LW3 (classification)

Last updated

LW3 is a para-alpine and para-Nordic standing skiing sport class defined by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) for skiers with a disability affecting both legs, with double below knee amputation or a combined strength total for both legs of 60, with 80 as the baseline for people without disabilities. For international skiing competitions, classification is done through IPC Alpine Skiing or IPC Nordic Skiing. The classification has two subclasses for para-alpine skiing: LW3.1 which is for people with double below the knee amputations or similar disabilities, and LW3.2 which is for people with cerebral palsy that involves moderate athetoid, moderate ataxic impairment or slight diplegic involvement.

Contents

Skiers in this classification compete with two skis and two ski poles in both para-alpine and para-Nordic skiing. In training, they may use different types of equipment depending on the type of disability the skier has. As this class includes skiers with paralysis, amputations and cerebral palsy, a variety of skiing techniques and training types are needed. For skiers with balance issues, ski bras are used to learn how to balance on skis.

A factoring system is used in the sport to allow different sport classes to compete against each other when there are too few individual competitors in one class in a competition. The factoring for LW3 alpine skiing classification during the 2011/2012 skiing season was 0.8929 for slalom, 0.9157 for giant slalom, 0.9307 for super-G and 0.9429 for downhill. In para-Nordic skiing, the percentage for the 2012/2013 ski season was 87-94% for classic and 80-96% for free. This class has been able to compete at the Paralympic Games and World Championships dating back to at least the 1990s. Skiers in this class include Australian Marty Mayberry and Canadian LW3.1 skier Lauren Woolstencroft.

Definition

LW3 is as para-alpine and para-Nordic standing skiing classification, [1] [2] where LW stands for Locomotor Winter. [3] Competitors in this class have a disability affecting both legs, with double below knee amputation or a combined strength total for both of 60, with 80 as the baseline for people without disabilities. [4] [5] For para-alpine skiing, the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) explicitly defines this sport class as "Competitors with disabilities in both lower limbs, and skiing with two normal skis and two poles or stabilizers ... Typical disability profile of the class is double below-knee amputations." [6] The Australian Paralympic Committee summarized this classification in 2002 as a standing skiing classification with "Two skis, two poles, disability in both legs below the knees." [7] For para-Nordic skiing, the IPC defines this classification as "those with impairment in two lower limbs, which includes whole and/or partial limb dysfunction." [8] Cross Country Canada summarized this classification as "Impairment in two lower limbs which include whole and or partial limb dysfunction." [9] A skier may be able to stand and jump on one leg depending on the nature of their disability. [4]

For international para-alpine skiing competitions, classification is done through IPC Alpine Skiing. A national federation such as Alpine Canada handles classification for domestic competitions. [10] For para-Nordic skiing events, classification is handled by IPC Nordic Skiing Technical Committee on the international level and by the national sports federation such as Cross-Country Canada on a country by country level. [11] [12] When being assessed into this sport class, a number of things are considered including reviewing the skiers medical history and medical information on the skier's disability, having a physical and an in person assessment of the skier training or competing. [13]

LW3.1

LW3.1 is a para-alpine skiing subclass for people with double below the knee amputations or similar disabilities. [2] It is defined by the IPC as "a. Double below-knee amputation, minimal through the ankle joint. b. disabilities of both lower limbs with a maximum of 60 muscle points (normal 80), i.e., those competitors who are able to edge skis belong to class 3.2." [6]

LW3.2

LW3.2 is a subclass for people with cerebral palsy that involves moderate athetoid, moderate ataxic impairment or slight diplegic involvement. [2] The IPC defines this class for para-alpine skiing as "a. CP5: moderate-to-slight diplegic involvement b. CP6: moderate athetoid or ataxic impairment". [6]

