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The Ghaznavid dynasty or the Ghaznavid Empire, was a Persianate Muslim dynasty and empire of Turkic mamluk origin, ruling at its greatest extent, large parts of Persia, Khorasan, much of Transoxiana and the northwest Indian subcontinent from 977 to 1186. The dynasty was founded by Sabuktigin upon his succession to the rule of Ghazna after the death of his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, who was an ex-general of the Samanid Empire from Balkh, north of the Hindu Kush in Greater Khorasan.
The Anushtegin dynasty or Anushteginids, also known as the Khwarazmian dynasty was a Persianate Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin from the Bekdili clan of the Oghuz Turks. The Anushteginid dynasty ruled the Khwarazmian Empire, consisting in large parts of present-day Central Asia, Afghanistan and Iran in the approximate period of 1077 to 1231, first as vassals of the Seljuks and the Qara Khitai, and later as independent rulers, up until the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire in the 13th century.
The Ghurid dynasty was a Persianate dynasty of presumably eastern Iranian Tajik origin, which ruled from the 8th-century to 1215. The Ghurids were centered in the hills of Ghor region in the present-day central Afghanistan, where they initially started out as local chiefs. They gradually converted to Sunni Islam after the conquest of Ghor by the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud of Ghazni in 1011. The Ghurids eventually overran the Ghaznavids when Muhammad of Ghor seized Lahore and expelled the Ghaznavids from their last stronghold.
Muhammad of Ghazni was sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire briefly in 1030, and then later from 1040 to 1041. He ascended the throne upon the death of his father Mahmud in 1030. He was the younger of a set of twins; this circumstance resulted in civil strife. His reign lasted five months before he was overthrown by his twin Ma'sud I, after which he was blinded and imprisoned. Nine years later he was reinstated for a year before being slain by his nephew Maw'dud. According to Ferishta, his reign lasted only 50 days before he was blinded and imprisoned on the order of Ma'sud I. A year later he was executed by his nephew Maw'dud after losing a battle in Nangrahar.
Muhammad ibn Suri was the king of the Ghurid dynasty from the 10th-century to 1011. During his reign, he was defeated by the Ghaznavid emperor Mahmud of Ghazni and his domains were conquered. According to Minhaj-us-Siraj, Muhammad was captured by Mahmud of Ghazni, made prisoner along with his son, and taken to Ghazni, where Muhammad died by poisoning himself. Subsequently, the whole population of Ghuristan was taught the precepts of Islam and converted from Paganism to Islam. Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad of Ghor later overthrew the Ghaznavid Empire in 1186 and conquered their last capital at Lahore.
It is said that Muhammad was a great king and most of the territories of Ghor were in his possession. But as many of the inhabitants of Ghor of High and low degree had not yet embraced Islam, there was constant strife among them. The Saffarids came from Nimruz to Bust and Dawar, Ya'qub al-Saffar overpowered Lak-Lak, who was the chief of Takinabad, in the country of Rukhaj. The Ghorians sought the safety in Sara-sang and dwelt there in security but even among them hostilities constantly prevailed between the Muslims and the infidels. One castle was at war with another castle, and their feuds were unceasing; but owing to the inaccessibility of the mountains of Rasiat, which are in Ghor no foreigner was able to overcome them, and Muhammad was the head of all the Mandeshis.
Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, also known as Ghiyath al-Din Ghori or Ghiyassuddin Ghori born, Muhammad, was the Sultan of the Ghurid dynasty. During the diarchy of Ghiyath and his younger sibling Muhammad of Ghor who governed the eastern realm of the Ghurid Empire, the Ghurids emerged as one of the greatest power of the eastern Islamic world.
Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar, also known by his laqab of Ala al-Dawla Muhammad, was a Daylamite military commander who founded in 1008 the short-lived but important independent Kakuyid dynasty in Jibal. He is also known as Pusar-i Kaku, Ibn Kakuyeh, Ibn Kakuya, and Ibn Kaku, which means maternal uncle in the Deylami language, and is related to the Persian word "kaka". Muhammad died in September 1041 after having carved out a powerful kingdom which included western Persia and Jibal. However, these gains were quickly lost under his successors.
Amīr Sūrī was the king of the Ghurid dynasty from the 9th-century to the 10th-century. According to some legends, He was a descendant of the Ghurid king Amir Banji, whose rule was legitimized by the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid. Amir Suri is known to have fought the Saffarid ruler Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar, who managed to conquer much of Khurasan except Ghur. Amir Suri was later succeeded by his son Muhammad ibn Suri. Although Amir Suri bore an Arabic title and his son had an Islamic name, they followed Paganism and were considered pagans by the surrounding Muslim people, and it was only during the reign of Muhammad's son Abu Ali ibn Muhammad that the Ghurid dynasty became an Islamic dynasty.
Abu Ali ibn Muhammad was the king of the Ghurid dynasty. He succeeded his father Muhammad ibn Suri in 1011, after the latter was deposed by Mahmud of Ghazni, who then sent teachers to teach about Islam in Ghor. Abu Ali was one of those who converted to Islam during that period. After his conversion to Islam from Paganism he began constructing mosques and madrassas. In ca. 1035, Abu Ali was overthrown by his nephew Abbas ibn Shith.
Muhammad ibn Abbas was the king of the Ghurid dynasty. He succeeded his father Abbas ibn Shith in 1060, after the latter was deposed by the Ghaznavid sultan Ibrahim. When Muhammad ascended the throne, he agreed to pay tribute to the Ghaznavids. Not much is known about him, he was succeeded by his son Qutb al-din Hasan.
Qutb al-din Hasan was the king of the Ghurid dynasty. He succeeded his father Muhammad ibn Abbas in 1080. Qutb inherited a kingdom which was in tribal chaos. He was killed while he was suppressing a revolt west of Ghazni, and was succeeded by his son Izz al-Din Husayn who restored peace to the kingdom.
Ala al-Din Husayn was king of the Ghurid dynasty from 1149 to 1161. He was one of the greatest Ghurid kings, and it was during his reign that the Ghurid dynasty rose to prominence.
Sayf al-Din Suri was the king of the Ghurid dynasty from 1146 to 1149. He was the son and successor of Izz al-Din Husayn.
Baha al-Din Sam I, was the king of the Ghurid dynasty who reigned briefly in 1149. He was the brother and successor of Sayf al-Din Suri.
Sayf al-Din Muhammad was the king of the Ghurid dynasty from 1161 to 1163. He was the son and successor of Ala al-Din Husayn.
Fakhr al-Din Masud, was the first ruler of the Ghurid branch of Bamiyan, ruling from 1152 to 1163.
Izz al-Din Husain ibn Kharmil al-Ghuri, commonly known after his father as Ibn Kharmil, was an Iranian military leader of the Ghurid dynasty, and later the semi-independent ruler of Herat and its surrounding regions.
Baha al-Din Sam II was the fourth ruler of the Ghurid branch of Bamiyan, ruling from 1192 to 1206.
Abu'l-Muzaffar Khusrau Malik ibn Khusrau-Shah, better simply known as Khusrau Malik, was the last Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire, ruling from 1160 to 1186. He was the son and successor of Khusrau Shah.
The Siege of Lahore (1186) was a part of a military expedition of the Ghurid Empire during which the Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor annexed the principality of the Ghaznavids in Lahore after overthrowing the last Ġhaznāvid ruler Khusrau Malik.
References
- ↑ History of Civilizations of Central Asia, C.E. Bosworth, M.S. Asimov, p. 185.
