LW10

Last updated
Germany's Anna Schaffelhuber is an LW10 para-alpine skier Anna Schaffelhuber Siegerehrung Rinn 2010.jpg
Germany's Anna Schaffelhuber is an LW10 para-alpine skier

LW10 is a para-alpine and para-Nordic sit-skiing classification for skiers who cannot sit up without support. For international skiing competitions, classification is conducted by IPC Alpine Skiing and IPC Nordic Skiing, while national federations such as Alpine Canada handle classification for domestic competitions.

Contents

In para-alpine skiing, the skier uses a mono-ski, which is required to have breaks on both sides of the ski. The para-Nordic sit-ski configuration has two skis. Skiers in this class use outrigger skis for balance, as leverage to right themselves when they fall, and for turning. A factoring system is used in the sport to allow different classes to compete against each other when there are too few individual competitors in one class in a competition. Factoring for the 2011/2012 alpine ski season was done based on subclass, with LW10.1 factoring being 0.7234 for Slalom, 0.7794 for Giant slalom, 0.7942 for super-G and 0.8004 for downhill, and LW10.2 factoring being 0.7399 for slalom, 0.8152 for giant slalom, 0.8069 for super-G and 0.8183 for downhill. The percentage for the para-Nordic 2012/2013 ski season was 86% and for LW10.5 was 91%.

Definition

Britain's Talan Skeels-Piggins competes in the LW10 class at the 2010 Winter Paralympic Games in Vancouver Paralympic 2010 - Alpine skiing - Talan Skeels-Piggins.jpg
Britain's Talan Skeels-Piggins competes in the LW10 class at the 2010 Winter Paralympic Games in Vancouver

LW10 is a para-alpine and para-Nordic sit-skiing classification, [1] where LW stands for Locomotor Winter. [2] [3] LW10 skiers cannot sit up without support, which includes people with cerebral palsy in all their limbs. [4] Competitors in this class lack "buttock sensibility". [5]

The IPC defined this para-alpine classification as "a. Disabilities in the lower limbs, no functional sitting balance. b. CP with disabilities in all four limbs (functional classification)." [6] In 2002, the Australian Paralympic Committee defined this classification for para-alpine as a sit skiing classification for "Athletes with disabilities in the lower limbs and no sitting balance (i.e. Cannot sit upright without support)." [7]

In para-Nordic skiing, the IPC defines this class as for "those with impairments in the lower limb(s) and the trunk." [5] Cross Country Canada defines this para-Nordic classification as "Impairment in the lower limbs and trunk with minimal trunk muscle activity in flexion and extension and no functional sitting balance. [The] athlete is unable to stand." [8] A skier in this class "will have minimal trunk muscle activity in flexion and extension so that the athlete is unable to maintain a sitting position against gravity while properly strapped to the test table and without arm support". [5]

For international para-alpine skiing competitions, classification is done through IPC Alpine Skiing. A national federation such as Alpine Canada handles classification for domestic competitions. [9] For para-Nordic skiing events, classification is handled by IPC Nordic Skiing Technical Committee on the international level and by the national sports federation such as Cross-Country Canada on a country by country level. [10] [11] A skier must meet a minimum of one of several conditions to be eligible for a sit-skiing classification. These conditions include a single below knee but above ankle amputation, monoplegia that exhibits similar to below knee amputation, legs of different length where there is at least a 7 centimetres (2.8 in) difference, and combined muscle strength in the lower extremities less than 71. [12] Assessment for this classification includes consideration of the skier's medical history and disability, a physical examination, and an in-person assessment of the skier training or competing. [13] During the assessment process, six different tests are conducted that look at the skier's balance on different planes, and test for upper body strength and levels of mobility. The guideline scores for people to be assessed in this classification are 0–8. [14]

LW10.5

Cross Country Canada defined this para-Nordic classification as "impairment in the lower limbs and trunk with some upper abdominal and trunk muscle activity and no functional sitting balance. [The] athlete is unable to stand". [8] In para-Nordic skiing, LW10.5 is for sit skiers with disability affecting their lower extremities and trunk function, [5] and who lack "buttock sensibility S1-S5". [5]