Equipment

Skiers in this classification compete with two skis and two ski poles in both para-alpine and para-Nordic skiing. [4] [8] During training, skiers may use prosthesis, cants, wedges, ski-bras, outriggers or short skis. For skiers using a prosthesis, a special skiing prosthesis is used [14] [15] [16] and they may also require the user of outriggers. [14] The nature of their disability will dictate the type of equipment required. [16] Ski bras are devices clamped to the tips of skis, which result in the skis being attached to each other. [17] Outriggers are forearm crutches with a miniature ski on a rocker at the base. [18] Cants are wedges that sit under the binding that are intended to more evenly distribute weight. They are customised for the specific needs of the skier. [19] The ski boot for below the knee amputees often has the prosthetic built into it, [20] though for all competitors in this class, FIS rules for para-alpine ski boots and binding heights are modified for this class from rules applied to able bodied competitor's equipment. [21] In the Biathlon, athletes with amputations can use a rifle support while shooting. [22]

Technique

As this class includes skiers with paralysis, amputations and cerebral palsy, a variety of skiing techniques and training types are needed. [14] [15] [23] [24] Skiers in this classification who have paralysis as a result of hemiplegia, stroke or polio tend to initially favour a strong side of their body when they learn to ski, which sometimes results in overskiing. Ski-bras and bungie cords are used in training to correct this. [23] [24] If this is not corrected, skiers are likely to fall over when their skis cross in front of them. [24] Skiers with below the knee amputations get on and off the ski lift using the same technique as able-bodied skiers. [14]

In this classification, skiers with cerebral palsy have difficulty walking in ski boots and sometimes require assistance when walking in them. When going up hill, they often have their weaker side on the uphill side. [16] In learning to ski, a ski bra is often used to teach the proper technique. [16] Skiers sometimes have difficulty with the snowplough technique. [25] In teaching skiers with cerebral palsy, instructors are encouraged to delay the introduction ski poles as skiers may overgrip them. Use of a ski bra is also encourage as it helps the skier learn correct knee and hip placement. [26] Some skiers with cerebral palsy have better balance while using skis than they would otherwise. This presents challenges for coaches who are working with the skier. Compared to other skiers in the class, the skier with cerebral palsy may tie more quickly. [27]

One method of learning to ski for LW3 competitors with cerebral palsy is the American Teaching System. They first thing skiers learn is what their equipment is, and how to put it on and take it off. Next, skiers learn about positioning their body in a standing position on flat terrain. After this, the skier learns how to side step, and then how to fall down and get back up again. The skier then learns how to do a straight run, and then is taught how to get on and off the chair lift. This is followed by learning wedge turns and weight transfers, wedge turns, wide track parallel turns, how to use ski poles, and advanced parallel turns. [15]

In the Biathlon, all Paralympic athletes shoot from a prone position. [22]

Sport

A factoring system is used in the sport to allow different classes to compete against each other when there are too few individual competitors in one class in a competition. The factoring system works by having a number for each class based on their functional mobility or vision levels, where the results are calculated by multiplying the finish time by the factored number. The resulting number is the one used to determine the winner in events where the factor system is used. [28] For the 2003/2004 para-Nordic skiing season, the percentage for the classic technique was 87% and percentage for free was 80-91%. [29] The factoring for LW3 alpine skiing classification during the 2011/2012 skiing season was 0.8929 for Slalom, 0.9157 for Giant Slalom, 0.9307 for Super-G and 0.9429 for downhill. [30] In para-Nordic skiing, the percentage for the 2012/2013 ski season was 87-94% for classic and 80-96% for free. [9]

In para-alpine-skiing events, LW3 is grouped with standing classes who are seeded to start after visually impaired classes and before sitting classes in the slalom and giant slalom. In downhill, Super-G and Super Combined, this same group competes after the visually impaired classes and sitting classes. [31] For alpine events, a skier is required to have their ski poles or equivalent equipment planted in the snow in front of the starting position before the start of the race. [31] In cross-country and biathlon events, this classification is grouped with other standing classes. The IPC advises event organisers to run the men's standing ski group after the blind men's group and before the blind women's group. Women's standing classes are advised to go last. [32]

