1979 Soviet nuclear tests

See also: List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union

1979
Nuclear blast animation
Information
Country	Soviet Union
Test site	Atyrau, Kazakhstan; Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan; Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan; Donetsk, Ukraine; Khanty-Mansi, Russia; Krasnoyarsk, Russia; NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia; Sakha, Russia; Sary-Uzen/Murzhik, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan
Period	1979
Number of tests	31
Test type	underground shaft, tunnel
Max. yield	150 kilotonnes of TNT (630 TJ)
Test series chronology
←  1978 Soviet nuclear tests 1980 Soviet nuclear tests  →

The Soviet Union's 1979 nuclear test series ^[1] was a group of 31 nuclear tests conducted in 1979. These tests ^{[note 1]} followed the 1978 Soviet nuclear tests series and preceded the 1980 Soviet nuclear tests series.

Soviet Union's 1979 series tests and detonations

Name [note 2]	Date time (UT)	Local time zone [note 3] [2]	Location [note 4]	Elevation + height [note 5]	Delivery, [note 6] Purpose [note 7]	Device [note 8]	Yield [note 9]	Fallout [note 10]	References	Notes
512 Galit A2.6 (Halite)	10 January 1979 08:00:00.0	SHET (5 hrs)	Atyrau, Kazakhstan: A-II-7 47°54′32″N47°54′43″E / 47.909°N 47.912°E / 47.909; 47.912 (512 Galit A2.6 (Halite))	– 600 m (2,000 ft)	underground shaft, cavity excavation		500 t		[1] [3] [4] [5] [6]	Create reservoirs for gas storage. A fizzle.
513 Galit A8 (Halite) - 1	17 January 1979 07:59:58.5	SHET (5 hrs)	Atyrau, Kazakhstan: A-VIII 47°55′07″N48°07′26″E / 47.91873°N 48.12376°E / 47.91873; 48.12376 (513 Galit A8 (Halite) - 1)	– 1,000 m (3,300 ft)	underground shaft, cavity excavation		12 kt	Venting detected	[1] [4] [5] [6] [7]	Create reservoirs for gas storage.
513 Galit A8 (Halite) - 2	17 January 1979 07:59:58.5	SHET (5 hrs)	Atyrau, Kazakhstan: A-VIII 47°55′07″N48°07′26″E / 47.91873°N 48.12376°E / 47.91873; 48.12376 (513 Galit A8 (Halite) - 2)	+	underground shaft, cavity excavation		56 kt	Venting detected	[1] [3] [5] [6] [7]	Create reservoirs for gas storage.
514	1 February 1979 04:13:00.17	ALMT (6 hrs)	Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1006 50°05′09″N78°51′05″E / 50.08586°N 78.85137°E / 50.08586; 78.85137 (514)	330 m (1,080 ft) +	underground shaft, weapons development		18 kt		[1] [4] [5] [6] [7]
515 - 1	16 February 1979 04:04:00.5	ALMT (6 hrs)	Sary-Uzen/Murzhik, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 109 49°57′56″N77°40′15″E / 49.96553°N 77.67082°E / 49.96553; 77.67082 (515 - 1)	460 m (1,510 ft) +	underground shaft, weapons development		23 kt		[1] [4] [5] [6] [8]
515 - 2	16 February 1979 04:04:01	ALMT (6 hrs)	Sary-Uzen/Murzhik, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 2803 49°57′56″N77°40′15″E / 49.96553°N 77.67082°E / 49.96553; 77.67082 (515 - 2)	460 m (1,510 ft) +	underground shaft, weapons development		unknown yield		[1] [3] [5] [6] [9]
516	23 March 1979	ALMT (6 hrs)	Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 115p 49°48′42″N78°09′34″E / 49.81173°N 78.15933°E / 49.81173; 78.15933 (516)	602 m (1,975 ft) +	tunnel, safety experiment		1000 kg		[1] [3] [5] [6] [7]