Equipment

In para-alpine skiing, the skier uses a monoski, [15] which is required to have breaks on both sides of the ski. [16] The chair can detach from a ski. [17] Helmets are required in LW10 para-alpine competition; Slalom helmets for Slalom and crash helmets for the giant slalom. [18] The para-Nordic sit-ski configuration has two skis. [8] [19] [20] LW10 para-Nordic sit-skiers can use a sit-ski with outrigger skis, [21] which are forearm crutches with a miniature ski on a rocker at the base. [22] They sometimes use a quadriplegic ski, called a "Swing-Bo", which was designed to give the skier better steering, and rely less on outriggers. [23] In the Biathlon, athletes with amputations can use a rifle support while shooting. [24]

Technique

Skiers use outriggers for balance and as leverage when they fall to right themselves. [15] [21] Outriggers are also used for turning; skiers use the outrigger and their upper body by leaning into the direction they want to turn. [21] In para-Nordic skiing, outriggers or ski poles are used to propel the skier forward. [8] If skiers fall, they may require assistance in righting themselves, and/or getting back to the fall line. [21] Doing this on their own, they need to position their mono-ski facing uphill relative to the fall line. [15]

In the Biathlon, all Paralympic athletes shoot from a prone position. [24]

Sport

A factoring system is used in para-alpine and para-Nordic skiing to allow different classes to compete against each other when there are too few individual competitors in one class. A number is given to each class of skiers based on their functional mobility or vision levels; the results are calculated by multiplying the finish time by the factored number. The resulting number is used to determine the winner in events where the factor system is used. [25] During the 1997/1998 ski season, the percentage for this para-Nordic classification was 84%. [26] For the 2003/2004 para-Nordic skiing season, the percentage for was 87%. [27] The percentage for the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 para-Nordic ski seasons was 86% and for LW10.5 was 91%. [28] Factoring for the 2011/2012 alpine ski season was done based on subclass; LW10.1 factoring was 0.7234 for slalom, 0.7794 for giant slalom, 0.7942 for super-G and 0.8004 for downhill. LW10.2 factoring was 0.7399 for slalom, 0.8152 for giant slalom, 0.8069 for super-G and 0.8183 for downhill. [29] The percentage for the para-Nordic 2012/2013 ski season was 86% and was 91% for LW10.5. [8]

In para-alpine skiing events, LW10 skiers are grouped with sitting classes, who are seeded to start after visually impaired classes, and the classes in the slalom and giant slalom. In downhill, super-G and super combined, this group competes after the visually impaired classes and before standing classes. [30] In cross-country and biathlon events, this classification is grouped with other sitting classes. The IPC advises event organisers to run the men's sit-ski group first, then the women's sit-ski group section, the visually impaired, and the standing skiers. [31]

For alpine events, a skier is allowed one push, without running, from the starting position at the start of the race. [30] If the competitor skis off the course during a para-Nordic race, a race official may assist him or her back onto the course. [31] Skiers cannot use their legs to break or steer during the race. [31]

Skiers in the LW10 class can injure themselves while skiing. Between 1994 and 2006, one skier in the LW10 class was injured on the German national para-alpine skiing team. He had a clavicle fracture in 2001, which corresponds to the higher rate of "plexus brachialis distorsion and a higher rate of shoulder injuries" [32] in the LW10 class compared to able bodied skiers. [32]

Events

At the 2002 Winter Paralympics in alpine-skiing, this classification was not grouped with others for the men's downhill, giant slalom, slalom and super-G events. At the 2002 Games, women skiers in the giant slalom, slalom, and super-G were grouped with LW11 and L12 for one medal event, and they were grouped with LW11 for the downhill event. [33] At the 2004 Alpine World Championships, LW10, LW11 and LW12 women competed against each other in a competition with factored results during the downhill event. [34] At the 2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships, this class was grouped with other sit-skiing classifications. In cross country, this class was eligible to compete in the men's 5 km, 10 km and 20 km individual race, and women were eligible to compete in the 2.5 km, 5 km and 10 km individual races. [35] In the men and women's biathlon, this classification was again grouped with sit-ski classes in the 7.4 km race with 2 shooting stages 12.5 km race, which had four shooting stages. [36] At the 2009 Alpine World Championships, the class was grouped with other sitting classes, with four male (only one of whom finished) and one female LW10 skier competing in their respective downhill events. [37]

