3A Japanese propaganda movement

Last updated September 25, 2024

The 3D Japanese Propaganda Movement or 3A Movement was a propaganda movement by the Japanese Empire during World War II and their occupation period in Indonesia. The movement was born from the thought of Shimizu Hitoshi, an official at Sendenbu. Sendenbu was the Japanese propaganda department during World War II. The 3A movement is known for its slogan: "Japan the light of Asia, Japan the protector of Asia, Japan the leader of Asia," in Japanese 「亜細亜の光日本、亜細亜の母体日本、亜細亜の指導者日本」, and in Indonesian "Jepang cahaya Asia, Jepang pelindung Asia, Jepang pemimpin Asia."^[1]

Background

3A Movement propaganda poster Gerakan 3a.jpeg — 3A Movement propaganda poster

The arrival of Japan in March 1942 was welcomed by Indonesian people. Since the arrival of Japan, all political activities were banned and all existing associations were officially dissolved. Japan began to establish new organizations. This ban on political activity was followed by large-scale propaganda campaign in support of the Japanese-sponsored mass movement.^[2] The first attempt of a mass movement, the 3A Movement was started in Java. The movement was formed in early April 1942, a few weeks after the arrival of the Japanese.^[3] This movement, which clearly "engineered" by the propaganda department prior to the landing, was the first large-scale indication of the direction in which Java was intended to move.^[2] The 3A movement includes members from nationalist parties and members of the government without any restrictions.^[4] Hitoshi Shimizu then appointed a national figure, Raden Syamsuddin as chairman of the 3A Movement, which aims to gain support from the Indonesian people.^[5]

Divisions

The movement covers various fields of education since the education sector meet the target of gathering large numbers of young people. The schools run according to the Japanese education system. In May 1942, the 3A Movement established Pendidikan Pemuda Tiga in Jatinegara. The education system is a crash course and ran for only half a month. The education system was aimed for youth aged 14 to 18 years. Participants of the course must wake up early and do certain activities throughout the day. They practiced some Japanese sports and martial arts, such as sumo and jujutsu.^[6] There is a subsection of Islam named Preparation of the Unification of the Islamic Community (Persiapan Persatoean Oemmat Islam). This Islamic subsection is entrusted to Abikusno Tjokrosujoso in July 1942.^[4] Since its formation, Islam has been seen as the main way to mobilize Indonesian people. But the subsection ^{[ which? ]} did not last long as doubts began to emerge from Japan about its politically active Modernist leader.^[3]

Dismissal

In general, the 3A Movement did not achieve its objectives. Indonesian administrators gave it little support, no major Indonesian nationalist was involved in it, and its propaganda was so heavy-handed that even in these early days of the occupation only few Indonesians took it seriously.^{[ tone ]} The movement was also distrusted by many Japanese, and the Kenpeitai (a kind of military police) opposed the 3A movement in small towns and villages with violent ways.^[7] The Japanese then disbanded the 3A Movement in March 1943 and formed Pusat Tenaga Rakyat (Pusat Tenaga Rakjat, Putera) instead. The 3A movement, which was socialized through the radio and the press, was intended to involve all groups and personalities of the Indonesian nation.^[8]

Related Research Articles

Tegal is a city in the northwest part of Central Java of Indonesia. It is situated on the north coast of the province of Central Java, about 175 km (109 mi) from Semarang, the capital of the province. It had a population of 239,599 at the 2010 Census and 273,825 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 262,781.

Pekalongan is a city of Central Java, Indonesia. It was formerly the seat of Pekalongan Regency on the northern coast of the province, but is now an independent municipality within the province. It covers a land area of 45.25 km² and had a population of 281,434 at the 2010 Census and 307,150 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 317,524. The city is Central Java's most important port, and is known for its batik. Since December 2014, Pekalongan has been a member of UNESCO's World's Creative Cities Network, the first Southeast Asian city to be added to the list.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia</span> National scouting organization of Indonesia

The Pramuka Movement of Indonesia, officially the Praja Muda Karana Scouting Movement, is the national scouting organization of Indonesia. Scouting was founded in the Dutch East Indies in 1912, and Indonesia became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) in 1953. Regulated by the Pramuka Movement Act of 2010, all elementary and secondary schools must operate a scouting program; and membership was compulsory for students in elementary and secondary schools from 2013 to 2024. It has 25.272.760 members, making it the world's largest Scout association.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ki Hajar Dewantara</span> Indonesian activist, politician and educator (1889–1959)

Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat ; from 1922 also known as Ki Hadjar Dewantara, which is also written as Ki Hajar Dewantoro to reflect its Javanese pronunciation, was a leading Indonesian independence movement activist, writer, columnist, politician, and pioneer of education for native Indonesians in Dutch colonial times. He founded the Taman Siswa school, an institution that provided education for indigenous commoners, which otherwise was limited to the Javanese aristocracy and the Dutch colonials.

