2 point player

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Australia's Kylie Gauci is a 2-point player. Aussie Gilder player 8476 09.JPG
Australia's Kylie Gauci is a 2-point player.

2 point player and 2.5 point player is a disability sport classification for wheelchair basketball. People in this class have partial trunk control when making forward motions. The class includes people with T8-L1 paraplegia, post-polio paralysis and amputations. People in this class handle the ball less than higher-point players. They have some stability issues on court, and may hold their wheel when trying to one hand grab rebounds.

Contents

The class includes people with amputations. Amputees are put into this class depending on the length of their stumps and if they play using prosthetic legs. Classification into this classes has four phases. They are a medical assessment, observation during training, observation during competition and assessment. Observation during training may include a game of one on one. Once put into this class, it is very difficult to be classified out of it.

During the 2000s, there was a lot of discussion in the United States about how to increase participation of players in this class. One suggestion was to allow able bodied people to participate to give players in this class more time on the floor. Another one involved changing the classification system used domestically to align with the one used internationally by the IWBF,

People in this class include Australia players Grant Mizens and Kylie Gauci.

Definition

This classification is for wheelchair basketball. [1] Classification for the sport is done by the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation. [2] Classification is extremely important in wheelchair basketball because when players' point totals are added together, they cannot exceed fourteen points per team on the court at any time. [3] Jane Buckley, writing for the Sporting Wheelies, describes the wheelchair basketball players in this classification as players having, "No lower limb but partial trunk control in a forward direction. Rely on hand grip to remain stable in a collision." [1]

The Australian Paralympic Committee defines this classification as, "Players with some partially controlled trunk movement in the forward direction, but no controlled sideways movement. They have upper trunk rotation but poor lower trunk rotation." [4] The International Wheelchair Basketball Federation defines a 2-point player as, "Some partially controlled trunk movement in the forward direction, but no controlled sideways movement, has upper trunk rotation but poor lower trunk rotation." [5] The Cardiff Celts, a wheelchair basketball team in Wales, explain this classification as, "mild to moderate loss of stability in the lower trunk. [...] Typical Class 2 Disabilities include : T8-L1 paraplegia, post-polio paralysis without control of lower extremity movement." [6]

A player can be classified as a 2.5 point player if they display characteristics of a 2-point player and 3 point player, and it is not easy to determine exactly which of these two classes the player fits in. [4] [5]

Strategy and on court ability

2 point players need to put one hand on their chair's wheel for stability when trying to rebound. This is because of stability issues. When pushing themselves around the court, they do not require the back of their chair to maintain stable forward movement. [6]

There is a significant difference in special endurance between 2 point players, and 3 and 4 point players, with 2 point players having less special endurance. [7] 1 point and 2 point players handle the ball the least on court. [7]

Disability groups

Amputees

People with amputations may compete in this class. This includes A1and A9 ISOD classified players. [8] Because of the potential for balance issues related to having an amputation, during weight training, amputees are encouraged to use a spotter when lifting more than 15 pounds (6.8 kg). [9]

Lower limb amputees

Profile of an A1 classified player competing as a 2.5 point player. IWBF wheelchair basketball A1b amputee basketball classification.png
Profile of an A1 classified player competing as a 2.5 point player.

ISOD classified A1 players may be found in this class. [8] This ISOD class is for people who have both legs amputated above the knee. [9] There is a lot of variation though in which IWBF class these players may be put into. Those with hip articulations are generally classified as 3 point players, while those with slightly longer leg stumps in this class are 3.5 point players. [8] Lower limb amputations effect a person's energy cost for being mobile. To keep their oxygen consumption rate similar to people without lower limb amputations, they need to walk slower. [10] A1 basketball players use around 120% more oxygen to walk or run the same distance as someone without a lower limb amputation. [10]

Upper and lower limb amputees

Type of amputation for an A9 classified sportsperson. ISOD A9 amputee sportperson profile.png
Type of amputation for an A9 classified sportsperson.

ISOD classified A9 players may be found in this class. [8] The class they play in will be specific to the location of their amputations and their lengths. Players with hip disarticulation in both legs are 3.0 point players while players with two slightly longer above the knee amputations are 3.5 point players. Players with one hip disarticulation may be 3.5 point players or 4 point players. People with amputations longer than 2/3rds the length of their thigh when wearing a prosthesis are generally 4.5 point players. Those with shorter amputations are 4 point players. At this point, the classification system for people in this class then considers the nature of the hand amputation by subtracting points to assign a person to a class. A wrist disarticulation moves a player down a point class while a pair of hand amputations moves a player down two point classes, with players with upper limb amputations ending up as low as a 1. point player. [8]

Spinal cord injuries

F5

Functional profile of a wheelchair sportsperson in the F5 class. F5 SP5 disability sports profile.png
Functional profile of a wheelchair sportsperson in the F5 class.