Competitors

Skiers in this classification include British skier Talan Skeels-Piggins, [38] United States skier Chris Waddell, [39] and Japan's Kuniko Obinata. [40]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australia at the 2006 Winter Paralympics</span> Sporting event delegation

Australia participated in the 2006 Winter Paralympics in Torino, Italy, from 10 to 19 March 2006. The Turin games represented Australia's ninth appearance at the Winter Paralympic Games. Australia were represented by 10 athletes, which made it their largest ever Winter Paralympic Games contingent. Australia competed in three sports: alpine skiing, biathlon, and cross-country skiing, but not ice sledge hockey or wheelchair curling. Prior to the games, the Australian Paralympic Committee set a target of two medals, down from the seven that were won four years earlier in Salt Lake City. This was due to the retirement of three-time medallist Bart Bunting, as well as changes made to the disability classification system. This target was met with Australia winning a silver and a bronze medal to finish equal 13th on the medal tally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Para-alpine skiing</span> Skiing for people with disabilities

Paralympic alpine skiing is an adaptation of alpine skiing for athletes with a disability. The sport evolved from the efforts of disabled veterans in Germany and Austria during and after the Second World War. The sport is governed by the International Paralympic Committee Sports Committee. The primary equipment used includes outrigger skis, sit-skis, and mono-skis. Para-alpine skiing disciplines include the downhill, super-G, giant slalom, slalom, super combined, and snowboard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Winter Paralympic Games</span> International multi-sport event for disabled athletes

The Winter Paralympic Games is an international multi-sport event where athletes with physical disabilities compete in snow and ice sports. The event includes athletes with mobility impairments, amputations, blindness, and cerebral palsy. The Winter Paralympic Games are held every four years directly following the Winter Olympic Games and hosted in the same city. The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) oversees the Games. Medals are awarded in each event: with gold for first place, silver for second, and bronze for third, following the tradition that the Olympic Games began in 1904.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Britain at the 1992 Winter Paralympics</span> Sporting event delegation

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland competed at the 1992 Winter Paralympics held in Tignes and Albertville, France. The team was known by it shortened name of Great Britain, for identification purposes.

Matthew Stockford is a British former Paralympic skier who won medals at the 1992 Winter Paralympics and 1994 Winter Paralympics. Stockford broke his back in a skiing accident in 1985. He competed using a monoski – a specially fitted chair over a single ski that includes seat belts and other strapping, as well as a suspension device to minimise wear and tear on the skier's body.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australia at the 1980 Winter Paralympics</span> Sporting event delegation

Following the success of the first ever 1976 Winter Paralympics in Örnsköldsvik four years earlier, Norway was selected to host the Paralympic Games in 1980.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australia at the 1988 Winter Paralympics</span> Sporting event delegation

Australia sent a delegation to compete at the 1988 Winter Paralympics in Innsbruck, Austria, which was held between 17–24 January 1988. This marked the nation's fourth appearance at the Winter Paralympics. The delegation sent a group of five alpine skiers as they wouldn't get a medal in these games.

Para-alpine skiing classification is the classification system for para-alpine skiing designed to ensure fair competition between alpine skiers with different types of disabilities. The classifications are grouped into three general disability types: standing, blind and sitting. Classification governance is handled by International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. Prior to that, several sport governing bodies dealt with classification including the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD), International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (ISMWSF), International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) and Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association (CP-ISRA). Some classification systems are governed by bodies other than International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing, such as the Special Olympics. The sport is open to all competitors with a visual or physical disability. It is not open to people with intellectual disabilities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Para-Nordic skiing classification</span>

Para-Nordic skiing classification is the classification system for para-Nordic skiing which includes the biathlon and cross-country events. The classifications for Para-Nordic skiing mirrors the classifications for Para-Alpine skiing with some exceptions. A functional mobility and medical classification is in use, with skiers being divided into three groups: standing skiers, sit skiers and visually impaired skiers. International classification is governed by International Paralympic Committee, Nordic Skiing (IPC-NS). Other classification is handled by national bodies. Before the IPC-NS took over classification, a number of organizations handled classification based on the type of disability.

