2023 cybercrime law in Jordan

Last updated

On August 12, 2023, King Abdullah II ratified a new cybercrime law, Law No. 17 of 2023, [1] which threatens Jordanians' freedom of expression, their right to anonymity, and their right to access information. [2] The law does not meet international human rights standards nor principles which are included in the country's previously ratified digital rights conventions. [3] It took effect on September 13, 2023. [4] The law is being used to harass and arrest Jordanians participating in the current pro-Palestine protests across the country. [5] This new bill, consisting of 41 articles, sought to replace the Cybercrime Law No. 27 of 2015. Although the government's intentions were to combat online crimes and protect societal interests, the swift passage of this law without public debate or dialogue with political parties and civil society organizations has raised significant concerns among various stakeholders.

Contents

Furthermore, the enactment of the Cybercrime Law No. 17 of 2023 has sparked widespread controversy both locally and internationally. Critics, including legal experts, human rights advocates, and members of the Jordanian parliament, argue that the law's vague terminology and severe penalties undermine freedom of speech and expression. High-profile figures such as Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Saleh Al Armouti, [6] and MP Hassan Al Riyati have openly condemned the law, describing it as a regression from democratic principles. [7] In addition, international human rights organizations and bodies, including Human Rights Watch and the European Union, have expressed alarm, warning that the law threatens civil liberties and tightens government control over the internet. The broad and ambiguous language used in the law's provisions has led to fears of increased censorship and arbitrary enforcement, further fueling public dissent and protests against the government's approach to regulating online activity.

Background

Palace of Justice, Amman. Palace of Justice, Amman 6.jpg
Palace of Justice, Amman.

In July 2023, the Jordanian Government proposed [8] a cybercrime bill [9] that criminalises online speech deemed to “expose public morals” (Article 14), “stir up strife” (Article 17), “insult religion” (Article 17), constitute “character assassination” (Article 16), “calls for or justification of violence” (Article 17), "false news" (Article 15), defamation (Article 20), or hate speech (Article 17). [10] The draft consisted of 41 articles [11] and was meant to replace the previous Cybercrime Law No. 27 of 2015. [12] [13] By the end of the month, the lower house of Parliament and Senate passed the law with a few amendments and on August 12, 2023, it was ratified by the King. [14]

The swift passage of the law did not allow for a public debate to take place regarding the law and its provisions and neither allowed for a dialogue with political parties or civil society organisations. [15] In 2017, the government proposed amendments to the Cybercrime Law No. 27 of 2015 [12] and received widespread criticism forcing it to withdraw the amendments. [16]

In the context of multiple prosecutions of critical writers and journalists, such as the Jordanian satirist Ahmad Hasan Al Zoubi, this law was enacted. [17] However, according to Prime Minister, Bisher Al Khasawneh, the law's enactment was necessary to combat online crimes that violated people's privacy and caused societal friction. [6]

Noteworthy to mention, Jordan has been previously criticized for its restrictive laws and public policies. According to Freedom House's recent evaluation of political rights and civil liberties, Jordan is a "non-free" country. [18] Reporters Without Borders also indicated that Jordan fell 26 places (from 120th to 146th) in their 2023 World Press Freedom Index. [19] Around 300 websites, social media platforms, and applications were already banned across the country. [20] Not to mention, the social media platform TikTok was also banned in December 2022. [21]

Provisions

The Cybercrime Law No. 17 of 2023 consists of 41 articles [11] and criminalizes online-related activities that include but are not limited to: [22]

The penalties range from imprisonment to hefty fines or both depending on the cybercrime. [11] Prison terms range from one week to three years and the fines range from 300 Jordanian Dinar to JD 75.000 (423 US Dollar to 105,000 US Dollar). [11] As per Yahya Choucair, expert in media laws, “anyone who reads the provisions of Articles 15, 16, and 17 of the Cybercrime Law will realize that the severe fines, which reach 70,000 Jordanian dinars [Approx. 98.000 US Dollars], completely nullify the right to freedom of opinion and expression”. [23]

