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The Taliban, which also refers to itself by its state name, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is an Afghan militant movement in Afghanistan with an ideology comprising elements of Pashtun nationalism and the Deobandi current of Islamic fundamentalism. It ruled approximately three-quarters of the country from 1996 to 2001, before being overthrown following the American invasion. It recaptured Kabul on 15 August 2021 following the departure of most coalition forces, after nearly 20 years of insurgency, and currently controls all of the country. Its government is not recognized by any country. The Taliban government has been internationally condemned for restricting human rights in Afghanistan, including the right of women and girls to work and to have an education.
Muhammad Omar was an Afghan militant leader and founder of the Taliban. During the Third Afghan Civil War, the Taliban fought the Northern Alliance and took control of most of the country, establishing the First Islamic Emirate for which Omar began to serve as Supreme Leader in 1996. Shortly after al-Qaeda carried out the September 11 attacks, the Taliban government was toppled by an American invasion of Afghanistan, prompting Omar to go into hiding. He successfully evaded capture by the American-led coalition before dying in 2013 from tuberculosis.
The following lists events that happened during 2001 in Afghanistan.
Mullah is an honorific title for Shia clergy and it is also an honorific title for a Muslim mosque leader. The term is also sometimes used for a person who has higher education in Islamic theology and sharia law.
Mullah Abdul Salam Zaeef is an Afghan diplomat who was the Afghan ambassador to Pakistan before the US invasion of Afghanistan.
Islam in Afghanistan began to be practiced after the Arab Islamic conquest of Afghanistan from the 7th to the 10th centuries, with the last holdouts to conversion submitting in the late 19th century. It was generally accepted by local communities as a replacement of Zoroastrianism and Buddhism, local tribes began converting to the new religion. Islam is the official state religion of Afghanistan, with approximately 99.7% of the Afghan population being Muslim. Roughly 90% practice Sunni Islam, while around 10% are Shias. Most Shias belong to the Twelver branch and only a smaller number follow Ismailism.
Abdul Rahman ibn Abdul Aziz al-Sudais, better known as al-Sudais, is the Chief Imam of the Grand Mosque, Masjid al-Haram in Makkah, Saudi Arabia; the President of the General Presidency for the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques; a renowned Qāriʾ ; he was the Dubai International Holy Qur'an Award's "Islamic Personality Of the Year" in 2005.
Abdul Rahman is an Afghan man whose arrest and trial in February 2006 sparked widespread controversy among the international community. Rahman had been arrested by Afghan authorities for apostasy and subsequently threatened with the death penalty. He had converted to Christianity from Islam while providing medical assistance to Afghan refugees in Peshawar, Pakistan. On 26 March 2006, under heavy pressure from foreign governments, the Afghan court returned his case to prosecutors, citing "investigative gaps"; Rahman was released from prison and remanded to his family on the night of 27 March. On 29 March, Abdul Rahman arrived in Italy after being offered asylum by the Italian government. Representatives within the Afghan government and many Afghan citizens continued to call for Rahman's execution, and his wife divorced him shortly after his conversion, leading to an unsuccessful custody battle for their two children.
Mullah Abdul Rauf Aliza, widely identified as Mullah Abdul Rauf Khadim, was an Afghan militant who served as a senior leader in both the Taliban and ISIS-K.
Christians have historically comprised a small community in Afghanistan. The total number of Christians in Afghanistan is currently estimated to be between 15,000 and 20,000 according to International Christian Concern. Almost all Afghan Christians are converts from Islam. The Pew Research Center estimates that 40,000 Afghan Christians were living in Afghanistan in 2010. The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan did not recognize any Afghan citizen as being a Christian, with the exception of many expatriates. Christians of Muslim background communities can be found in Afghanistan, estimated between 500-8,000, or between 10,000 to 12,000.
ʻAbd al-Raʼūf is a male Muslim given name. It is built from the Arabic words ʻabd and al-Raʼūf, one of the names of God in the Qur'an, which give rise to the Muslim theophoric names. It means 'servant of the Lenient One'.