LW12 is a para-alpine and para-Nordic sit skiing sport class defined by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). An LW12 skier needs to meet a minimum of one of several conditions including a single below knee but above ankle amputation, monoplegia that exhibits similar to below knee amputation, legs of different length where there is at least a 7 centimetres difference, combined muscle strength in the lower extremities less than 71. For international competitions, classification is done through IPC Alpine Skiing or IPC Nordic Skiing. For sub-international competitions, classification is done by a national federation such as Alpine Canada. For para-alpine, this class is subdivided into two subclasses.: LW12.1 and LW12.2. A new sit-skier competitor with only national classification will compete as LW12.2 in international competitions until they have been internationally classified.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LW11</span> Paralympic skiing classification

LW11 is a para-alpine and para-Nordic sit skiing sport class, a classification defined by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC for people with paralysis in the lower extremities and people with cerebral palsy that affects the lower half of the body. Outside of skiing, the competitor in this class is unable to walk. For international competitions, classification is done through IPC Alpine Skiing or IPC Nordic Skiing. For sub-international competitions, classification is done by a national federation such as Alpine Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LW1 (classification)</span> Paralympic skiing classification

LW1 is a para-alpine standing skiing classification for people with severe lower extreme disabilities in both extremities. It includes both skiers with amputations and cerebral palsy. International classification is done through IPC Alpine Skiing, and national classification through local national sport federations. LW1 classified skiers use outriggers, and two skis or one ski with a prosthesis. Other equipment is used during training such as ski-tips, ski-bras, and short skis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LW2 (classification)</span> Paralympic skiing classification

LW2 is a para-alpine and para-Nordic standing ski sport class defined by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). Competitors in this class have severe disability in a lower limb, which may be a result of an amputation, or arthrodesis in the leg and hip. Depending on the type of skiing, the international classification process for LW2 skiers is handled by the IPC Alpine Skiing Technical Committee and IPC Nordic Skiing Technical Committee. National sport federations handle classification on the lower levels.

LW3 is a para-alpine and para-Nordic standing skiing sport class defined by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) for skiers with a disability affecting both legs, with double below knee amputation or a combined strength total for both legs of 60, with 80 as the baseline for people without disabilities. For international skiing competitions, classification is done through IPC Alpine Skiing or IPC Nordic Skiing. The classification has two subclasses for para-alpine skiing: LW3.1 which is for people with double below the knee amputations or similar disabilities, and LW3.2 which is for people with cerebral palsy that involves moderate athetoid, moderate ataxic impairment or slight diplegic involvement.

LW4 is a para-alpine and para-Nordic standing skiing sport class defined by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) for skiers who may have a disability in one lower extremity, which may be a result of a leg amputation below the knee, knee arthrodesis or a hip arthrodesis. For international skiing competitions, classification is done through IPC Alpine Skiing or IPC Nordic Skiing. A national federation such as Alpine Canada handles classification for domestic competitions.

LW5/7 is a standing para-alpine and para-Nordic skiing classification for skiers with upper extremity issues in both limbs that may include double amputation of both arms and hands or dysmelia of the upper limbs. The class has three subclasses defined by the location of the disability on the upper extremities. International classification is done by IPC Alpine Skiing and IPC Nordic Skiing. On the national level, classification is handled by national sports federation such as Cross-Country Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LW6/8</span> Paralympic skiing classification

LW6/8 is a para-alpine and para-Nordic standing skiing sport class, a classification defined by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) for people with an upper extremity issue who have paralysis, motor paresis affecting one arm, a single upper arm amputation or CP8 classified cerebral palsy. LW6/8 skiers use two skis and one pole in both para-alpine and para-Nordic skiing.