Controversy

Local controversy

The draft law was criticized by legal experts, human rights advocates, [24] and various government officials, MPs, and Ministers. [25] According to Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Saleh Al Armouti, “Jordan will become a big jail.” [6] Al Armouti added that the law “goes against reason and intellect and reneges on reforms,” and that “the government is trying to limit people from defending themselves while reinforcing customary provisions that harm the nation and its citizens.” [26] Additionally, MP Hassan Al Riyati described the law as a “coup against democracy in Jordan,” [7] and MP Yanal Freihat criticized the law’s "irrational and unrealistic" penalties. [27] The Jordan Press Association issued an official statement rejecting several amendments to the Draft Cybercrime Law, stating that it “contributes to silencing people and restricting press and public freedoms.” [28] Research revealed that the law is largely perceived negatively, being depicted as a "SILENCER, BARBED WIRES, and HANDCUFFS," which implies that it limits freedom of speech and suggests that citizens are viewed as potential criminals under the new law. [29]

The draft law was criticised from legal experts, [human rights advocates, and from various government officials, MPs, and Ministers. According to Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Saleh Al Armouti, “Jordan will become a big jail.” Al Armouti added that the law “goes against reason and intellect and reneges on reforms,” and with it, “the government is trying to limit people from defending themselves while reinforcing customary provisions that harm the nation and its citizens.” Additionally, MP, Hassan Al Riyati, described the law as being a “coup against democracy in Jordan”. MP, Yanal Freihat, also criticised the law and its imposed "irrational and unrealistic" penalties. Similarly, the board of the Jordan Press Association issued an official statement expressing its rejection of several amendments to the Draft Cybercrime Law, and stated that “it contributes to silencing people and restricting press and public freedoms.”

Hundreds of people went out to the streets on Friday 28 July 2023, to protest the cybercrime draft law and called for the government to resign. [30] The protestors included civil society organisations, political parties and public figures. [31] Moreover, many journalists and social media influencers deleted their online accounts in protest against the House of Representatives's approval of the draft. [30] Also, many activists launched online campaigns demanding the withdrawal of the draft law. [32] The online campaigns were launched under the following hashtags: [33] [34] [35]

#دولة_مش_سجن

(A country not a prison)

#قانون_الجرائم_الالكترونية

(The Cybercrime Law)

#إسحبوا_قانون_الجرائم_الإلكترونية

(Withdraw the Cybercrime Law)

International controversy

International controversy regarding the law also started before it was ratified. On July 24, 2023, Human Rights Watch, Access Now, ARTICLE 19, and 11 other organizations expressed concern and urged the Jordanian government to immediately withdraw the proposed "draconian" cybercrimes law as it threatens "freedom of expression, the right to information, and the right to privacy, as well as tight[ens] government control over the internet". [3] According to the aforementioned human rights organisations, the law is problematic because:

  1. It employs extremely general and ambiguous terminology, such as: “promoting, instigating aiding or inciting immorality”, “character assassination”; “ inciting sedition or undermining national unity”; and “contempt for religions”, etc. [36]
  2. It impedes the right to free speech and information access, and exacerbates internet censorship. For instance, Article 24 [11] criminalizes publishing information on law enforcement officials or publicly criticizing them preventing law enforcement officials or governmental authorities from being held accountable. This contradicts with the international freedom of expression standards of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which Jordan has ratified and states that “a norm, to be characterized as a ‘law’, must be formulated with sufficient precision to enable an individual to regulate his or her conduct accordingly and it must be made accessible to the public. A law may not confer unfettered discretion for the restriction of freedom of expression on those charged with its execution.” [3] [37]
  3. It would make online privacy less secure. For instance, Article 12 [11] criminalizes “circumvent[ing] the IP address by using a fictitious address or an address belonging to a third party, or by any other means, with the intent of committing a crime or preventing its discovery” forcing people to choose between being able to freely express their thoughts online and maintaining the security of their identity. Not to mention, it hinders the work of human rights defenders and investigative journalists, who rely on VPNs and proxies to carry their work, and exposes them to arbitrary arrests. [3]
  4. It implements new social media regulations. For instance, Article 37 [11] forces social media accounts that have more than 100.000 subscriber to establish offices in the country to receive governmental and judicial requests. Noncompliance to this would penalize users with slowing down the internet in what is known as bandwidth throttling. [3]

The US State Department also criticised the Law in an official statement and warned of its effect on the online and offline freedom of expression, political reform efforts, and digital economy. [38]

The European Union issued a statement maintaining that the provisions of the law "depart from international human rights standards and could result in limiting freedom of expression online and offline". [39] It also urged the Jordanian government to ensure full respect to fundamental freedoms while imlementing the law. [39]