Events

While LW3 was not grouped with others classes at an event in the 1980s, it was grouped with other classifications during the 1990s and 2000s. At the 1984 Winter Olympics Exhibition Competition, disciplines included on the programme were downhill and giant slalom. This classification was not grouped with others for medal events for men. At the 1992 Winter Paralympics, LW1 and LW3 were grouped together for men's medal events in para-alpine. At the 1994 Winter Paralympics, LW1 and LW3 were grouped together for men's medal events in para-alpine. At the 1996 Disabled Alpine World Championships, Lech, Austria, men's LW1, LW3 and LW5 were grouped together for medal events. [33] At the 1998 Winter Paralympics, the women's LW1, LW3, LW4, LW5 and LW6 classes competed in one group, while LW1, LW3 and LW5 were grouped for men's medal events in para-alpine. [33] At the 2002 Winter Paralympics in alpine-skiing, LW3, LW5/7 and LW9 were grouped for the men's downhill, Super-G, Slalom and Giant Slalom events, [33] [34] while women's LW3, LW4, LW6/8 and LW9 were grouped for the Super-G event and the women's LW3, LW4, and LW9 classes were grouped for the slalom and giant slalom events. [34] At the 2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships, this class was grouped with other standing skiing classifications. In cross country, this class was eligible to compete in the men and women's 5 km, 10 km and 20 km individual race. [35] In the men and women's biathlon, this classification was again grouped with standing classes in the 7.4 km race with 2 shooting stages 12.5 km race which had four shooting stages. [36] At the 2009 World Championships, there were two men and two women from this class the standing downhill event. [37]

Competitors

Skiers in this class include Australian Marty Mayberry, [38] and Canadian LW3.1 skier Lauren Woolstencroft. [39]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Para-alpine skiing</span> Skiing for people with disabilities

Paralympic alpine skiing is an adaptation of alpine skiing for athletes with a disability. The sport evolved from the efforts of disabled veterans in Germany and Austria during and after the Second World War. The sport is governed by the International Paralympic Committee Sports Committee. The primary equipment used includes outrigger skis, sit-skis, and mono-skis. Para-alpine skiing disciplines include the downhill, super-G, giant slalom, slalom, super combined, and snowboard.

Paralympic Nordic skiing is a Winter Paralympics sport consisting of biathlon and cross-country skiing. The sport is governed by the International Paralympic Committee, with its subcommittee for Nordic skiing known as World Para Nordic Skiing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Winter Paralympic Games</span> International multi-sport event for disabled athletes

The Winter Paralympic Games is an international multi-sport event where athletes with physical disabilities compete in snow and ice sports. The event includes athletes with mobility impairments, amputations, blindness, and cerebral palsy. The Winter Paralympic Games are held every four years directly following the Winter Olympic Games and hosted in the same city. The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) oversees the Games. Medals are awarded in each event: with gold for first place, silver for second, and bronze for third, following the tradition that the Olympic Games began in 1904.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships</span>

The 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships was held in Sestriere, Italy, from January 14 to 23, 2011. IPC stands for International Paralympic Committee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships</span>

The 2011 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships took place from 2–11 April 2011 in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. IPC stands for International Paralympic Committee. This was the first time these championships were hosted in Russia, and the first time the championships were hosted in the same city as the IBU Biathlon World Championships which was held in Khanty-Mansiysk from March 3 to March 13, 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australia at the 1992 Winter Paralympics</span> Sporting event delegation

Australia competed at the 1992 Winter Paralympics in Tignes and Albertville in France. They were the first winter Paralympics to be celebrated concurrently with the Olympic Games. The official logo of the Games was designed by Jean-Michel Folon. It depicts a bird with broken wings, soaring high across the peak of a mountain. This was used to reflect the sporting abilities of the athletes at the Games. The official mascot, Alpy, designed by Vincent Thiebaut, represented the summit of the Grande Motte mountain in Tignes. Alpy was shown on a mono-ski to demonstrate its athleticism and the colours of white, green and blue were used to represent purity/snow, hope/nature and discipline/the lake. The 1992 Games were where Australia won their first winter medals at the Paralympics. Michael Milton won Australia's first gold with a win in the men's slalom LW2. Milton also won a silver medal in the men's super-G LW2. At these Games, Australia was represented by 5 male athletes. Australia was placed 12th in the overall medal tally for the Winter Games winning a total of 4 medals: 1 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australia at the 1994 Winter Paralympics</span> Sporting event delegation

The 1994 Winter Paralympics were held in Lillehammer, Norway. Australia sent six male skiers, who won three gold, two silver and four bronze medals. Australia, at the time, achieved their best ever performance at a Winter Paralympics, finishing 5th overall in the alpine skiing competition, 9th in the medal standings, and 11th in the total medal count out of 31 nations.