517	10 April 1979	ALMT (6 hrs)	Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 115p 49°48′41″N78°09′45″E / 49.81131°N 78.16243°E / 49.81131; 78.16243 (517)	602 m (1,975 ft) +	tunnel, safety experiment		1000 kg		[1] [3] [5] [6] [7]
518 - 1	6 May 1979 03:17:00.07	ALMT (6 hrs)	Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 701p 49°45′51″N77°59′57″E / 49.7643°N 77.9993°E / 49.7643; 77.9993 (518 - 1)	704 m (2,310 ft) +	tunnel, weapons development		15 kt		[1] [4] [5] [6] [7]
518 - 2	6 May 1979 03:17:00.1	ALMT (6 hrs)	Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 701p 49°45′51″N77°59′57″E / 49.7643°N 77.9993°E / 49.7643; 77.9993 (518 - 2)	704 m (2,310 ft) +	tunnel, weapons development		unknown yield		[1] [3] [5] [6] [7]
519 - 1	31 May 1979 05:55:00.05	ALMT (6 hrs)	Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 141 49°49′04″N78°04′03″E / 49.81765°N 78.06755°E / 49.81765; 78.06755 (519 - 1)	745 m (2,444 ft) +	tunnel, weapons development		17 kt		[1] [4] [5] [6] [7]
519 - 2	31 May 1979 05:55:00.1	ALMT (6 hrs)	Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 141 49°49′04″N78°04′03″E / 49.81765°N 78.06755°E / 49.81765; 78.06755 (519 - 2)	745 m (2,444 ft) +	tunnel, weapons development		unknown yield		[1] [3] [5] [6] [7]
519 - 3	31 May 1979 05:55:00.1	ALMT (6 hrs)	Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 141 49°49′04″N78°04′03″E / 49.81765°N 78.06755°E / 49.81765; 78.06755 (519 - 3)	745 m (2,444 ft) +	tunnel, weapons development		unknown yield		[1] [3] [5] [6] [7]
519 - 4	31 May 1979 05:55:00	ALMT (6 hrs)	Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 136p 49°49′36″N78°04′07″E / 49.82679°N 78.06854°E / 49.82679; 78.06854 (519 - 4)	638 m (2,093 ft) +	tunnel, weapons development		unknown yield		[1] [3] [5] [6] [7]
520	12 June 1979	ALMT (6 hrs)	Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 115-ppp 49°48′39″N78°09′54″E / 49.81091°N 78.16508°E / 49.81091; 78.16508 (520)	602 m (1,975 ft) +	tunnel, safety experiment		1000 kg		[1] [3] [5] [6] [7]
521	23 June 1979 02:57:00.11	ALMT (6 hrs)	Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1223 49°54′58″N78°50′40″E / 49.91608°N 78.84455°E / 49.91608; 78.84455 (521)	330 m (1,080 ft) +	underground shaft, weapons development		149 kt		[1] [4] [5] [6] [7]
522 - 1	7 July 1979 03:46:59.87	ALMT (6 hrs)	Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1225 50°02′24″N78°59′22″E / 50.04°N 78.98957°E / 50.04; 78.98957 (522 - 1)	330 m (1,080 ft) +	underground shaft, weapons development		97 kt		[1] [4] [5] [6] [7]
522 - 2	7 July 1979 03:46:59.9	ALMT (6 hrs)	Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1225 50°02′24″N78°59′22″E / 50.04°N 78.98957°E / 50.04; 78.98957 (522 - 2)	330 m (1,080 ft) +	underground shaft, weapons development		unknown yield		[1] [5] [6] [7] [10]
523 Galit A11 (Halite) - 1	14 July 1979 04:59:58.0	SHET (5 hrs)	Atyrau, Kazakhstan: A-XI 47°52′55″N48°07′12″E / 47.88195°N 48.12012°E / 47.88195; 48.12012 (523 Galit A11 (Halite) - 1)	– 980 m (3,220 ft)	underground shaft, cavity excavation		7 kt		[1] [3] [4] [5] [6]	Create reservoirs for gas storage.
523 Galit A11 (Halite) - 2	14 July 1979 04:59:58.0	SHET (5 hrs)	Atyrau, Kazakhstan: A-XI 47°52′55″N48°07′12″E / 47.88195°N 48.12012°E / 47.88195; 48.12012 (523 Galit A11 (Halite) - 2)	+	underground shaft, cavity excavation		7 kt		[1] [3] [5] [6] [9]	Create reservoirs for gas storage.