This is wheelchair sport classification that corresponds to the neurological level T8 - L1. [11] [12] In the past, this class was known as Lower 3, or Upper 4. [11] [12] The location of lesions on different vertebrae tend to be associated with disability levels and functionality issues. T12 and L1 are associated with abdominal innervation complete. [13] Disabled Sports USA defined the anatomical definition of this class in 2003 as, "Normal upper limb function. Have abdominal muscles and spinal extensors (upper or more commonly upper and lower). May have non-functional hip flexors (grade 1). Have no abductor function." [12] People in this class have good sitting balance. [14] [15] People with lesions located between T9 and T12 have some loss of abdominal muscle control. [15] Disabled Sports USA defined the functional definition of this class in 2003 as, "Three trunk movements may be seen in this class:

  1. ) Off the back of a chair (in an upwards direction).
  2. ) Movement in the backwards and forwards plane.
  3. ) Some trunk rotation. They have fair to good sitting balance. They cannot have functional hip flexors, i.e. ability to lift the thigh upwards in the sitting position. They may have stiffness of the spine that improves balance but reduces the ability to rotate the spine." [12] People in this class have a total respiratory capacity of 87% compared to people without a disability. [16]
The wheelchair basketball classification system used during the 1980s was mostly functional, but had medical lesion based elements as a guideline. A maximum of 14 points was allowed on the floor at any time. Wheelchair basketball classification.png
The wheelchair basketball classification system used during the 1980s was mostly functional, but had medical lesion based elements as a guideline. A maximum of 14 points was allowed on the floor at any time.

In 1982, wheelchair basketball made the move to a functional classification system internationally. While the traditional medical system of where a spinal cord injury was located could be part of classification, it was only one advisory component. People in this class would have been Class II as 2 or 2.5 point players. Under the current classification system, people in this class would likely be a 2-point player. [17]

History

The original wheelchair basketball classification system in 1966 had 5 classes: A, B, C, D, S. Each class was worth so many points. A was worth 1, B and C were worth 2. D and S were worth 3 points. A team could have a maximum of 12 points on the floor. This system was the one in place for the 1968 Summer Paralympics. Class A was for T1-T9 complete. Class B was for T1-T9 incomplete. Class C was for T10-L2 complete. Class D was for T10-L2 incomplete. Class S was for Cauda equina paralysis. [18] For people with spinal cord injuries, this class would have been part of Class A, Class B, Class C or Class D. [18]

From 1969 to 1973, a classification system designed by Australian Dr. Bedwell was used. This system used some muscle testing to determine which class incomplete paraplegics should be classified in. It used a point system based on the ISMGF classification system. Class IA, IB and IC were worth 1 point. Class II for people with lesions between T1-T5 and no balance were also worth 1 point. Class III for people with lesions at T6-T10 and have fair balance were worth 1 point. Class IV was for people with lesions at T11-L3 and good trunk muscles. They were worth 2 points. Class V was for people with lesions at L4 to L5 with good leg muscles. Class IV was for people with lesions at S1-S4 with good leg muscles. Class V and IV were worth 3 points. The Daniels/Worthington muscle test was used to determine who was in class V and who was class IV. Paraplegics with 61 to 80 points on this scale were not eligible. A team could have a maximum of 11 points on the floor. The system was designed to keep out people with less severe spinal cord injuries, and had no medical basis in many cases. [19] This class would have been III or IV. [19]

During the 1990s, there was a ban to push tilting in wheelchair basketball. One of the major arguments against its use was that 1 and 2 point players could not execute this move. This ban occurred in 1997, despite American 2 point player Melvin Juette demonstrating that it was possible for lower point players to execute at the 1997 IWBF 5 Junior Championships in Toronto, Canada. [20] The tilting ban was lifted in 2006. [20]

The classification was created by the International Paralympic Committee and has roots in a 2003 attempt to address "the overall objective to support and co-ordinate the ongoing development of accurate, reliable, consistent and credible sport focused classification systems and their implementation." [21]