Para-alpine skiing classification is the classification system for para-alpine skiing designed to ensure fair competition between alpine skiers with different types of disabilities. The classifications are grouped into three general disability types: standing, blind and sitting. Classification governance is handled by International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. Prior to that, several sport governing bodies dealt with classification including the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD), International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (ISMWSF), International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) and Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association (CP-ISRA). Some classification systems are governed by bodies other than International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing, such as the Special Olympics. The sport is open to all competitors with a visual or physical disability. It is not open to people with intellectual disabilities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Para-Nordic skiing classification</span>

Para-Nordic skiing classification is the classification system for para-Nordic skiing which includes the biathlon and cross-country events. The classifications for Para-Nordic skiing mirrors the classifications for Para-Alpine skiing with some exceptions. A functional mobility and medical classification is in use, with skiers being divided into three groups: standing skiers, sit skiers and visually impaired skiers. International classification is governed by International Paralympic Committee, Nordic Skiing (IPC-NS). Other classification is handled by national bodies. Before the IPC-NS took over classification, a number of organizations handled classification based on the type of disability.

LW12 is a para-alpine and para-Nordic sit skiing sport class defined by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). An LW12 skier needs to meet a minimum of one of several conditions including a single below knee but above ankle amputation, monoplegia that exhibits similar to below knee amputation, legs of different length where there is at least a 7 centimetres difference, combined muscle strength in the lower extremities less than 71. For international competitions, classification is done through IPC Alpine Skiing or IPC Nordic Skiing. For sub-international competitions, classification is done by a national federation such as Alpine Canada. For para-alpine, this class is subdivided into two subclasses.: LW12.1 and LW12.2. A new sit-skier competitor with only national classification will compete as LW12.2 in international competitions until they have been internationally classified.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LW11</span> Disability skiing classification

LW11 is a para-alpine and para-Nordic sit skiing sport class, a classification defined by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC for people with paralysis in the lower extremities and people with cerebral palsy that affects the lower half of the body. Outside of skiing, the competitor in this class is unable to walk. For international competitions, classification is done through IPC Alpine Skiing or IPC Nordic Skiing. For sub-international competitions, classification is done by a national federation such as Alpine Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LW10</span> Sit-skiing classification for disabled skiers

LW10 is a para-alpine and para-Nordic sit-skiing classification for skiers who cannot sit up without support. For international skiing competitions, classification is conducted by IPC Alpine Skiing and IPC Nordic Skiing, while national federations such as Alpine Canada handle classification for domestic competitions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LW1 (classification)</span> Disability skiing classification

LW1 is a para-alpine standing skiing classification for people with severe lower extreme disabilities in both extremities. It includes both skiers with amputations and cerebral palsy. International classification is done through IPC Alpine Skiing, and national classification through local national sport federations. LW1 classified skiers use outriggers, and two skis or one ski with a prosthesis. Other equipment is used during training such as ski-tips, ski-bras, and short skis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LW2 (classification)</span>

LW2 is a para-alpine and para-Nordic standing ski sport class defined by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). Competitors in this class have severe disability in a lower limb, which may be a result of an amputation, or arthrodesis in the leg and hip. Depending on the type of skiing, the international classification process for LW2 skiers is handled by the IPC Alpine Skiing Technical Committee and IPC Nordic Skiing Technical Committee. National sport federations handle classification on the lower levels.

LW4 is a para-alpine and para-Nordic standing skiing sport class defined by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) for skiers who may have a disability in one lower extremity, which may be a result of a leg amputation below the knee, knee arthrodesis or a hip arthrodesis. For international skiing competitions, classification is done through IPC Alpine Skiing or IPC Nordic Skiing. A national federation such as Alpine Canada handles classification for domestic competitions.