Muhammad Yamin was an Indonesian poet, politician, historian and national hero who played a key role in the writing of the draft preamble to the 1945 constitution.

Large-scale Japanese migration to Indonesia dates back to the late 19th century, though there was limited trade contact between Japan and Indonesia as early as the 17th century. As of October 2009, there were about 11,263 Japanese expatriates in Indonesia. At the same time, there are also identifiable populations of descendants of early migrants, who may be referred to as Nikkei Indonesians or Indonesian Nikkei.

Fakfak, also known as the District of Fakfak, is a town in West Papua and seat of the Fakfak Regency. It had a population of 12,566 at the 2010 Census, which rose to 18,900 at the 2020 Census. It is served by Fakfak Airport. It is the only town in West Papua with a significant Muslim Indian and Arab Indonesian presence.

Asia Raya was a newspaper published in the Dutch East Indies during the Japanese occupation.

Mas Mansoer was an Indonesian religious leader who served as the 4th chairman of Muhammadiyah from 1937 to 1942. He was declared a national hero by President Sukarno in 1964.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ali Audah</span> Indonesian literature author

Ali Audah was an Indonesian literature writer and translator. He is best known for his translations of Arabic literature works into Indonesian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tomegorō Yoshizumi</span>

Tomegorō Yoshizumi was a Japanese spy and journalist who defected to Indonesia during the National Revolution. Born in Tōhoku region during the late stages of the Meiji period, in his early twenties he joined the Japanese expatriate community in the Dutch East Indies. Yoshizumi recruited locals for the Japanese spy ring in Java and Sulawesi, while also taking up employment for local Japanese newspapers. He was a noted follower of Japanese nationalism, and reportedly endorsed a "new order in East Asia". Although a civilian, he was inducted into the Imperial Japanese Navy, earning an officer's rank.

The Consulate-General of Japan, Surabaya is a Japanese diplomatic mission to Indonesia in Surabaya, East Java. The first Japanese diplomatic mission in Surabaya was established on 13 March 1920 while the city was under rule of the Dutch East Indies. In 1979, the consulate upgraded its status to Consulate-General. The General-Consulate in Surabaya leads the Japanese diplomatic mission in the 4 provinces and 8 provinces with the consulate office (branch) in Makassar. The consulate-general is located at Jalan Sumatera No.93, Gubeng, Surabaya. Takeyama Kenichi is the current consul general in Surabaya.

The Centre of the People's Power was a propaganda organization established by the Empire of Japan during their occupation of the Dutch East Indies. This organization was founded in March 1943, as a replacement for the 3A movement which was deemed to have failed to fulfill its objectives. The Putera united all national organizations, both political and non-political organizations to work together to form self-government. Although in the hands of secular nationalists. Putera does not represent any particular group and consists only of individuals. Moreover, Putera is not a mass movement, but only a group of committees located in the city center. This was under tight control from Japan but appointed four major Indonesian figures as leaders, namely Sukarno, Hatta, Ki Hajar Dewantara and Kyai Hajji Mas Mansoer. These four figures are known as the Empat Serangkai. Putera also has several advisors from the Japanese side. They are S Miyoshi, G Taniguci, Iciro Yamasaki, and Akiyama. This movement is not funded by the Japanese government. However, the nation's leaders were allowed to use Japanese facilities such as newspapers and radio. The establishment of Putera aimed to attract the sympathy of the Indonesian people to help Japan win the war against the Allied. It was urging the Indonesian people to support the Japanese occupation because it had helped liberate Indonesia from protracted colonialism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samsi Sastrawidagda</span> Indonesian politician (1894–1963)

Samsi Sastrawidagda was an Indonesian politician who was the first Minister of Finance of Indonesia, serving for just under one month in September 1945. He was also one of the founders of the Indonesian National Party.

Sri Koesnapsijah was a Javanese language writer and activist of the Dutch East Indies and Indonesia who was among the generation of Indonesian women writers active in the 1930s. She was known for her short stories and articles which she published in the magazine Panjebar Semangat in the 1930s and 1940s, where she was also an assistant editor. After Indonesian independence she was active in the Communist Party-affiliated Gerwani movement, and was briefly a representative of the Communist Party in the Jakarta-area consultative body DPR-GR. She was arrested in late 1965 during the anti-communist repression of the Transition to the New Order and imprisoned without charge for the following decade.

