2011 Duhok riots | |
---|---|
Date | December 2–5, 2011 |
Location | |
Caused by | Islamic sermons [1] |
Goals | To destroy massage parlors and alcohol shops |
Methods | Arson, coercion |
Resulted in | Widespread property damage, arrest of KIU members |
The 2011 Duhok riots refers to riots which began on December 2, 2011 in the Duhok Governorate, Iraq. They were instigated by Friday prayers' sermons by Ismail Osman Sindai, [2] a Kurdish imam, calling for attacks against stores selling alcohol and massage parlours in Zakho. The riots soon developed into the looting and burning down of properties in other towns in the governorate, causing four million dollars of damage. [3]
The riots ended after Kurdistan Regional Government security forces intervened and began a massive crackdown on demonstrators. As a result of the riots, a group of secular Kurds attacked a number of buildings belonging to the Kurdistan Islamic Union party. [4]
Many of the businesses targeted were owned by non-Muslim minority groups, including Christian Assyrians and Yezidis. [5] Christian leaders in the region had been concerned about the impact of the Arab Spring, particularity the rise of radical Islamism. [6] The riots started in Zakho, the northernmost town of Iraq, located close to the Turkish border.
The small riots were instigated by Friday sermons in the northern city of Zakho after Muslim clerics called for the destruction of stores that sold alcohol in the city on December 2, 2011. [6] Angry youth mobs attacked businesses such as stores, hotels, casinos, and massage parlors in the northern town of Zakho. [1] [7] The violence spilled into nearby towns of Duhok and Semel. Many social clubs and homes were also attacked throughout the province. Angry Kurdish pro-government supporters that belonged to the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and Kurdistan Democratic Party suspected Muslim Brotherhood-inspired Kurdistan Islamic Union (KIU) clerics to be behind the violence and attacked offices of the Islamic party in Duhok and Erbil overnight. However, in an official statement, the KIU denied any connections to the riots. [8]
The riots ended three days later with the strong response from the Kurdistan Regional Government.
On December 3, the Kurdish intelligence agency Asaish arrested 20 KIU members of parliament and high officials within the party. [9] The President of Iraqi Kurdistan Masoud Barzani ordered the formation of a committee to investigate the event. [10] In an official press release, he stated: "I condemn both these unlawful acts. I call on the people of the Kurdistan Region to preserve our traditions of ethnic and religious co-existence. I have ordered the formation of a committee to look into these disturbances and bring to justice those responsible." [11]
Duhok Governorate is a governorate in the autonomous Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Its capital is the city of Duhok. It includes Zakho, near the Ibrahim Khalil border crossing with Şırnak Province, Turkey. It borders the Al-Hasakah Governorate of Syria. It was established on 27 May 1969, previously part of Nineveh Governorate.
Duhok is a city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It is the capital city of Duhok Governorate.
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Zakho, also spelled Zaxo is a city in the Kurdistan Region, at the centre of the Zakho District of the Dohuk Governorate, located a few kilometers from the Ibrahim Khalil border crossing. Zakho is known for its celebrations of Newroz.
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Minorities in Iraq include various ethnic and religious groups.
Kurdish Christians are Kurds who follow Christianity. Though the majority of Kurds were converted to Islam during the expansion of the Islamic caliphates in the 7th century, there still remained a number of Kurdish Christians. Modernly however, the majority of Kurdish Christians are converts. A number of evangelical Kurdish churches have been established in recent times, in Erbil, Selimani, and Duhok in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, and in Hassakeh, Qamishli, Kobani, Amouda, and Afrin in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria.
The Christians of Iraq are considered to be one of the oldest continuous Christian communities in the world.
Zakho Sport Club, also spelled as Zaxo Sport Club, is an Iraqi professional sports club based in Zakho, Iraqi Kurdistan.
The Kurdistan Democratic Party, usually abbreviated as KDP or PDK, is the ruling party in Iraqi Kurdistan and the senior partner in the Kurdistan Regional Government. It was founded in 1946 in Mahabad in Iranian Kurdistan. The party states that it combines "democratic values and social justice to form a system whereby everyone in Kurdistan can live on an equal basis with great emphasis given to rights of individuals and freedom of expression."
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Assyrian National Broadcasting, also known as ANB Sat, is a private television broadcasting company for the Assyrian community, available for viewing on the internet or through satellite. The channel was founded in 2011 by Ninos Ternian in order to preserve and extend the reach of Assyrian heritage, culture, and language. The channel was closed in 2021 before reopening two years later.
Ano Jawhar Abdulmaseeh Abdoka, or Ano Abdoka (Syriac: ܐܢܘ ܥܒܕܘܟܐ, Kurdish: ئانۆ عەبدۆكا, romanized: Ano Ebdoke, Arabic: أنو عبدوكا, is an Assyrian politician who serves as the Minister of Transportations and Communications of the autonomous Kurdistan Region of Iraq since July 2019. Before serving as a minister, Abdoka led the Shlama Trend for Christian Affairs in Kurdistan and Iraq, and also leading the biggest Christian Chaldean Assyrian Syriac Alliance and block in the Kurdistan Parliament, and he previously led the local committee of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in Ankawa.
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The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Duhok, Iraq.