ARC3 Survey

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The ARC3 (Administrator-Researcher Campus Climate Collaborative) Survey is a campus climate survey developed to assess perpetration and victimization of sexual misconduct on college campuses in the United States. In addition to measuring rates of sexual assault on campus, the survey also gathers data on those who are engaging in sexual assault. [1] It was developed by a group of sexual assault researchers and student affairs professionals in response to the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault. [2] The survey is free for college campuses to use. [3] The study has been used to assess both graduate and undergraduate students. [4]

Contents

Background

College sexual assault is common. Estimates of the number of women assaulted on college campuses have shown that some 15 to 20 percent of college women report rape or attempted rape during their college career, and that over 50 percent report experiencing some form of unwanted sexual contact. [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] Not only are survivors of sexual violence at an increased risk for anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, and various other physical health problems, but they are also at risk of poorer academic performance. [10] [11] Additionally, according to the AAUP Report on Sexual Assault, other academic consequences of sexual assault include: significant declines in academic achievement; impaired ability to carry a normal course load; increased frequency of missing classes; reduced capacity to contribute to the campus community; and an increased likelihood of dropping courses, leaving school, or transferring. [12]

Students in the United States may apply Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 in order to successfully sue universities for "indifference to known situations of harassment." [13] In addition, Title IX is used to support initiatives to prevent sexual assault on college campuses in the United States. [14] Because of various federal investigations, many universities turned to surveys and apps that were often expensive, spending "six figures on a product that promised to address the problem." [3]

White House Initiative "It's on Us"

With the increase of attention on college sexual misconduct, the White House presented on September 19, 2014 the launch of the "It's on Us" Campaign. President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden introduced the campaign by describing the importance of ending sexual assault on college campuses. [15] The "It's on Us" Campaign is leading a pledge to "not be a bystander to the problem [of sexual assault], but to be a part of the solution." [16] The campaign emphasizes the idea that everyone is responsible for taking a stand in ending sexual violence.

The ARC3 Survey was developed in response to the White House initiative in hopes to better evaluate data about sexual misconduct on college campuses.

The ARC3 survey was also created in order to ensure that there was no profit motive behind the campus surveys, many of which have been very expensive for colleges to purchase and implement. [17] Jennifer Freyd, a researcher at the University of Oregon, has been instrumental in spear-heading the ARC3 survey initiative. [3]

Collaborators

This survey is the result of ongoing efforts by student and legal affairs professionals, campus advocates, students, campus law enforcement, and sexual assault and harassment researchers, groups of whom met in Atlanta, Georgia in October 2014 for the Georgia State University Forum on Campus Sexual Assault and in February 2015 in Madison, Wisconsin for the Madison Summit on Campus Climate and Sexual Misconduct. The collaborators who collectively designed the survey and their titles and institutions are listed below: [18]

CollaboratorTitleInstitution
Antonia Abbey Professor of Psychology Wayne State University
Noël Busch-Armendariz Professor of Social Work, and director, Institute on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault University of Texas at Austin
Jacquelyn Campbell Professor of Nursing Johns Hopkins University
Brett CarterDean of Students University of North Carolina at Greensboro
Gretchen ClumAssociate Professor of Public Health Tulane University
Sarah CookProfessor of Psychology and Associate Dean, Honors College Georgia State University
Amalia Corby-EdwardsSenior Legislative and Federal Affairs Officer American Psychological Association
Lilia CortinaAssociate Professor of Psychology and Women's Studies University of Michigan
Karol DeanDean, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences Mercy College
Louise DouceSpecial Assistant to Vice President of Student Life Ohio State University
Louise FitzgeraldEmerita Professor of Psychology and Gender & Women's Studies University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Bill FlackAssociate Professor of Psychology Bucknell University
Jennifer Freyd Professor of Psychology University of Oregon
Jaray MaziqueDirector of Title IX and Compliance Spelman College
Anne HedgepethGovernment Relations Manager American Association of University Women
Kathryn HollandDoctoral Candidate in Psychology and Women's Studies University of Michigan
Janet HydeProfessor of Psychology and Gender & Women's Studies University of Wisconsin
Mary P. Koss Regents' Professor of Public Health University of Arizona
Felicia McGintyVice Chancellor for Student Affairs Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Meredith SmithLead Title IX Investigator & Deputy Title IX Coordinator University of Connecticut
Kate StoverEducational ProgrammerTitle IX Compliance Institute
Kevin SwartoutAssistant Professor of Psychology Georgia State University
Jacquelyn WhiteEmerita Professor of Psychology University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Guiding principles