The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights also criticized the legislation and its swift enactment which raised concerns regarding its transparency and participation. It also stated that the law's articles "fail to comply with international human rights law requirements of legality, legitimate aim, necessity and proportionality for restrictions on the right to freedom of expression". [36]

LGBTQ+

According to Human Rights Watch, the Cybercrime Law is a "disaster for LGBT people". [40] Lorena Stella Martini, Jordan researcher at the European Council on Foreign Relations, maintained, "the new law de facto criminalizes the online activities of the Jordanian LGBTQ community, with broad repercussions on offline life as a whole". [41] According to a Jordanian activist, “The new law will destroy all forms of LGBTQ+ expression online” and intensify “interference in people's private lives.” [42] The vague terminology such as "pornographic" in Article 13 could lead to arresting individuals for content that expresses various sexualities or gender identities. [43] The same goes for other vague terms such as “expose public morals,” “debauchery,” and “seduction” which are listed in Article 14, allow for abuse, and could easily restrict LGBTQ+ content by falsely linking immorality to a variety of sexual orientations. [43]

Pro-Palestine protests

Since the start of Israel's war on Gaza in October 2023, daily pro-Palestine protests [44] have been taking place near the Israeli Embassy, in Amman's Al Rabyieh neighbourhood, and on Fridays, huge demonstrations [45] have been staged in downtown Amman. [46]

According to Amnesty International, at least a thousand protester, between October and December, was arrested and charged with the 2023 Cybercrimes Law, "for social media posts expressing pro-Palestinian sentiments, criticizing the authorities’ peace or economic deals with Israel or calling for public strikes and protests." [47] The crackdown on activists and protesters has been carried out by security and intelligence forces. [47] According to an anonymous Jordanian researcher who reported to Al Jazeera, many of these protesters were detained "for a day or a weekend, but now some people have been detained for months for a tweet, a retweet, or even sharing a private story on Instagram to twist their arm and to say: ‘Quiet down and don't go down on the street.’” [46] Activists and protesters started reporting on people who were arbitrarily arrested for their exercising their rights to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly or simply for their chants under the hashtags: [48] [49] [50]

#الحرية_لمعتقلي_الرأي

(Freedom for prisoners of opinion)

#لا_لتكميم_الافواه

(No to muzzling mouths)

#الحرية_لمعتقلي_دعم_غزة

(Freedom for the detainees supporting Gaza)

Amnesty International documented the cases of five political activists who were dteianed and charged under the cybercrime law for “inciting sedition, strife, and hatred”, “sending, re-sending, or publishing libelous or slanderous information”, “defaming an official body” and “publishing pictures, information, or news of law enforcement officials”. [47] Many of these detainees were not only denied access to lawyers but were only released upon signing a pledge to stop protesting contrary to international standards. [47]

On February 6, 2024, Human Rights watch (HRW) published a report interviewing people who have been artbitrarily detained, harassed and summoned by the General Intelligence Directorate under the new cybercrimes law. [5] According to the HRW report, one was detained and sentenced to three months in jail for three tweets he published in October, in addition to a 5,000 Jordanian Dinar (Approx. US$7,000) fine. A woman was also detained for publishing a video on X that shows police breaking up the pro-Palestine protests and reported being repeatedly asked by the governor “is Gaza worth all of this?”, “You sit in your home, you eat, drink, sleep, and go to the protest and go back home and we make this safe for you.” [5]

Nevertheless, as Lama Fakih, Middle East director at Human Rights Watch noted, the current regional crisis is used by Jordan as a guise to restrict Jordanians' freedom to expression and "recent cases have proven that [the Jordanian] authorities have and will continue to abuse vague provisions of the cybercrimes law.” [5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Jordan</span> Public university in Amman, Jordan

The University of Jordan, often abbreviated UJ or JU, is a public university located in Amman, Jordan. Founded in 1962 by, and it is the largest and oldest institution of higher education in Jordan. It is located in the capital Amman in the Jubaiha area of the University District. It is composed of 25 faculties, and offers 91 bachelor programs and 161 postgraduate programs. The university's stated main strategy and rule is to be global and productive in all its educational fields.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Algeria</span>