523 Galit A11 (Halite) - 3	14 July 1979 04:59:58.0	SHET (5 hrs)	Atyrau, Kazakhstan: A-XI 47°52′55″N48°07′12″E / 47.88195°N 48.12012°E / 47.88195; 48.12012 (523 Galit A11 (Halite) - 3)	+	underground shaft, cavity excavation		7 kt		[1] [3] [5] [6] [9]	Create reservoirs for gas storage.
524	18 July 1979 03:17:04.92	ALMT (6 hrs)	Sary-Uzen/Murzhik, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 2613 49°55′14″N77°48′48″E / 49.92057°N 77.81339°E / 49.92057; 77.81339 (524)	460 m (1,510 ft) +	underground shaft, weapons development		12 kt		[1] [5] [6] [7] [8]
525	18 July 1979 03:17:04.9	ALMT (6 hrs)	Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 195p 49°46′45″N78°06′10″E / 49.7791°N 78.1027°E / 49.7791; 78.1027 (525)	600 m (2,000 ft) +	tunnel, fundamental science		14 kt		[1] [4] [5] [6] [7]
526 - 1	4 August 1979 03:56:59.67	ALMT (6 hrs)	Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1085 49°54′17″N78°53′11″E / 49.90467°N 78.88634°E / 49.90467; 78.88634 (526 - 1)	330 m (1,080 ft) +	underground shaft, weapons development		150 kt		[1] [4] [5] [6] [7]
526 - 2	4 August 1979 03:56:59.7	ALMT (6 hrs)	Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1085 49°54′17″N78°53′11″E / 49.90467°N 78.88634°E / 49.90467; 78.88634 (526 - 2)	330 m (1,080 ft) +	underground shaft, weapons development		unknown yield		[1] [5] [6] [7] [10]
527 Kimberlit 4 (Kimberlite)	12 August 1979 18:00:00.2	YAKT (9 hrs)	Sakha, Russia: KM-4 61°48′11″N122°25′48″E / 61.803°N 122.43°E / 61.803; 122.43 (527 Kimberlit 4 (Kimberlite))	– 980 m (3,220 ft)	underground shaft, seismic sounding		8.5 kt		[1] [3] [4] [5] [6]	Seismic probing program.
528 - 1	18 August 1979 02:51:59.71	ALMT (6 hrs)	Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1226 49°56′55″N78°55′07″E / 49.9485°N 78.9185°E / 49.9485; 78.9185 (528 - 1)	330 m (1,080 ft) +	underground shaft, weapons development		150 kt		[1] [4] [5] [6] [7]
528 - 2	18 August 1979 02:51:59.7	ALMT (6 hrs)	Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1226 49°56′55″N78°55′07″E / 49.9485°N 78.9185°E / 49.9485; 78.9185 (528 - 2)	330 m (1,080 ft) +	underground shaft, weapons development		unknown yield		[1] [5] [6] [7] [10]
529 Kimberlit 3 (Kimberlite)	6 September 1979 18:00:00.3	KRAT (7 hrs)	Krasnoyarsk, Russia: KM-3 64°06′36″N99°33′43″E / 64.11°N 99.562°E / 64.11; 99.562 (529 Kimberlit 3 (Kimberlite))	– 600 m (2,000 ft)	underground shaft, seismic sounding		8.5 kt		[1] [3] [4] [5] [6]	Seismic probing program. 35 km SW Tura, Krasnoyarsk.