According to the ARC3 Survey website hosted by Georgia State University the ARC3 Survey was created with the following principles in mind: [2]

Survey components

The ARC3 Survey takes approximately 30 minutes to complete and has a module-based structure which makes it flexible to campus needs and legislative mandates moving forward, while maintaining validity of measurement. [2] The following is a list of module topics obtained from the ARC3 Website:

ModuleTopic
1POSSIBLE OUTCOMES
2ALCOHOL USE
3PEER NORMS
4PERCEPTIONS OF CAMPUS CLIMATE REGARDING SEXUAL MISCONDUCT
5SEXUAL HARASSMENT BY FACULTY/STAFF
6SEXUAL HARASSMENT BY STUDENTS
7STALKING VICTIMIZATION
8STALKING PERPETRATION
9DATING VIOLENCE VICTIMIZATION
10DATING VIOLENCE PERPETRATION
11SEXUAL VIOLENCE VICTIMIZATION
12SEXUAL VIOLENCE PERPETRATION
13INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSES
14PEER RESPONSES
15CONSENT
16BYSTANDER INTERVENTION
17CAMPUS SAFETY
18DEMOGRAPHICS
19ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Related Research Articles

Sexual assault is an act in which one intentionally sexually touches another person without that person's consent, or coerces or physically forces a person to engage in a sexual act against their will. It is a form of sexual violence that includes child sexual abuse, groping, rape, drug facilitated sexual assault, and the torture of the person in a sexual manner.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexual harassment</span> Unwanted sexual attention or advances

Sexual harassment is a type of harassment involving the use of explicit or implicit sexual overtones, including the unwelcome and inappropriate promises of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. Sexual harassment includes a range of actions from verbal transgressions to sexual abuse or assault. Harassment can occur in many different social settings such as the workplace, the home, school, or religious institutions. Harassers or victims may be of any sex or gender.

Some victims of rape or other sexual violence incidents are male. It is estimated that approximately one in six men were sexually abused as children. Historically, rape was thought to be, and defined as, a crime committed solely against females. This belief is still held in some parts of the world, but rape of males is now commonly criminalized and has been subject to more discussion than in the past.

Victim blaming occurs when the victim of a crime or any wrongful act is held entirely or partially at fault for the harm that befell them. There is historical and current prejudice against the victims of domestic violence and sex crimes, such as the greater tendency to blame victims of rape than victims of robbery if victims and perpetrators knew each other prior to the commission of the crime.

Prison rape commonly refers to the rape of inmates in prison by other inmates or prison staff. In 2001, Human Rights Watch estimated that at least 4.3 million inmates had been raped while incarcerated in the United States. A United States Department of Justice report, Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, states that "In 2011–12, an estimated 4.0% of state and federal prison inmates and 3.2% of jail inmates reported experiencing one or more incidents of sexual victimization by another inmate or facility staff in the past 12 months or since admission to the facility, if less than 12 months." However, advocates dispute the accuracy of the numbers, saying they seem to under-report the real numbers of sexual assaults in prison, especially among juveniles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexual assault in the United States military</span> Sexual violence and harassment

Sexual assault in the United States armed forces is an ongoing issue which has received extensive media coverage in the past. A 2012 Pentagon survey found that approximately 26,000 women and men were sexually assaulted that year; of those, only 3,374 cases were reported. In 2013, a new Pentagon report found that 5,061 troops reported cases of assault. Of the reported cases, only 484 cases went to trial; 376 resulted in convictions. Another investigation found that one in five women in the United States Air Force who were sexually assaulted by service members reported it, for one in 15 men.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rape culture</span> Society in which rape is pervasive and normalised

Rape culture is a setting, studied by several sociological theories, in which rape is pervasive and normalized due to societal attitudes about gender and sexuality. Behaviors commonly associated with rape culture include victim blaming, slut-shaming, sexual objectification, trivializing rape, denial of widespread rape, refusing to acknowledge the harm caused by sexual violence, or some combination of these. It has been used to describe and explain behavior within social groups, including prison rape and in conflict areas where war rape is used as psychological warfare. Entire societies have been alleged to be rape cultures. It is associated with rape fantasy and rape pornography.