In 2011, the then Algerian president Abdelaziz Bouteflika lifted a state of emergency that had been in place since the end of the Algerian Civil War in 2002, as a result of the Arab Spring protests that had occurred throughout the Arab world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Jordan</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals in Jordan face legal challenges and discrimination not experienced by non-LGBT persons. However, Jordan remains one of few Arab countries where homosexual conduct is not criminalized.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in Jordan</span>

Sunni Islam is the dominant religion in Jordan. Muslims make up about 97.2% of the country's population. A few of them are Shiites. Many Shia in Jordan are refugees from Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mass media in Somalia</span>

Mass media in Somalia includes various radio, television, print and internet outlets. The federal government operates two official radio and TV networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. In February 2013, the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication also launched a broad-based consultative process for the reformation of media legislation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jordan Gate</span> Building project in Amman, Jordan

Jordan Gate is a high-class commercial and residential project currently located in the Wadi Al-Seer district of Amman, Jordan. It consists of two high-rise buildings connected by a multi-story podium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mass media in Syria</span>

The mass media in Syria consists primarily of television, radio, Internet, film and print. The national language of Syria is Arabic but some publications and broadcasts are also available in English and French. While television is the most popular medium in Syria, the Internet has become a widely utilized vehicle to disseminate content. Transcending all available media, the government seeks to control what Syrians see by restricting coverage from outside sources. Publications and broadcasts are monitored by members of the government. All mass media outlets are under the supervision of the Ministry of Information. Third article of the 2013 Information Ministry guidelines stipulate that purpose of all media outlets is "to enlighten public opinion" in line with the ideological doctrines "of the Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party and the policy of the state".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012</span> Law in the Philippines

The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, officially recorded as Republic Act No. 10175, is a law in the Philippines that was approved on September 12, 2012. It aims to address legal issues concerning online interactions and the Internet in the Philippines. Among the cybercrime offenses included in the bill are cybersquatting, cybersex, child pornography, identity theft, illegal access to data and libel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom</span>

The Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom is an internet law bill filed in the Congress of the Philippines. The bill contains provisions promoting civil and political rights and Constitutional guarantees for Philippine internet users, such as freedom of expression, as well as provisions on information and communications technology (ICT) policy, ICT4D, internet governance, e-governance, cybersecurity, cyberwarfare, cyberterrorism, and cybercrime.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Kaye (academic)</span> Law professor

David Kaye is an American politician who served as the United Nations special rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression between August 2014 and July 2020. He was succeeded by Irene Khan. Kaye is clinical professor of law at the University of California, Irvine on public international law, international humanitarian law human rights and international criminal justice. He is co-director of the UCI Fair Elections and Free Speech Center working at the intersection of technology, freedom of speech and democratic deliberation. He is also the independent board chair of the Global Network Initiative.

SudaneseOnline is an online bilingual newspaper for people from Sudan and South Sudan, based in Phoenix, Arizona, USA. The website was established in November 1999 by Bakri Abubakr, a Sudanese national residing in the US, with news and information about Sudan and South Sudan, and more than 500 archives in its library.

<i>Al-Hudood</i> (website) Satirical news website

Al-Hudood is a satirical Arabic news publication founded July 2013. It originally focused on satirical journalism in Jordan, and came to encompass news from the Arab world and from around the world, working with Arab writers and cartoonists from different parts of the Middle East and North Africa.

Law No. 63 of 2015 on Combating Information Technology Crimes, known as Cybercrime Law No. 63, is a law of Kuwait concerning various computer-related crimes. It came into effect on 12 January 2016.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. On 2 March 2020, the Ministry of Health confirmed the first case in Jordan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Khalidiah (Riyadh)</span> Neighbourhood in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Al-Khalidiah is a low-income residential neighborhood in southeastern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located south of as-Sinaiyah and west of al-Faisaliyyah in the sub-municipality of al-Batʼha. It emerged as an offshoot of Hillatal-Anouz and was renamed in the 1980s after King Khalid bin Abdulaziz. It is today inhabited mostly by overseas Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Yemeni migrant workers and their families.