LW5/7 is a standing para-alpine and para-Nordic skiing classification for skiers with upper extremity issues in both limbs that may include double amputation of both arms and hands or dysmelia of the upper limbs. The class has three subclasses defined by the location of the disability on the upper extremities. International classification is done by IPC Alpine Skiing and IPC Nordic Skiing. On the national level, classification is handled by national sports federation such as Cross-Country Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LW6/8</span> Skiing sport class

LW6/8 is a para-alpine and para-Nordic standing skiing sport class, a classification defined by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) for people with an upper extremity issue who have paralysis, motor paresis affecting one arm, a single upper arm amputation or CP8 classified cerebral palsy. LW6/8 skiers use two skis and one pole in both para-alpine and para-Nordic skiing.

LW9 is a para-alpine and para-Nordic standing skiing sport class, a classification defined by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) for people with upper and lower limb function problems, and includes cerebral palsy skiers classified CP5, CP6 and CP7, along with people with hemiplegia or amputations. For international skiing competitions, classification is done through IPC Alpine Skiing or IPC Nordic Skiing. A national federation such as Alpine Canada handles classification for domestic competitions. This classification is separated into two subclasses including LW9.1 and LW9.2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships</span>

The 2015 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships was an international disability sport alpine skiing event held in Panorama Mountain Village, British Columbia, Canada from March 2 to 10, 2015. The Championship is held biannually by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and is the largest event of its type outside the Winter Paralympics.

CP5 is a disability sport classification specific to cerebral palsy. In many sports, it is grouped inside other classifications to allow people with cerebral palsy to compete against people with other different disabilities but the same level of functionality. Sportspeople in this class have greater functional control of their upper body, and are generally ambulant with the use of an assistive device. Quick movements can upset their balance.