Since the 2001 fall of their national government in Afghanistan, Taliban propaganda has developed into a sophisticated public relations machine that is shaping perceptions in Afghanistan and abroad. Although polls show the movement remains unpopular, the insurgents have readily exploited a sense of growing alienation fostered by years of broken government promises, official corruption, and the rising death toll among civilians from airstrikes and other military actions. "The result is weakening public support for nation-building, even though few actively support the Taliban," says a report from the International Crisis Group, a think tank that monitors conflicts. An American official in Afghanistan agrees: "We cannot afford to be passive [communicators] any longer if we're going to turn this around."
The following lists events that happened during 2015 in Afghanistan.
Akhtar Mohammad Mansour was the second supreme leader of the Taliban. Succeeding the founding leader, Mullah Omar, he was the supreme leader from July 2015 to May 2016, when he was killed in a US drone strike in Balochistan, Pakistan.
Mullah Hibatullah Akhundzada, also spelled Haibatullah Akhunzada, is an Afghan Deobandi Islamic scholar, cleric, and jurist who is the supreme leader of Afghanistan. He has led the Taliban since 2016, and came to power with its victory over U.S.-backed forces in the 2001–2021 war. A highly reclusive figure, he has almost no digital footprint except for an unverified photograph and several audio recordings of speeches.
Events in the year 2018 in Afghanistan.
The Islamic State–Taliban conflict is an ongoing armed conflict between the Islamic State Khorasan Province (IS-KP) and the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. The conflict initially began when both operated as insurgent groups in Nangarhar; since the creation of the Taliban's emirate in 2021, IS-KP have targeted and assassinated Taliban members using hit-and-run tactics. The group have also caused incidents and attacks across the border in Pakistan.
The 2019 Kabul mosque bombing occurred around 01:20pm on 24 May 2019 when worshippers and the imam were inside the mosque for Friday prayer. The explosives were placed in the mosque's microphone which was used by the imam. At least three people were killed, including the imam, Samiullah Rayhan, and nearly 20 people were injured. So far, no group or individual has claimed to be responsible for the attack.
Afghanistan Ulema Gathering was a three days gathering of the Afghan scholars and elders from 29 June 2022 to 2 July 2022. About 3,000 people from across the country gathered at the Loya Jirga Hall in the capital, Kabul, Afghanistan. Three representatives from each village are invited, most of them were clerics. The meeting was broadcast on radio but not on TV. Taliban Supreme Leader Hebatullah Akhundzada also addressed the council. The gathering of scholars was concluded by the speech of Prime minister of Afghanistan, Hasan Akhund.
Mujib-ur-Rahman Ansari was an Afghan mullah and cleric who operated in the city of Herat. An ally of the Taliban, Ansari was considered to be a Salafist and Wahhabist preacher, and was a staunch opponent of the American-backed Afghan government. In the late 2010s, Ansari seized control of a district of Herat, where he established extrajudicial sharia courts and checkpoints operated by his armed enforcers. A Taliban official described Ansari as being Afghanistan's most popular religious scholar in 2022.
References
- ↑ Pamela Constable (2001-12-07). "In Kabul few tears are shed for the Taliban". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04.
Instead, a moderate cleric delivered a fiery, sarcastic eulogy to the Taliban era as several thousand listeners overflowed his mosque.
- ↑ "The End of the Taliban Reign of Terror in Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 2011-06-17.
In Kabul on December 7, Mullah Abdul Rauf, in his Friday sermon at a Kabul mosque, said Taliban rule was repressive, and humiliated people. Of the Taliban's Mullah Omar he said: "In the Taliban days, there was a leader of the faithful who sat in Kandahar, not having the faintest idea about the people who were in poverty, who were killed, whose houses were burned, whose children died of hunger. And still he claimed to be a leader of Islam and a leader of his country."
- ↑ "Singing about women criticised [sic] by imam". Freemuse. 2006-05-08. Archived from the original on 2009-01-16.
Music is not banned in Islam, but to get enjoyment from music is banned. Singing about women and guns is certainly not allowed.
- ↑ "Afghan Judge Resists Pressure In Convert Case". The Washington Post . 2006-03-25. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04.
Senior clerics condemned Rahman as an apostate. Rahman had "committed the greatest sin" by converting to Christianity and deserved to be killed, cleric Abdul Rauf said in a sermon Friday at Herati Mosque. "God's way is the right way, and this man whose name is Abdul Rahman is an apostate," he told about 150 worshipers.