LW9 is a para-alpine and para-Nordic standing skiing sport class, a classification defined by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) for people with upper and lower limb function problems, and includes cerebral palsy skiers classified CP5, CP6 and CP7, along with people with hemiplegia or amputations. For international skiing competitions, classification is done through IPC Alpine Skiing or IPC Nordic Skiing. A national federation such as Alpine Canada handles classification for domestic competitions. This classification is separated into two subclasses including LW9.1 and LW9.2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Victoria Pendergast</span> Australian F58 athletics shot put competitor (born 1991)

Victoria "Tori" Pendergast is an Australian F58 athletics shot put competitor and LW12.1 classified Para-alpine skier. When she competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, she became Australia's first female sit skier at the Winter Paralympics. She competed in two events, finishing seventh in women's slalom sit-ski and tenth in the women's giant slalom sit-ski. She also won a silver and a bronze medal in the slalom and super-G at the 2013 North America Cup, and a bronze medal in the giant slalom at the 2013 IPC World Cup in Thredbo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anna Schaffelhuber</span> German para-alpine skier

Anna Katharina Schaffelhuber is a German para-alpine skier. At the 2014 Winter Paralympics she won five gold medals, becoming only the second athlete to sweep the alpine skiing events.

References

  1. ↑ Joseph P. Winnick (27 October 2010). Adapted Physical Education and Sport. Human Kinetics. pp. 560–568. ISBN   978-0-7360-8918-0 . Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  2. ↑ Alpine Skiing Technical Manual. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. 11. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  3. ↑ Blomqwist, Birgitta; Kipfer, Mirre (1998). "Invited Experts: Classification". In Yabe, Kyonosuke (ed.). Trends and issues in Winter Paralympic sport : proceedings of Winter Paralympic Experts Congress -4th Paralympic Congress — organized by the IPC and NAPOC March 7-8, 1998 Nagano, Japan. Nagano, Japan: Nagano Paralympic Organizing Committee. pp. 63–66.
  4. ↑ Douglas B. McKeag; James Moeller (3 July 2007). ACSM's Primary Care Sports Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 295. ISBN   978-0-7817-7028-6 . Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 IPC Nordic Skiing (28 March 2011). "IPC Nordic Skiing Classification Rules and Regulations". Bonn, Germany: IPC Nordic Skiing. p. 29.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  6. ↑ Alpine Skiing Technical Manual. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. 25. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  7. ↑ Australian team media guide : 2002 Salt Lake City Paralympic Games, March 7-16, 2002. Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2002. 27972. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "Para-Nordic Classification Summary Chart" (pdf). Canada: Cross Country Canada. 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  9. ↑ "PARA-ALPINE RACES: Calculating Race Results for Athletes who have not been Internationally Classified" (PDF). Calgary, Alberta: Alpine Canada. June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-13. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  10. ↑ "Biathlon". Canadian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 24 March 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  11. ↑ IPC Nordic Skiing (28 March 2011). "IPC Nordic Skiing Classification Rules and Regulations". Bonn, Germany: IPC Nordic Skiing. p. 1.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  12. ↑ IPC Nordic Skiing (28 March 2011). "IPC Nordic Skiing Classification Rules and Regulations". Bonn, Germany: IPC Nordic Skiing. p. 31.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  13. ↑ International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing (28 September 2011). "IPC Alpine Skiing Classification Handbook" (PDF). Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2012.
  14. ↑ International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing (28 September 2011). "IPC Alpine Skiing Classification Handbook" (PDF). Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. pp. 38–39. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2012.
  15. 1 2 3 O'Leary, Hal; Meinig, Mary M. (1987). Bold tracks : skiing for the disabled. Evergreen, Colorado: Cordillera Press. pp. 88–95. ISBN   978-0-917895-22-7. OCLC   17230990.
  16. ↑ Equipment Regulations for IPCAS Competition (Seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 ed.). Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. 24 July 2012. p. 2.