The Jerash Archaeological Museum is a museum located in Jerash, Jordan. The museum is committed to preserving various historical artifacts from the Jerash Governorate. It is one of the oldest museums in Jordan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al Murabba</span> Neighbourhood in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Al-Murabba is a historic neighborhood in central Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located west of al-Wazarat and north of al-Futah in the sub-municipality of al-Malaz. Its name reportedly comes from a broken square-shaped dry well around which the Murabba Palace was built and from where latter's name gets derived as well. It is situated in close proximity to the al-Batʼha commercial area and the Qasr al-Hukm District. Al-Murabba has lent its name to the New Murabba project, a planned downtown and real estate development in northwestern Riyadh. The neighborhood hosts a large presence of overseas Egyptian community.

Law nº2021-021 on the protection of national symbols and the criminalization of attacks on State authority and the honor of the citizen, better known as the Law on Protection of National Symbols or Symbols Law, is a controversial Mauritanian law criminalizing "acts committed with a view to undermine the authority of the State, its symbols, national security, civil peace, social cohesion, private life and the honor of the citizen". It was introduced by the Council of Ministers on 14 July 2021 and, after months of heated debate, passed on the National Assembly on 9 November 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Online Safety Act (Sri Lanka)</span> 2024 Sri Lankan legislation

The Online Safety Act, No. 9 of 2024 is a Sri Lankan Internet safety act aimed at regulating its citizens' Internet usage. It was announced in September 2023 and passed by Parliament on 24 January 2024 by a 108–62 vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Law Society of Libya</span>

The Law Society of Libya is a civil society organisation dedicated to the digitalisation, archiving, and indexing of legal documents spanning over 80 years of national history, alongside contemporary publications. Established in 2022, this initiative aims to facilitate the accessibility and searchability of legal resources for professionals and the public, contributing to wider efforts to address Libya's 170th ranking out of 180 countries on the 2023 Transparency International Index.

