisted of supporters of opposition protests in Abidjan and other cities in support of democratic reforms. Protesters used nonviolent tactics but met with intense violence back from the riot police.
The 1935–1936 protests in Egypt was a nationwide revolution and mass uprising against British influence in Egypt and student demonstrations demanding independence after plans by the Egyptian government to annex all of Egypt and the signing of a peace treaty and the 1923 constitution became inapplicable. Massive demonstrations and pro-Democratic riots first waged on as a wave of national protests and civil disobedience against the provincial government and British influence in the country. Pro-war university strikes and anti-British protests in November 1935 was met with force by the Egyptian government, including live ammunition and rubber bullets. Anti-British and anti-government democratic opposition remonstrances continued and escalated into riots and snowballed into a full-scale revolution, with fighting between demonstrators and the military. Mass protests spread nationwide in January–February, despite a violent crackdown. Large-scale Strike actions was deplored across Egypt, like Helwan, Hurghada and Port Said. The protests was the first national uprising since the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 and the most violent and popular since. 100+ protesters were killed in the clashes and intense crackdown and the fighting among crowds and the military while attempts to quell the mass uprising.
The 2005-2006 Egyptian protests was a wave of protests and massive General strikes and opposition protests against president Hosni Mubarak and his cabinet, the military and the results of the 2005 Egyptian presidential election. Hundreds of thousands took to the streets for months in 2005, protesting the re-run of Hosni Mubarak and demanded the fall of the regime. The unrest and civil disturbances were mostly peaceful apart from some acts of civil violence during massive demonstrations in September, denouncing the results of the 2005 Egyptian presidential election. The protests continued into 2006, while massive journalist and artist protest movements were rocking Egypt. Worker protests and student demonstrations were also erupting along towns nationwide, protesting tuition fee hikes and Inflation. Pro-democratic opposition protests were also taking place in the first 4 months of 2006. In September, 10 were killed in clashes at protests against Corruption and cartoons. Unemployment and Poverty also led to massive labour protests across Egypt throughout October-December. A Massive labour uprising occurred in El Mahalla El Kubra in December, in which one was killed in the bloody clashes that followed the worker protests demanding better wages and more better living conditions in working places. A strike wave led to the deaths of 13 in 2007.
The 2018–2019 Bangladesh protests, also known as the Bangladeshi Social Revolution, was a series of public social unrest and Strike actions by Garment workers and Trade unions against low wages and high unemployment and demanded the resignation of the government. Over 50,000 protesters participated in the nonviolent movement. Anti-wages and anti-fee hike demonstrations loomed in Factories and Company buildings in Ashulia and Rajshahi, where most protesters staged their protest and sit-ins. Dhaka and other minor areas with factories experienced massive increasingly violent and severe street demonstrations while growing street opposition. Civil disobedience and massive labour unrest rocked the country as Garment workers and Farmers demonstrated nationwide against the results of the 2018 Bangladeshi general election, the ousting and sacking of workers in Factories, harsh working conditions and deteriorating wage conditions. Police brutality and deadly clashes was met at protest movement sites and many people were killed in the strikes and Nonviolent resistance and Civil resistance movement at towns and regions nationwide. The protests was suppressed by the military on 13 January, 2019 after a wave of crackdowns for 7 days and clampdowns on the 2018 Bangladesh election violence. The result of the massive movement was mobs were arrested and 1500+ workers are sacked.
The 2003 Iranian student protests was a series of nationwide rallies and student protests in Iran against president Mohammad Khatami and demanded more liberal democratic reforms and justice over the deaths in the Iran student protests, July 1999.
The 2018–2019 Comoran protests were a series of mass protests and a deadly uprisings consisting of strikes, riots, demonstrations, and marches in opposition to president Azali Assoumani in Comoros in 2018–2019.
The 2019 Benin protests was a widespread popular uprising and post-election conflict after the opposition was barred from running in the 2019 Beninese parliamentary election in Benin.
The 1989–1990 protests in Ivory Coast was massive violent demonstrations and a popular uprising that sprang up in Ivory Coast or Côte d'Ivoire in late-1989 to mid-1990, inspired by the 1989–1990 unrest in Benin against the government, low salaries and more.
The 2009 Gabonese protests was rioting and popular disturbances with immediate unrest and violent opposition-led street demonstrations and growing civil disobedience movement across Port Gentil and Libreville in Gabon after the immediate results of the 2009 Gabonese presidential election was announced. Two were left dead amid the unrest, clashes and fighting between the rival forces. French interference in the actions sparked national outrage, one of the causes if the immediate unrest.
The Tehreek Nizam-e-Mustafa or the Nizam-e-Mustafa was a populist, Islamist movement and a slogan which was started in Pakistan by the Jamat-e-Islami and the Pakistan National Alliance in 1977 to overthrow the secular and socialist government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and establish an Islamic system in Pakistan, inspired from the Sharia, the PNA, which had started this movement believed that the 1977 Elections of Pakistan had been rigged by Bhutto, and therefore, lacked any legitimacy.
References
- ↑ "Protests Against Pakistan Regime Virtually Paralyze Karachi Port". New York Times. 21 April 1977.
- ↑ "What goes around: the movement against Bhutto". Dawn.com. August 31, 2014.
- ↑ "Pakistan's Black Day". TheDiplomat. July 8, 2016.