References

  1. ↑ Blomqwist, Birgitta; Kipfer, Mirre (1998). "Invited Experts: Classification". In Yabe, Kyonosuke (ed.). Trends and issues in Winter Paralympic sport : proceedings of Winter Paralympic Experts Congress -4th Paralympic Congress — organized by the IPC and NAPOC March 7-8, 1998 Nagano, Japan. Nagano, Japan: Nagano Paralympic Organizing Committee. pp. 63–66.
  2. 1 2 3 Douglas B. McKeag; James Moeller (3 July 2007). ACSM's Primary Care Sports Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 295. ISBN   978-0-7817-7028-6 . Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  3. ↑ Alpine Skiing Technical Manual. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. p. 11. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing (28 September 2011). "IPC Alpine Skiing Classification Handbook" (PDF). Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. p. 31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2012.
  5. ↑ United Insurance Group (2005). "2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships UIG Teacher's Guide" (PDF). Fort Kent, Maine: United Insurance Group. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-12. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 Alpine Skiing Technical Manual. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. p. 23. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  7. ↑ Australian team media guide : 2002 Salt Lake City Paralympic Games, March 7-16, 2002. Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2002. 27972. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  8. 1 2 IPC Nordic Skiing (28 March 2011). "IPC Nordic Skiing Classification Rules and Regulations". Bonn, Germany: IPC Nordic Skiing. p. 26.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  9. 1 2 "Para-Nordic Classification Summary Chart" (pdf). Canada: Cross Country Canada. 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  10. ↑ "PARA-ALPINE RACES: Calculating Race Results for Athletes who have not been Internationally Classified" (PDF). Calgary, Alberta: Alpine Canada. June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-13. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  11. ↑ "Biathlon". Canadian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 24 March 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  12. ↑ IPC Nordic Skiing (28 March 2011). "IPC Nordic Skiing Classification Rules and Regulations". Bonn, Germany: IPC Nordic Skiing. p. 1.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  13. ↑ International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing (28 September 2011). "IPC Alpine Skiing Classification Handbook" (PDF). Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2012.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Australian Disabled Skiers Federation (1988). Disabled skiers instruction manual : alpine. Merimbula, N.S.W.: Australian Disabled Skiers Federation. p. 10. OCLC   221464715.
  15. 1 2 3 O'Leary, Hal; Meinig, Mary M. (1987). Bold tracks : skiing for the disabled. Evergreen, Colorado: Cordillera Press. pp. 56–61. ISBN   978-0-917895-22-7. OCLC   17230990.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Australian Disabled Skiers Federation (1988). Disabled skiers instruction manual : alpine. Merimbula, N.S.W.: Australian Disabled Skiers Federation. p. 14. OCLC   221464715.
  17. ↑ O'Leary, Hal; Meinig, Mary M. (1987). Bold tracks : skiing for the disabled. Evergreen, Colorado: Cordillera Press. p. 102. ISBN   978-0-917895-22-7. OCLC   17230990.
  18. ↑ O'Leary, Hal; Meinig, Mary M. (1987). Bold tracks : skiing for the disabled. Evergreen, Colorado: Cordillera Press. p. 101. ISBN   978-0-917895-22-7. OCLC   17230990.
  19. ↑ O'Leary, Hal; Meinig, Mary M. (1987). Bold tracks : skiing for the disabled. Evergreen, Colorado: Cordillera Press. p. 99. ISBN   978-0-917895-22-7. OCLC   17230990.
  20. ↑ Canadian Ski Coaches Federation; National Coaching Certification Program (2005). "Alpine Ski Racing Athletes with a Disability Technical Considerations" (PDF). Canada: Canadian Ski Coaches Federation. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  21. ↑ "FIS – Rule Book Alpine Skiing for the Disabled 2005/2009 General In addition to the FIS – Alpine – ICR" (PDF). Slovenia: FIS-Congress Portoroz (SLO) 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  22. 1 2 "Biathlon". Organizing Committee of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi. Archived from the original on 16 February 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
  23. 1 2 Australian Disabled Skiers Federation (1988). Disabled skiers instruction manual : alpine. Merimbula, N.S.W.: Australian Disabled Skiers Federation. p. 16. OCLC   221464715.
  24. 1 2 3 Fagerlie, Arne; Graff, Hans; Mathiesen, Gunnar; Torheim, Ase (1987). Winter activities for the mentally and physically handicapped. Norway: Kultur- og vitenskapsdepartementet, Ungdoms- og idrettsavdelingen : Universitetsforlaget. p. 86. ISBN   978-82-00-36434-4. OCLC   33272072.
  25. ↑ Australian Disabled Skiers Federation (1988). Disabled skiers instruction manual : alpine. Merimbula, N.S.W.: Australian Disabled Skiers Federation. p. 15. OCLC   221464715.
  26. ↑ Hal O'Leary (1994). Bold Tracks: Teaching Adaptive Skiing. Big Earth Publishing. p. 56. ISBN   978-1-55566-114-4 . Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  27. ↑ Canadian Ski Coaches Federation; National Coaching Certification Program (2005). "Alpine Ski Racing Athletes with a Disability Technical Considerations" (PDF). Canada: Canadian Ski Coaches Federation. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  28. ↑ Goldman, Judy (2010). "02 Games History and Facts" (PDF). Australian Paralympic Committee : media guide Vancouver 2010, 12-21 March. Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-18. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  29. ↑ United Insurance Group (2005). "2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships UIG Teacher's Guide" (PDF). Fort Kent, Maine: United Insurance Group. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-12. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  30. ↑ IPC Alpine Skiing (10 October 2012). "IPCAS - Factor List, IPCAS Handicap System, Season 2011–2012" (PDF). Bonn, Germany: IPC Alpine Skiing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-06. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  31. 1 2 "Alpine Disabled Skiing". National Capital Area, Alpine Ontario. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  32. ↑ International Paralympic Committee (2007). "IPC Nordic Skiing Biathlon & Cross-Country Skiing Rulebook". Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. p. 3.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  33. 1 2 3 "History of the New Zealand Disabled Ski Team". New Zealand: Snow Sports New Zealand. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  34. 1 2 "Alpine skiing | Salt Lake 2002". Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake City 2002. 14 March 2002. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  35. ↑ United Insurance Group (2005). "2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships UIG Teacher's Guide" (PDF). Fort Kent, Maine: United Insurance Group. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-12. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  36. ↑ United Insurance Group (2005). "2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships UIG Teacher's Guide" (PDF). Fort Kent, Maine: United Insurance Group. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-12. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  37. ↑ "2009 IPC Alpine Skiing - World Championship - Official Results - Downhill" (PDF). Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  38. ↑ Torino 2006 Paralympic Winter Games Media Guide (PDF). Sydney: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2006. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-25. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  39. ↑ International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing (20 January 2010). "First Half of Alpine World Cup Finishes in Rinn". International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.