References

  1. ↑ Law No. 17 of 2023
  2. ↑ "Jordan king ratifies cybercrime law as journalists prosecuted for social media posts". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Jordan: Scrap Draconian Cybercrimes Bill | Human Rights Watch". 2023-07-24. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  4. ↑ "Cybercrime Law in Jordan". www.dentons.com. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Jordan: Arrests, Harassment of Pro-Palestine Protesters | Human Rights Watch". 2024-02-06. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  6. 1 2 3 Al-Khalidi, Suleiman (27 July 2023). "Jordan adopts cybercrime law seen as threat to free speech".
  7. 1 2 "قانون "الجرائم الإلكترونية" المعدّل يثير ضجة في الأردن: انقلاب على الديمقراطية والتحديث و"ردّة عن الإصلاح" تكرس الاستبداد". 16 July 2023.
  8. ↑ proposed
  9. ↑ cybercrime bill
  10. ↑ "مجلس النواب يدرج مشروع قانون الجرائم الإلكترونية على جدول أعماله الأحد". قناة المملكة (in Arabic). Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Full Text in English of the Cybercrime Law of 2023". www.josa.ngo. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  12. 1 2 Cybercrime Law No. 27 of 2015
  13. ↑ "Jordan's New Cybercrime Law Passes Despite Freedom Concerns". The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy. 2023-10-19. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  14. ↑ "الجرائم الإلكترونية: مشروع قانون يغلظ العقوبات ويثير الجدل في الأردن". BBC News عربي (in Arabic). 2023-07-30. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  15. ↑ Jbour, Abdullah (August 15, 2023). "Jeopardizing Digital Rights in Jordan". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  16. ↑ "Latest Cybercrime Law amendments once again risk curbing free speech in Jordan | MENA Rights Group". www.menarights.org. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  17. ↑ "Jordanian journalists calling out corruption muzzled by cybercrime laws". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  18. ↑ "Jordan: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  19. ↑ "Proposed cybercrime law would deal new blow to press freedom in Jordan | RSF". rsf.org. 2023-07-21. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  20. ↑ Sweis, Rana F.; Rudoren, Jodi (2013-06-03). "Jordan Blocks Local Access to News Sites". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  21. ↑ "Jordan's TikTok ban: a year later and still in effect". en.royanews.tv. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  22. ↑ "Cybercrime Law in Jordan". www.dentons.com. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  23. ↑ Ismail, Zeinab (2023-07-25). "Jordan: Draft Cybercrime Law Heralds Alarming Oppression of Freedoms". SMEX. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  24. ↑ room", Logos are displayed on the screens at the cyberattack training facility "immersive cyberattack; Puteaux, at the Galileo Global Education in; Paris, west of; May 2, on; Images, 2023-CHRISTOPHE ARCHAMBAULT/AFP via Getty (2023-07-25). "In Jordan, rights groups sound alarm over controversial cybercrime bill - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com. Retrieved 2024-05-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. ↑ Ismail, Zeinab (2023-07-25). "Jordan: Draft Cybercrime Law Heralds Alarming Oppression of Freedoms". SMEX. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  26. ↑ Al-Ziyadat, Anwar (15 July 2023). "قانون جرائم إلكترونية غير صديق للحريات في مجلس النواب الأردني".
  27. ↑ "النائب ينال فريحات: مشروع قانون الجرائم الإلكترونية "سيف مسلط" على الحريات في البلاد ويجب رد القانون - فيديو | الأردن اليوم | وكالة أنباء سرايا الإخبارية - حرية سقفها السماء". www.sarayanews.com (in Arabic). Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  28. ↑ "مجلس نقابة الصحفيين الأردنيين يصدر بيانا حول مشروع قانون الجرائم الإلكترونية". مدار الساعة (in Arabic). Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  29. ↑ Zibin, Aseel; Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib; Abuanzeh, Amal; Kabbaha, Ahmad Ali (2024-06-26). "Jordanians' Perceptions and Attitudes Toward the Amended Cyber Crime Law in Jordan: A Visual and Multimodal Analysis". International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique. doi:10.1007/s11196-024-10169-5. ISSN   1572-8722.
  30. 1 2 "احتجاجات في الأردن على قانون "الجرائم الإلكترونية".. وصحفيون يغلقون حساباتهم". عربي21 (in Arabic). 2023-07-29. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  31. ↑ "احتجاجات في الأردن لسحب مشروع قانون الجرائم الالكترونية". صحيفة العرب (in Arabic). 29 July 2023. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  32. ↑ "موجة احتجاج في الأردن على شبكات التواصل ضد مشروع "قانون الجرائم الإلكترونية"". 22 July 2023.
  33. ↑ "#دولة_مش_سجن.. حملة إلكترونية تطالب بإلغاء مشروع "الجرائم الإلكترونية"". albosala.com (in Arabic). 2023-07-19. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  34. ↑ "Instagram". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  35. ↑ "لماذا أثار مشروع قانون الجرائم الالكترونية الجديد جدلا بين الأردنيين؟". BBC News عربي (in Arabic). 2023-07-25. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  36. 1 2 Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights (15 August 2023). "Jordan: Concerns over cybercrime legislation and shrinking of civic space".
  37. ↑ "An Open Letter to the King of Jordan: Repeal the 2023 Cybercrime Law". Access Now. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  38. ↑ U.S. Embassy Jordan (26 July 2023). "إعلان من المؤتمر الصحفي اليومي لوزارة الخارجية حول قانون الجرائم الإلكترونية المُقترح".
  39. 1 2 "Jordan: Statement by the Spokesperson on the revision of the Cybercrimes Law | EEAS". www.eeas.europa.eu. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  40. ↑ ""قانون الجرائم الإلكترونية" الأردني الجديد كارثة لمجتمع الميم | Human Rights Watch" (in Arabic). 2023-08-14. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  41. ↑ "Jordan: Cybercrime law slams free speech as criminal content – DW – 08/25/2023". dw.com. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  42. ↑ Lab, Gościnnie dla Salam (2023-08-31). "Beyond cybersecurity. What's hiding behind Jordan's new "draconian" law?". Salam Lab. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  43. 1 2 Foundation, Electronic Frontier (2023-09-29). "The Growing Threat of Cybercrime Law Abuse: LGBTQ+ Rights in MENA and the UN Cybercrime Draft Convention". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  44. ↑ daily pro-Palestine protests
  45. ↑ Fridays, huge demonstrations
  46. 1 2 Salhani, Justin. "Are Jordan's government and pro-Palestinian protesters facing off?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  47. 1 2 3 4 "End draconian crackdown against pro-Palestinian activism in Jordan". Amnesty International. 2024-02-06. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  48. ↑ Remon Rabah ريمون رباح (2022-08-07). الحرية لجميع معتقلي الرأي في الأردن . Retrieved 2024-05-29– via YouTube.
  49. ↑ "Instagram". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  50. ↑ "Instagram". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.