The Central Advisory Council was the name given to bodies established by the Japanese military administration in Java and Sumatra in 1943 during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies to notionally provide Indonesians with popular representation.

Keimin Bunka Shidōsho was a Japanese-sponsored art and cultural institution in the Dutch East Indies during the Japanese Occupation in World War II.

The Hōkōkai were associations formed by the Empire of Japan on 8 January 1944 to replace the Pusat Tenaga Rakyat during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies in World War II. The original incarnation of the Hōkōkai was formed on Java by the commander of the Sixteenth Army, General Kumakichi Harada, after the Japanese realized that the Putera had exacerbated the desire for Indonesian independence rather than promote Japan's local interests in its war against the Allies.

Before and during World War II, the Empire of Japan created a number of puppet states that played a noticeable role in the war by collaborating with Imperial Japan. With promises of "Asia for the Asiatics" cooperating in a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, Japan also sponsored or collaborated with parts of nationalist movements in several Asian countries colonised by European empires, the Soviet Union, and the United States. The Japanese recruited volunteers from several occupied regions and also from among Allied prisoners-of-war.

The Japanese occupation of West Sumatra, officially known as Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shū, started from 1942 until 1945 when the region was controlled by the Empire of Japan. The occupation was notable and recognized as one of the rare instances where a civilian government was established, rather than being governed by someone associated with the Japanese Imperial Army. The Japanese entered Padang on 17 March 1942 and within ten days all important cities in the West Sumatra region were occupied without resistance from the Dutch. The Japanese occupation of the region ended on 17 August 1945 with the proclamation of Indonesian independence by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta.

References

↑ Sluimers, László (1996). "The Japanese Military and Indonesian Independence". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 1: 28.
1 2 "Gerakan Tiga A dan Propaganda Jepang". 12 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26.
1 2 Ricklefs, M. C. (1981). A History of Modern Indonesia. London: Macmillan. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-349-22700-6.
1 2 Formichi, Chiara (2012). Islam and the Making of the Nation : Kartosuwiryo and Political Islam in 20th Century Indonesia. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-26046-7. OCLC 956388206.
↑ Oktorino, Nino (2013). Ensiklopedi pendudukan Jepang di Indonesia : konflik bersejarah. Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo. p. 121. ISBN 978-602-02-2872-3. OCLC 874896878.
↑ "Gerakan Tiga A dan Propaganda Jepang". Kompas.com. 12 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
↑ Sluimers, László (1996). "The Japanese Military and Indonesian Independence". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 27 (1): 19–36. doi:10.1017/S0022463400010651. ISSN 0022-4634. JSTOR 20071755. S2CID 154027511.
↑ Benda, Harry J. (1956). "The Beginnings of the Japanese Occupation of Java". The Far Eastern Quarterly. 15 (4): 541–560. doi:10.2307/2941923. ISSN 0363-6917. JSTOR 2941923. S2CID 155352132.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[1] Sluimers, László (1996). "The Japanese Military and Indonesian Independence". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 1: 28.

[:0-2] 1 2 "Gerakan Tiga A dan Propaganda Jepang". 12 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26.

[:1-3] 1 2 Ricklefs, M. C. (1981). A History of Modern Indonesia. London: Macmillan. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-349-22700-6.

[:2-4] 1 2 Formichi, Chiara (2012). Islam and the Making of the Nation : Kartosuwiryo and Political Islam in 20th Century Indonesia. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-26046-7. OCLC 956388206.

[5] Oktorino, Nino (2013). Ensiklopedi pendudukan Jepang di Indonesia : konflik bersejarah. Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo. p. 121. ISBN 978-602-02-2872-3. OCLC 874896878.

[6] "Gerakan Tiga A dan Propaganda Jepang". Kompas.com. 12 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 12 June 2021.

[7] Sluimers, László (1996). "The Japanese Military and Indonesian Independence". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 27 (1): 19–36. doi:10.1017/S0022463400010651. ISSN 0022-4634. JSTOR 20071755. S2CID 154027511.

[8] Benda, Harry J. (1956). "The Beginnings of the Japanese Occupation of Java". The Far Eastern Quarterly. 15 (4): 541–560. doi:10.2307/2941923. ISSN 0363-6917. JSTOR 2941923. S2CID 155352132.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]