The 2010 World Geothermal Congress took place between April 25-30, 2010, in Bali, Indonesia. It was called the world's biggest geothermal energy conference. [1]
The 2010 World Geothermal Congress took place between April 25-30, 2010, in Bali, Indonesia. It was called the world's biggest geothermal energy conference. [1]
The World Geothermal Congress is organized every five years by the International Geothermal Association. [2] The previous three conferences took place in Florence, Italy (1995), Beppu-Morioka, Japan (2000) and Antalya, Turkey (2005). [3] The one in 2015 took place in Melbourne. There was none in 2020 due to the start of the COVID-19 Pandemic, which had begun in March of that same year. [4]
Attendees from 80 countries [1] were discussing better ways to develop geothermal power as an environmentally friendly energy source which can be harnessed in the future for less cost than it is today.
The Summit was opened by Indonesian president, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Westin Hotel, Nusa Dua, Bali. [5] The opening was marked by the signing of 12 geothermal-related contracts worth in the range of US$5 billion. Among the contracts were agreements between the Indonesian state power firm PT PLN and PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy (PGE) - a geothermal business branch of state oil and gas company PT Pertamina - to develop four geothermal power plants in Sulawesi and Sumatra. [6]
The Congress concluded with over 2,500 participants signing the Bali Declaration "Geothermal Energy to Change the World" during the closing ceremony. [7]
Geothermal energy is the thermal energy in the Earth's crust which originates from the formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of materials. The high temperature and pressure in Earth's interior cause some rock to melt and solid mantle to behave plastically. This results in parts of the mantle convecting upward since it is lighter than the surrounding rock. Temperatures at the core–mantle boundary can reach over 4000 °C (7200 °F).
Energy development is the field of activities focused on obtaining sources of energy from natural resources. These activities include the production of renewable, nuclear, and fossil fuel derived sources of energy, and for the recovery and reuse of energy that would otherwise be wasted. Energy conservation and efficiency measures reduce the demand for energy development, and can have benefits to society with improvements to environmental issues.
Indonesia Air Transport is an airline and aviation company based in Jakarta, Indonesia. It provides a wide range of aviation services to both the on and offshore oil, gas and mining industries within Indonesia and South-east Asia. Its main base is Halim Perdanakusuma Airport, Jakarta. The company also maintain a secondary hub for its oil & gas industry clients in Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport, East Kalimantan, and operates limited scheduled services from Ngurah Rai International Airport on the island of Bali to the islands of Lombok and Flores. Indonesia Air Transport is listed in category 1 by Indonesian Civil Aviation Authority for airline safety quality. The Company provides air passenger and cargo transportation, aircraft hiring and leasing services, aircraft repairs, and training facilities. IAT also supplies aviation technical equipment and spare parts. It operates various types of fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters.
PT Pertamina (Persero), formerly abbreviated from Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi Negara (lit. 'State Oil and Natural Gas Mining Company'), is an Indonesian state-owned oil and natural gas corporation based in Jakarta. It was created in August 1968 by the merger of Pertamin (established 1961) and Permina (established 1957). In 2020, the firm was the third-largest crude oil producer in Indonesia behind US-based companies ExxonMobil's Mobil Cepu Ltd and Chevron Pacific Indonesia. In 2013, Pertamina was included for the first time in the Fortune Global 500 list of companies, ranked at 122 with revenues of $70.9 billion, it was also the sole Indonesian company to be featured in the list. According to the 2020 Fortune list, Pertamina is the largest company in Indonesia.
Kamojang, popularly known as Kawah Kamojang or, is a geothermal field and tourist spot in West Java, Indonesia. The crater is located in sub-district (kecamatan) Ibun in the Bandung Regency, approximately 45 km to the southeast of Bandung through the towns of Majalaya and Ibun. The crater can also be reached from the opposite direction through the town of Garut, in Garut Regency.
PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero) (lit. 'State Electricity Company', abbreviated as PLN) is an Indonesian government-owned corporation which has a monopoly on electric power distribution in Indonesia and generates the majority of the country's electrical power, producing 176.4 TWh in 2015. It was included in the Fortune Global 500 lists of 2014 and 2015. It has large debts due to expensive coal power contracts.
Geothermal power is electrical power generated from geothermal energy. Technologies in use include dry steam power stations, flash steam power stations and binary cycle power stations. Geothermal electricity generation is currently used in 26 countries, while geothermal heating is in use in 70 countries.
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Canada has substantial potential for geothermal energy development. To date, development has all been for heating applications. Canada has 103,523 direct use installations as of 2013. There is currently no electricity being generated from geothermal sources in Canada although substantial potential exists in the Canadian Cordillera. The most advanced project exists as a test geothermal-electrical site at the Mount Meager massif in British Columbia, where a 100 MegaWatt (MW) facility could be developed. Potential for enhanced geothermal energy systems (EGS) exists throughout Canada. There are six geothermal power and two direct use projects listed with the Canadian Geothermal Energy Association.
The Philippines is one of the world's top producers of geothermal power, owing to its location along the Ring of Fire zone of Pacific volcanoes. The country commissioned the 12-megawatt Maibarara Geothermal Power Plant-2 on March 9, 2018, in Santo Tomas, Batangas.
The Wayang Windu Geothermal Power Station is the largest geothermal power station in Indonesia. The facility utilizes two units, one with 110 MW and the other with 117 MW, with a total installed capacity of 227 MW. The power station is located near the town of Pangalengan, 40 km south of Bandung, West Java. An estimated cost of US$200 million was incurred in construction and development. A third unit of 127 MW is being planned and expected to be onstream by mid-2013.
Geothermal power in Indonesia is an increasingly significant source of renewable energy. As a result of its volcanic geology, it is often reported that Indonesia has 40% of the world's potential geothermal resources, estimated at 28,000 megawatts (MW).
In 2019, the total energy production in Indonesia is 450.79 Mtoe, with a total primary energy supply is 231.14 Mtoe and electricity final consumption is 263.32 TWh. Energy use in Indonesia has been long dominated by fossil resources. Once a major oil exporter in the world and joined OPEC in 1962, the country has since become a net oil importer despite still joined OPEC until 2016, making it the only net oil importer member in the organization. Indonesia is also the fourth-largest biggest coal producer and one of the biggest coal exporter in the world, with 24,910 million tons of proven coal reserves as of 2016, making it the 11th country with the most coal reserves in the world. In addition, Indonesia has abundant renewable energy potential, reaching almost 417,8 gigawatt (GW) which consisted of solar, wind, hydro, geothermal energy, ocean current, and bioenergy, although only 2,5% have been utilized. Furthermore, Indonesia along with Malaysia, have two-thirds of ASEAN's gas reserves with total annual gas production of more than 200 billion cubic meters in 2016.
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