In 2005 and 2006, there was an active effort by the National Wheelchair Basketball Association to try to move from a three player classification system to a four-point classification system like the one used by the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation. [22] In a push to increase participation the sport during the 2000s, people involved with the American National Wheelchair Basketball Association have argued allowing able-bodied athletes to compete would help 1 and 2 point players because there would be a need to balance participation on the team because of the rules regarding maximum points on the floor. [23]

For the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, the International Paralympic Committee had a zero classification at the Games policy. This policy was put into place in 2014, with the goal of avoiding last minute changes in classes that would negatively impact athlete training preparations. All competitors needed to be internationally classified with their classification status confirmed prior to the Games, with exceptions to this policy being dealt with on a case-by-case basis. [24] In case there was a need for classification or reclassification at the Games despite best efforts otherwise, wheelchair basketball classification was scheduled for September 4 to 6 at Carioca Arena 1. [24]

Getting classified

Classification generally has four phase. The first stage of classification is a health examination. For amputees in this class, this is often done on site at a sports training facility or competition. The second stage is observation in practice, the third stage is observation in competition and the last stage is assigning the sportsperson to a relevant class. [25] Sometimes the health examination may not be done on site for amputees because the nature of the amputation could cause not physically visible alterations to the body. This is especially true for lower limb amputees as it relates to how their limbs align with their hips and the impact this has on their spine and how their skull sits on their spine. [26] For wheelchair basketball, part of the classification process involves observing a player during practice or training. This often includes observing them go one on one against someone who is likely to be in the same class the player would be classified into. [8] Once a player is classified, it is very hard to be classified into a different classification. Players have been known to have issues with classification because some players play down their abilities during the classification process. At the same time, as players improve at the game, movements become regular and their skill level improves. This can make it appear like their classification was incorrect. [27]

In Australia, wheelchair basketball players and other disability athletes are generally classified after they have been assessed based on medical, visual or cognitive testing, after a demonstration of their ability to play their sport, and the classifiers watching the player during competitive play. [28]

Competitors

Australian Grant Mizens is a 2-point player. [29] Kylie Gauci is a 2-point player for Australia's women's national team. [30] Bo Hedges and Richard Peter are a 2.5 point players for the Canadian men's national team. [31]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S8 (classification)</span> Disability swimming classification

S8, SB7, SM8 are disability swimming classifications used for categorizing swimmers based on their level of disability. This class includes a number of different disabilities including people with amputations and cerebral palsy. The classification is governed by the International Paralympic Committee, and competes at the Paralympic Games.

S4, SB3, SM4 are disability swimming classifications used for categorising swimmers based on their level of disability. Swimmers in this class have coordination problems affecting all four of their limbs, or have movement in their arms but no trunk or leg function. They also generally have weakness in their hands and arms. A variety of disabilities are represented by this class including people with quadriplegia from spinal cord injury or similar. Events this class can participate in include 50m and 100m Freestyle, 200m Freestyle, 50m Backstroke, 50m Butterfly, 50m Breaststroke, and 150m Individual Medley events. The class competes at the Paralympic Games.

3-point player is a disability sport classification for wheelchair basketball. People in this class have good forward and backward trunk movement but poor to no sideways trunk movement. The class includes people with L2–L4 paraplegia and amputations. Amputees are put into this class generally if they have hip disarticulations or hip abductions. Players in this class can generally rebound balls that are over their heads, but they can have some issues with balance during lateral rebounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4-point player</span> Classification for wheelchair basketball

4-point player is a disability sport classification for wheelchair basketball. Players in this class have normal trunk function but have a reduced level of functioning in one or both of their lower limbs. They may have difficulty with sideways movements. People in this class include ISOD classified A1, A2 and A3 players.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4.5-point player</span>

4.5-point player is a disability sport classification for wheelchair basketball. Players in this class tend to have normal trunk movement, few problems with side-to-side movements, and ability to reach to the side of their chair. Players generally have a below-knee amputation, or some other partial single-leg dysfunction. This classification is for players with minimal levels of disability. In some places, there is a class beyond this called 5-point player for players with no disabilities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">T44 (classification)</span> Classification for disability athletics

T44 is a disability sport classification for disability athletics, applying to "Single below knee amputation or an athlete who can walk with moderately reduced function in one or both legs." It includes ISOD A4 and A9 classes.

Disability sports classification is a system that allows for fair competition between people with different types of disabilities.