Date rape is a form of acquaintance rape and dating violence. The two phrases are often used interchangeably, but date rape specifically refers to a rape in which there has been some sort of romantic or potentially sexual relationship between the two parties. Acquaintance rape also includes rapes in which the victim and perpetrator have been in a non-romantic, non-sexual relationship, for example as co-workers or neighbors.

Rape by gender classifies types of rape by the sex and/or gender of both the rapist and the victim. This scope includes both rape and sexual assault more generally. Most research indicates that rape affects women disproportionately, with the majority of people convicted being men; however, since the broadening of the definition of rape in 2012 by the FBI, more attention is being given to male rape, including females raping males.

Sexual harassment in education in the United States is an unwelcome behavior of a sexual nature that interferes with an American student's ability to learn, study, work or participate in school activities. It is common in middle and high schools in the United States. Sexual or gender harassment is a form of discrimination under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Sexual harassment involves a range of behavior from mild annoyances to unwanted touching and, in extreme cases, rape or other sexual assault.

Jennifer Joy Freyd is an American researcher, author, educator, and speaker. Freyd is an extensively published scholar who is best known for her theories of betrayal trauma, DARVO, institutional betrayal, and institutional courage.

Rape in the United States is defined by the United States Department of Justice as "Penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim." While definitions and terminology of rape vary by jurisdiction in the United States, the FBI revised its definition to eliminate a requirement that the crime involve an element of force.

Campus sexual assault is the sexual assault, including rape, of a student while attending an institution of higher learning, such as a college or university. The victims of such assaults are more likely to be female, but any gender can be victimized. Estimates of sexual assault, which vary based on definitions and methodology, generally find that somewhere between 19 and 27% of college women and 6–8% of college men are sexually assaulted during their time in college.

Andrea Lynn Pino (born February 15, 1992) is an American women's rights and civil rights activist, author, and a public scholar on issues of global gender based violence, media framing of violence, gender and sexuality, and narratives of survivorhood. She is the queer daughter of Cuban refugees and has stated that she is a survivor of sexual assault.

Institutional betrayal is a concept described by psychologist Jennifer Freyd, referring to "wrongdoings perpetrated by an institution upon individuals dependent on that institution, including failure to prevent or respond supportively to wrongdoings by individuals committed within the context of the institution". It is an extension of betrayal trauma theory. When institutions such as universities cover up violations such as rape, sexual assault and child sexual abuse, this institutional betrayal undermines survivors' recovery. In a landmark study in 2013, Carly P. Smith and Freyd documented psychological harm caused by institutional betrayal. A legal analysis concludes that this study is reliable under the Frye standard and the Daubert standard.

Mary P. Koss is an American Regents' Professor at the University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health in Tucson, Arizona. Her best known works have been in the areas of gender-based violence and restorative justice.

<i>The Hunting Ground</i> 2015 American film

The Hunting Ground is a 2015 American documentary film about the incidence of sexual assault on college campuses in the United States and the reported failure of college administrations to deal with it adequately. Written and directed by Kirby Dick and produced by Amy Ziering, it premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival. The film was released on February 27, 2015, an edited version aired on CNN on November 22, 2015, and was released on DVD the week of December 1, 2015. It was released on Netflix in March 2016. Lady Gaga recorded an original song, "Til It Happens to You," for the film, which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song.

Families Advocating for Campus Equality (FACE) is an American advocacy group whose stated goal is to ensure fairness and due process for all parties involved in allegations of sexual misconduct on college and university campuses. FACE was started by Sherry Warner Seefeld and two other mothers who say their sons were falsely accused of sexual misconduct on their college campuses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexual harassment in the military</span> Sexual misconduct in the armed forces

Sexual harassment in the military is unwanted sexual behaviour experienced as threatening, offensive, or otherwise upsetting, which occurs in a military setting.