530 Klivazh (Cleavage)	16 September 1979 09:00:00.0	MSK (3 hrs)	Donetsk, Ukraine: Yunkom Mine 48°12′48″N38°16′54″E / 48.21336°N 38.28162°E / 48.21336; 38.28162 (530 Klivazh (Cleavage))	– 900 m (3,000 ft)	tunnel, industrial, free methane gas, to lower danger of explosion		300 t		[1] [3] [5] [6] [9] [11]	The mine resumed normal operations the following day
531 - 1	24 September 1979 03:29:58.75	MSK (3 hrs)	NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-32 73°20′35″N54°40′19″E / 73.343°N 54.672°E / 73.343; 54.672 (531 - 1)	100 m (330 ft) – 500 m (1,600 ft)	tunnel, weapons development		130 kt	Venting detected on site, 170 Ci (6,300 GBq)	[1] [4] [5] [6] [8]
531 - 2	24 September 1979 03:29:58.8	MSK (3 hrs)	NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-32 73°20′35″N54°40′19″E / 73.343°N 54.672°E / 73.343; 54.672 (531 - 2)	100 m (330 ft) +	tunnel, weapons development		unknown yield		[1] [3] [5] [6] [9]
531 - 3	24 September 1979 03:29:58.8	MSK (3 hrs)	NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-32 73°20′35″N54°40′19″E / 73.343°N 54.672°E / 73.343; 54.672 (531 - 3)	100 m (330 ft) +	tunnel, weapons development		unknown yield		[1] [3] [5] [6] [9]
532	27 September 1979 04:13:00.0	ALMT (6 hrs)	Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 175p 49°45′00″N78°02′24″E / 49.75°N 78.0399°E / 49.75; 78.0399 (532)	682 m (2,238 ft) +	tunnel, weapon effect		1.6 kt		[1] [4] [5] [6] [7]
533 Kimberlit 1 (Kimberlite)	4 October 1979 16:00:00.0	SVET (5 hrs)	Khanty-Mansi, Russia: KM-1 60°40′30″N71°27′18″E / 60.675°N 71.455°E / 60.675; 71.455 (533 Kimberlit 1 (Kimberlite))	– 840 m (2,760 ft)	underground shaft, seismic sounding		22 kt		[1] [3] [4] [5] [6]	Seismic probing program. 122 km SW Surgut.
534 Sheksna (Neva)	7 October 1979 21:00:00.2	YAKT (9 hrs)	Sakha, Russia: 47 61°51′N113°06′E / 61.85°N 113.1°E / 61.85; 113.1 (534 Sheksna (Neva))	– 1,550 m (5,090 ft)	underground shaft, oil stimulation		15 kt		[1] [3] [4] [5] [6]	Oil recovery intensification.
535 - 1	18 October 1979 04:17:00.11	ALMT (6 hrs)	Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 128 49°49′12″N78°06′01″E / 49.82°N 78.1003°E / 49.82; 78.1003 (535 - 1)	659 m (2,162 ft) +	tunnel, weapons development		15 kt		[1] [4] [5] [6] [7]
535 - 2	18 October 1979 04:17:00.1	ALMT (6 hrs)	Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 128 49°49′12″N78°06′01″E / 49.82°N 78.1003°E / 49.82; 78.1003 (535 - 2)	659 m (2,162 ft) +	tunnel, weapons development		unknown yield		[1] [3] [5] [6] [7]
536 - 1	18 October 1979 07:09:58.75	MSK (3 hrs)	NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-20 73°18′58″N54°48′58″E / 73.316°N 54.816°E / 73.316; 54.816 (536 - 1)	100 m (330 ft) – 500 m (1,600 ft)	tunnel, weapons development		150 kt	Venting detected on site, 40 Ci (1,500 GBq)	[1] [4] [5] [6] [8]
536 - 2	18 October 1979 07:09:58.8	MSK (3 hrs)	NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-20 73°18′58″N54°48′58″E / 73.316°N 54.816°E / 73.316; 54.816 (536 - 2)	100 m (330 ft) +	tunnel, weapons development		unknown yield		[1] [3] [5] [6] [9]
536 - 3	18 October 1979 07:09:58.8	MSK (3 hrs)	NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-20 73°18′58″N54°48′58″E / 73.316°N 54.816°E / 73.316; 54.816 (536 - 3)	100 m (330 ft) +	tunnel, weapons development		unknown yield		[1] [3] [5] [6] [9]
536 - 4	18 October 1979 07:09:58.8	MSK (3 hrs)	NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-20 73°18′58″N54°48′58″E / 73.316°N 54.816°E / 73.316; 54.816 (536 - 4)	100 m (330 ft) +	tunnel, weapons development		unknown yield		[1] [3] [5] [6] [9]
537 Galit A10 (Halite) - 1	24 October 1979 05:59:59.0	SHET (5 hrs)	Atyrau, Kazakhstan: A-X 47°51′09″N48°08′36″E / 47.85243°N 48.14327°E / 47.85243; 48.14327 (537 Galit A10 (Halite) - 1)	– 850 m (2,790 ft)	underground shaft, cavity excavation		3 kt		[1] [3] [4] [5] [6]	Create reservoirs for gas storage.