Wheelchair basketball classification is the system that allows for even levels of competition on the court for wheelchair basketball based on functional mobility. The classifications for the sport are 1 point player, 2 point player, 3 point player, 4 point player and 4.5 point player, the greater the player's functional ability. Classification for the sport is set by the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation.

Amputee sports classification is a disability specific sport classification used for disability sports to facilitate fair competition among people with different types of amputations. This classification was set up by International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD), and is currently managed by IWAS who ISOD merged with in 2005. Several sports have sport specific governing bodies managing classification for amputee sportspeople.

A2 is an amputee sport classification used by the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD).for people with acquired or congenital amputations. A2 sportspeople have one leg amputated above the knee. Their amputations impact their sport performance, including having balance issues, increased energy costs, higher rates of oxygen consumption, and issues with their gait.

A3 is an amputee sport classification used by the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD) for people with acquired or congenital amputations. A3 classified sportspeople have both legs amputated below knee. Their amputations impact their sport performance, including having balance issues, increased energy costs, higher rates of oxygen consumption, and issues with their gait. Sports people in this class are eligible to participate in include athletics, swimming, sitting volleyball, archery, weightlifting, badminton, lawn bowls, sitzball and wheelchair basketball.

A4 is an amputee sport classification used by the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD).for people with acquired or congenital amputations. People in this class have one leg amputated below the knee. Their amputations impact their sport performance, including having balance issues, increased energy costs, higher rates of oxygen consumption, and issues with their gait. Sports people in this class are eligible to participate in include athletics, swimming, sitting volleyball, archery, weightlifting, wheelchair basketball, amputee basketball, amputee football, lawn bowls, and sitzball.

A6 is an amputee sport classification used by the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD) for people with acquired or congenital amputations. People in this class have one arm amputated above or through the elbow joint. Their amputations impact their sport performance, including being more prone to overuse injuries. Sports people in this class are eligible to participate in include athletics, swimming, cycling, amputee basketball, amputee football, lawn bowls, and sitzball.

A8 is an amputee sport classification used by the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD).for people with acquired or congenital amputations. People in this class have one arm amputated below the elbow, but through or above the wrist joint. Their amputations impact their sport performance, including being more prone to overuse injuries. Sports people in this class are eligible to participate in include athletics, swimming, cycling, amputee basketball, amputee football, lawn bowls, and sitzball.

A9 is an amputee sport classification used by the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD).for people with acquired or congenital amputations. People in this class have combination of amputations of the upper and lower extremities. Their amputations impact their sport performance, including energy costs, balance and potential for overuse of muscles. Sports people in this class are eligible to participate in include athletics, swimming, sitting volleyball, amputee basketball, lawn bowls, sitzball and wheelchair basketball.

A1 is an amputee sport classification used by the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD) for people with acquired or congenital amputations. This class is for sportspeople who have both legs amputated above the knee. Their amputations impact their sport performance, including having balance issues, increased energy costs, higher rates of oxygen consumption, and issues with their gait. Sports people in this class are eligible to participate in include athletics, swimming, sitting volleyball, archery, weightlifting, badminton, lawn bowls, sitzball and wheelchair basketball.

F3, also T3 and SP3, is a wheelchair sport classification that corresponds to the neurological level C8. Historically, it was known as 1C Complete, and 1B Incomplete. F3 sportspeople have functional issues related to the muscles in their throwing arm, though they have enough control over their fingers to grip a throwing implement normally. They have no functional trunk control.

F6, also SP6, is a wheelchair sport classification that corresponds to the neurological level L2 - L5. Historically, this class has been known as Lower 4, Upper 5. People in this class have good sitting balance, and good forward and backward movement of their trunk. They have some use of their thighs and can press their knees together.

F7, also SP7, is a wheelchair sport classification that corresponds to the neurological level S1- S2. Historically, it has been referred to as Lower 5. It is characterized by people having their lower limb muscles strength and function impacted. People in the SP7 class generally have good sitting balance and some trunk movement backwards and forwards. One side may be stronger than the other.

Wheelchair sport classification is a system designed to allow fair competition between people of different disabilities, and minimize the impact of a person's specific disability on the outcome of a competition. Wheelchair sports is associated with spinal cord injuries, and includes a number of different types of disabilities including paraplegia, quadriplegia, muscular dystrophy, post-polio syndrome and spina bifida. The disability must meet minimal body function impairment requirements. Wheelchair sport and sport for people with spinal cord injuries is often based on the location of lesions on the spinal cord and their association with physical disability and functionality.