Research consistently shows that the majority of rape and other sexual assault victims do not report their attacks to law enforcement. Reasons for not reporting include fear of reprisal, shame, uncertainty about whether a crime was committed, or a belief that an incident was not sufficiently serious enough to report. As a result, researchers generally rely on surveys to measure sexual violence that is not reported to the police. Estimates of campus sexual assault measured on surveys vary across populations and over time, however a recent review concluded that a "reasonable average" of around 1 in 5 (20%) of women were sexually assaulted during their time in college. And although much of the research on sexual assault has focused on college campuses, there is evidence that non-students of the same age are actually at higher risk than college students.

References

  1. ↑ Craig, Jeremy (August 31, 2015). "Climate Survey to Aid in Preventing Campus Sexual Assaults". Georgia State University News. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 "Home". ARC3. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 Kingkade, Tyler (September 1, 2015). "A Supergroup of Academics Is Trying To Stop People Who Profit From Campus Rape". HuffPost. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  4. ↑ "UO Survey on Sexual Victimization Issues Highlights Need to Increase Awareness of Available Services". Medical News. August 25, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  5. ↑ Kirkpatrick, C.; Kanin, E. J. (1957). "Male Aggression in Dating-Courtship Relations". American Journal of Sociology. 63 (2): 197–204. doi:10.1086/222177. JSTOR   2773906. S2CID   71669975.
  6. ↑ Koss, M. P.; Gidycz, C. A.; Wisniewski, N. (1987). "The scope of rape: Incidence and prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of higher education students" (PDF). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 55 (2): 162–170. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.55.2.162. PMID   3494755. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2016.
  7. ↑ Humphrey, JA; White, JW (2000). "Women's vulnerability to sexual assault from adolescence to young adulthood" (PDF). Journal of Adolescent Health. 27 (6): 419–424. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00168-3. PMID   11090744.
  8. ↑ Lawyer, S.; Resnick, H.; Bakanic, V.; Burkett, T.; Kilpatrick, D. (2010). "Forcible, drug-facilitated, and incapacitated rape and sexual assault among undergraduate women". American College Health. 58 (5): 453–60. doi:10.1080/07448480903540515. PMID   20304757. S2CID   6444881.
  9. ↑ Parks, K. A.; Hsieh, Y.-P.; Taggart, C.; Parks; Bradizza, C. M. (2014). "A Longitudinal Analysis of Drinking and Victimization in College Women: Is There a Reciprocal Relationship?". Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 28 (4): 943–951. doi:10.1037/a0036283. PMC   4274186 . PMID   25134028.
  10. ↑ Cortina, L. M.; Swan, S.; Fitzgerald, L. F.; Waldo, C. (1998). "Sexual harassment and assault: Chilling the climate for women in academia". Psychology of Women Quarterly. 22 (3): 419–441. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00166.x. S2CID   142337999.
  11. ↑ Van Roosmalen, E.; McDaniel, S. A.; Frsc (1999). "Sexual Harassment in Academia: A Hazard to Women's Health". Women & Health. 28 (2): 33–54. doi:10.1300/J013v28n02_03. PMID   10067805.
  12. ↑ AAUP Report on Campus Sexual Assault http://www.aaup.org/report/campus-sexual-assault-suggested-policies-and-procedures
  13. ↑ "Title IX And Sexual Assault". ACLU. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  14. ↑ Mastrodicasa, Jeanna (July 6, 2015). "Campus Climate Surveys and Public Policy". NASPA. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  15. ↑ "President Obama Launches the "It's on Us" Campaign to End Sexual Assault on Campus". whitehouse.gov . September 19, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2015– via National Archives.
  16. ↑ "Its on Us" . Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  17. ↑ Weiss, Suzannah (September 8, 2015). "Jennifer Freyd and The Administrator Researcher Campus Climate Consortium Are Helping Schools Reduce Rape For Free, Because Nobody Should Have To Pay For Prevention". Bustle. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  18. ↑ "ARC3 SURVEY OF CAMPUS CLIMATE REGARDING SEXUAL MISCONDUCT" (PDF). April 2015.
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