537 Galit A10 (Halite) - 2	24 October 1979 05:59:59.0	SHET (5 hrs)	Atyrau, Kazakhstan: A-X 47°51′09″N48°08′36″E / 47.85243°N 48.14327°E / 47.85243; 48.14327 (537 Galit A10 (Halite) - 2)	+	underground shaft, cavity excavation		30 kt		[1] [3] [5] [6] [9]
538 - 1	28 October 1979 03:16:59.55	ALMT (6 hrs)	Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1224 49°59′51″N78°59′40″E / 49.99759°N 78.9945°E / 49.99759; 78.9945 (538 - 1)	330 m (1,080 ft) +	underground shaft, weapons development		120 kt		[1] [4] [5] [6] [7]
538 - 2	28 October 1979 03:16:59.6	ALMT (6 hrs)	Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1224 49°59′51″N78°59′40″E / 49.99759°N 78.9945°E / 49.99759; 78.9945 (538 - 2)	330 m (1,080 ft) +	underground shaft, weapons development		unknown yield		[1] [5] [6] [7] [10]
539	30 November 1979 04:53:00.58	ALMT (6 hrs)	Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 192p 49°46′46″N78°05′43″E / 49.7794°N 78.0953°E / 49.7794; 78.0953 (539)	635 m (2,083 ft) +	tunnel, weapons development		1.6 kt		[1] [4] [5] [6] [7]
540 - 1	2 December 1979 04:37:00.06	ALMT (6 hrs)	Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1309 49°54′37″N78°47′04″E / 49.91024°N 78.78456°E / 49.91024; 78.78456 (540 - 1)	330 m (1,080 ft) +	underground shaft, weapons development		93 kt		[1] [4] [5] [6] [7]
540 - 2	2 December 1979 04:37:00.1	ALMT (6 hrs)	Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1309 49°54′37″N78°47′04″E / 49.91024°N 78.78456°E / 49.91024; 78.78456 (540 - 2)	330 m (1,080 ft) +	underground shaft, fundamental science		unknown yield		[1] [5] [6] [7] [10]
541	21 December 1979 04:42:00.09	ALMT (6 hrs)	Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 802p 49°47′45″N78°07′23″E / 49.7957°N 78.123°E / 49.7957; 78.123 (541)	727 m (2,385 ft) +	tunnel, weapons development		3.6 kt		[1] [4] [5] [6] [7]
542 - 1	23 December 1979 04:56:59.9	ALMT (6 hrs)	Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Glubokaya-1 49°56′00″N78°45′04″E / 49.93336°N 78.75111°E / 49.93336; 78.75111 (542 - 1)	330 m (1,080 ft) +	underground shaft, weapons development		137 kt		[1] [4] [5] [6] [7]
542 - 2	23 December 1979 04:56:59.9	ALMT (6 hrs)	Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Glubokaya-1 49°56′00″N78°45′04″E / 49.93336°N 78.75111°E / 49.93336; 78.75111 (542 - 2)	330 m (1,080 ft) +	underground shaft, weapons development		unknown yield		[1] [5] [6] [7] [10]

1. A bomb test may be a salvo test, defined as two or more explosions "where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points and does not exceed 40 kilometers in length". Mikhailov, V. N. "Catalog of World Wide Nuclear Testing". Begell-Atom, LLC. Archived from the original on 2014-04-26. Retrieved 2013-12-18.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
2. The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
3. To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. Historical time zone data obtained from the IANA time zone database.
4. Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
5. Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
6. Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
7. Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
8. Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
9. Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
10. Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.

References

1. Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000). CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3) (Technical report). SMDC Monitoring Research.
2. "Time Zone Historical Database". iana.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-11. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
3. Nuclear explosions in the USSR: The North Test Site reference material, version 4 (PDF) (Technical report). IAEA Dept. of Nuclear Safety and Security. December 1, 2004. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
4. Cochran, Thomas B.; Arkin, William M.; Norris, Robert S.; Sands, Jeffrey I. Nuclear Weapons Databook Vol. IV: Soviet Nuclear Weapons. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
5. Podvig, Pavel, ed. (2001). Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN   9780262661812 . Retrieved January 9, 2014.
6. USSR Nuclear Weapons Tests and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions 1949 through 1990. Sarov, Russia: RFNC-VNIIEF. 1996. The official Russian list of Soviet tests.
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