References

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  2. ↑ "IPC CLASSIFICATION CODE AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. November 2007. p. 21. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
  3. ↑ "Wheelchair Basketball". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
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  5. 1 2 "International Wheelchair Basketball Federation Functional Player Classification System" (PDF). International Wheelchair Basketball Federation. December 2004. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
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  7. 1 2 Doll-Tepper, Gudrun; Kröner, Michael; Sonnenschein, Werner; International Paralympic Committee, Sport Science Committee (2001). "Organisation and Administration of the Classification Process for the Paralympics". New Horizons in sport for athletes with a disability : proceedings of the International VISTA '99 Conference, Cologne, Germany, 28 August-1 September 1999. Vol. 1. Oxford (UK): Meyer & Meyer Sport. pp. 355–368. ISBN   1841260363. OCLC   48404898.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 De Pasquale, Daniela (2009–2010). Valutazione Funzionale Delle Capacita' Fisiche Nel Giocatore Di Basket In Carrozzina D'Alto Livello [Functional Evaluation of the Physical Capacity of a High Level Wheelchair Basketball Player](PDF) (PhD) (in Italian). Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata.
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  12. 1 2 3 4 National Governing Body for Athletics of Wheelchair Sports, USA. Chapter 2: Competition Rules for Athletics. United States: Wheelchair Sports, USA. 2003.
  13. ↑ International Paralympic Committee (February 2005). "Swimming Classification Classification Manual" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee Classification Manual. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-04.
  14. ↑ "Book 4: Classification Rules" (PDF). IWASF Fencing. 20 March 2021.
  15. 1 2 Arenberg, Debbie Hoefler, ed. (February 2015). Guide to Adaptive Rowing (PDF). US Rowing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  16. ↑ Woude, Luc H. V.; Hoekstra, F.; Groot, S. De; Bijker, K. E.; Dekker, R. (2010-01-01). Rehabilitation: Mobility, Exercise, and Sports : 4th International State-of-the-Art Congress. IOS Press. ISBN   978-1-60750-080-3.
  17. ↑ "Simplified Rules of Wheelchair Basketball and a Brief Guide to the Classification system". Cardiff Celts. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
  18. 1 2 Thiboutot, Armand; Craven, Philip. The 50th Anniversary of Wheelchair Basketball. Waxmann Verlag. ISBN   978-3-83095-441-5.
  19. 1 2 Chapter 4. 4 - Position Statement on background and scientific rationale for classification in Paralympic sport (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. December 2009.
  20. 1 2 Labanowich, Stan; Thiboutot, Armand (2011-01-01). Wheelchairs can jump!: a history of wheelchair basketball : tracing 65 years of extraordinary Paralympic and World Championship performances. Boston, MA: Acanthus Publishing. ISBN   978-0-98421-739-7. OCLC   792945375.
  21. ↑ "Paralympic Classification Today". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  22. ↑ Berger, Ronald J. (March 2009). Hoop dreams on wheels: disability and the competitive wheelchair athlete . Routledge. p.  148. ISBN   978-0-415-96509-5.
  23. ↑ Berger, Ronald J. (March 2009). Hoop dreams on wheels: disability and the competitive wheelchair athlete . Routledge. p.  141. ISBN   978-0-415-96509-5.
  24. 1 2 "Rio 2016 Classification Guide" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. March 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  25. ↑ Tweedy, Sean M.; Beckman, Emma M.; Connick, Mark J. (August 2014). "Paralympic Classification: Conceptual Basis, Current Methods, and Research Update". Paralympic Sports Medicine and Science. 6 (85): S11–S17. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.04.013. PMID   25134747 . Retrieved July 25, 2016.
  26. ↑ Gilbert, Keith; Schantz, Otto J. (2008-01-01). The Paralympic Games: Empowerment Or Side Show?. Meyer & Meyer Verlag. ISBN   978-1-84126-265-9.
  27. ↑ Berger, Ronald J. (March 2009). Hoop dreams on wheels: disability and the competitive wheelchair athlete . Routledge. p.  28. ISBN   978-0-415-96509-5.
  28. ↑ "Understanding Classification". Australian Paralympic Committee. Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
  29. ↑ "Basketball Australia : 2010 WC Team". Basketball Australia. 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  30. ↑ "2010 WC Team". Basketball Australia. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
  31. ↑ "Team Canada: Men's Roster". Wheelchair Basketball Canada. Canada. 2011. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
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