  17. ↑ O'Leary, Hal; Meinig, Mary M. (1987). Bold tracks : skiing for the disabled. Evergreen, Colorado: Cordillera Press. p. 100. ISBN   978-0-917895-22-7. OCLC   17230990.
  18. ↑ "FIS – Rule Book Alpine Skiing for the Disabled 2005/2009 General In addition to the FIS – Alpine – ICR" (PDF). Slovenia: FIS-Congress Portoroz (SLO) 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  19. ↑ Johnson, Robin (2010). Paralympic sports events. Winter Olympic sports; Winter Olympic sports (Crabtree Publishing Company). New York: Crabtree Pub. Co. p. 15. ISBN   978-0-7787-4044-5. OCLC   351296399.
  20. ↑ United Insurance Group (2005). "2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships UIG Teacher's Guide". Fort Kent, Maine: United Insurance Group. p. 2.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  21. 1 2 3 4 Australian Disabled Skiers Federation (1988). Disabled skiers instruction manual : alpine. Merimbula, N.S.W.: Australian Disabled Skiers Federation. p. 20. OCLC   221464715.
  22. ↑ O'Leary, Hal; Meinig, Mary M. (1987). Bold tracks : skiing for the disabled. Evergreen, Colorado: Cordillera Press. p. 101. ISBN   978-0-917895-22-7. OCLC   17230990.
  23. ↑ Australian Disabled Skiers Federation (1988). Disabled skiers instruction manual : alpine. Merimbula, N.S.W.: Australian Disabled Skiers Federation. pp. 21–22. OCLC   221464715.
  24. 1 2 "Biathlon". Organizing Committee of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi. Archived from the original on 16 February 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
  25. ↑ Goldman, Judy (2010). "02 Games History and Facts" (PDF). Australian Paralympic Committee : media guide Vancouver 2010, 12-21 March. Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-18. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  26. ↑ Kahrs, Nina; Kroken, Anne Ragnhild (1998). "Classifying Tests in Nordic Cross-Country Sit-Skiing — A Discussion of the %-System in Relation to the Concept of "Fair Player"". In Yabe, Kyonosuke (ed.). Trends and issues in Winter Paralympic sport : proceedings of Winter Paralympic Experts Congress -4th Paralympic Congress — organized by the IPC and NAPOC March 7-8, 1998 Nagano, Japan. Nagano, Japan: Nagano Paralympic Organizing Committee. pp. 67–69.
  27. ↑ United Insurance Group (2005). "2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships UIG Teacher's Guide". Fort Kent, Maine: United Insurance Group. p. 5.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  28. ↑ IPC Nordic Skiing (2008). "IPC Nordic Skiing Percentages Seasons 2008–2010" (PDF). Bonn, Germany: IPC Nordic Skiing. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  29. ↑ IPC Alpine Skiing (10 October 2012). "IPCAS - Factor List, IPCAS Handicap System, Season 2011–2012" (PDF). Bonn, Germany: IPC Alpine Skiing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-06. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  30. 1 2 "Alpine Disabled Skiing". National Capital Area, Alpine Ontario. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  31. 1 2 3 International Paralympic Committee (2007). "IPC Nordic Skiing Biathlon & Cross-Country Skiing Rulebook". Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. p. 3.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  32. 1 2 Stinus, Hartmut; Stinus, Dr. H.; Dörner, Dr. J. (2006). "Sportärztliche Betreuung im Behinderten(leistungs)sport" (PDF) (in German). Northeim, Germany: Orthopädische Gemeinschaftspraxis Northeim. pp. 15–26. Retrieved 11 October 2012.[ permanent dead link ]
  33. ↑ "Alpine skiing | Salt Lake 2002". Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake City 2002. 14 March 2002. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  34. ↑ International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing (2004). "Alpine Skiing World Championships Wildschonau Offizielle Ergebnisliste" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  35. ↑ United Insurance Group (2005). "2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships UIG Teacher's Guide". Fort Kent, Maine: United Insurance Group. p. 3.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  36. ↑ United Insurance Group (2005). "2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships UIG Teacher's Guide". Fort Kent, Maine: United Insurance Group. p. 4.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  37. ↑ "2009 IPC Alpine Skiing - World Championship - Official Results - Downhill" (PDF). Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  38. ↑ "IPC Alpine Skiing Rankings January 2011". International Paralympic Committee . Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  39. ↑ "Visa Paralympic Hall of Fame - Chris Wadell". International Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  40. ↑ "Athlete Search Results - Kuniko Obinata". International Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.