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Libya,officially the State of Libya,is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north,Egypt to the east,Sudan to the southeast,Chad to the south,Niger to the southwest,Algeria to the west,and Tunisia to the northwest. Libya is made of three historical regions:Tripolitania,Fezzan,and Cyrenaica. With an area of almost 1.8 million km2 (700,000 sq mi),it is the fourth-largest country in Africa and the Arab world,and the 16th-largest in the world. The country's official religion is Islam,with 96.6% of the Libyan population being Sunni Muslims. The official language of Libya is Arabic,with vernacular Libyan Arabic being the most spoken,and the majority of Libya's population is Arab. The largest city and capital,Tripoli,is located in north-western Libya and contains over a million of Libya's seven million people.
Field Marshal Khalifa Belqasim Haftar is a Libyan politician,military officer,and the commander of the Tobruk-based Libyan National Army (LNA). On 2 March 2015,he was appointed commander of the armed forces loyal to the elected legislative body,the Libyan House of Representatives. He also holds US citizenship.
The Libyan Army is the brand for a number of separate military forces in Libya,which were under the command of the internationally recognised Government of National Accord (GNA).
The Libyan House of Representatives (HoR) is the legislature of Libya resulting from the 2014 Libyan parliamentary election,which had an 18% turnout. In late 2014,following the failed coup attempt to take over the capital Tripoli in the context of the Libyan Civil War,the House of Representatives relocated itself to Tobruk in the far east of Libya. Several HoR sessions were held in Tripoli in May 2019 while Tripoli was under armed attack,electing an Interim Speaker for 45 days. Between 2014 and 2021,the House of Representatives supported the Tobruk-based government led by Abdullah al-Thani before supporting the incumbent Government of National Unity led by Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh. In September 2021,the House of Representatives passed a no-confidence motion against the interim GNU government.
The National Salvation Government was a government body formed by politicians from the General National Congress's blocs that lost the June 2014 elections in Libya. The NSG was led by Khalifa al-Ghawil. The term Libya Dawn Coalition was used to refer to the armed groups and the wider political movement supporting the NSG. The NSG was one of the major sides in the Second Libyan Civil War from its formation August 2014 until its dissolution in April 2016.
Fayez Mustafa al-Sarraj is a Libyan politician who served as the Chairman of the Presidential Council of Libya and Head of Government of the Government of National Accord from 2016 to 2021,which was formed on 17 December 2015 under the Libyan Political Agreement. He has been a member of the Parliament of Tripoli.
The Government of National Accord was an interim government for Libya that was formed under the terms of the Libyan Political Agreement,a United Nations–led initiative,signed on 17 December 2015. The agreement was unanimously endorsed by the United Nations Security Council,which welcomed the formation of a Presidency Council for Libya and recognized the Government of National Accord as the sole legitimate executive authority in Libya. On 31 December 2015,Chairman of the Libyan House of Representatives,Aguila Saleh Issa declared his support for the Libyan Political Agreement. The General National Congress has criticized the GNA on multiple fronts as biased in favor of its rival parliament the House of Representatives.
The Presidential Council is a body formed under the terms of the Libyan Political Agreement which was signed on 17 December 2015. The Council carries out the functions of head of state of Libya and is to take command of the Libyan Armed Forces. The agreement has been unanimously endorsed by the United Nations Security Council which welcomed the formation of the Presidency Council and recognized that the Government of National Accord is the sole legitimate executive government of Libya.
The High Council of State,is an advisory body for Libya formed under the terms of the Libyan Political Agreement which was signed on 17 December 2015. The agreement resulted from United Nations supported peace talks and has been unanimously endorsed by the Security Council. The High Council of State is able to advise the interim Government of National Accord (GNA) and the House of Representatives (HoR),currently based in Tobruk,and can express a binding opinion on these bodies under certain circumstances. The members of the council were nominated by remaining members of the General National Congress who in 2014 were not elected to the HoR.
This is a detailed timeline of the Second Libyan Civil War which lasted from 2014 to 2020.
Clashes occurred in western Libya since 14 October 2016,when a coup d'état attempt was conducted by the former head of the National Salvation Government (GNS),Khalifa al-Ghawil,against Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj,the head of Libya's Government of National Accord (GNA). This evolved into fighting between the GNA and GNS for control of Tripoli and parts of western Libya,while pro-GNA militias also attacked other militias for control of the region.
Musa Al-Koni is a Libyan politician and diplomat. He served as the deputy prime minister of Libya's Government of National Accord from March 2016 to 2 January 2017. He represented southern Libya,where he is from. He was also one of the vice presidents of the Presidential Council until his resignation. Al-Koni resigned due to the GNA's failure to govern the country.
The Libyan presidential election had originally been planned for 10 December 2018,but was delayed due to Khalifa Haftar's Western Libya campaign. The election was thereafter scheduled to be held on 24 December 2021 but was indefinitely postponed after the head of the High National Election Commission (HNEC) ordered the dissolution of the electoral committees nationwide.
The Western Libya campaign was a military campaign initiated on 4 April 2019 by the Operation Flood of Dignity of the Libyan National Army,which represents the Libyan House of Representatives,to capture the western region of Libya and eventually the capital Tripoli held by the United Nations Security Council-recognised Government of National Accord. The Government of National Accord regained control over all of Tripoli in June 2020 and the LNA forces withdrew from the capital,after fourteen months of fighting.
Ali Faraj al-Qatrani is a Libyan politician. He was part of the Presidential Council of the internationally recognized Government of National Accord in Tripoli as one of its vice presidents,from 2016 to 2019.
The Libyan National Conference was a planned meeting in Ghadames for organising elections and other components of a peace process in Libya. The conference was prepared over 18 months during 2018 and 2019 and planned to take place 14–16 April 2019. It was postponed in early April 2019 as a result the attack on Tripoli by the Libyan National Army led by Khalifa Haftar.
Mohamed Yunus al-Menfi is a Libyan diplomat and politician from Tobruk. On 5 February 2021,he was chosen as the president of the Libyan Presidential Council at the Libyan Political Dialogue Forum. Previously,he had served as the Libyan Ambassador to Greece.
The Government of National Unity is a provisional government for Libya formed on 10 March 2021 to unify the rival Government of National Accord based in Tripoli and the Second Al-Thani Cabinet,based in Tobruk. Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh is the Prime Minister of the unity government and was selected in the Libyan Political Dialogue Forum on 5 February 2021. It is de facto backed by the governments of Turkey,Qatar,Algeria,Pakistan and Palestine.
Najla Mohammed El Mangoush is a Libyan diplomat and lawyer. She has been Libya's Foreign Minister in Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh's government since 15 March 2021. Najla El Mangoush is Libya's first female foreign minister,as well as the fifth woman to hold the position of a foreign minister in the Arab World.
References
- ↑ Presidential Council reviews latest developments of Haftar's attack on Tripoli Archived 2019-04-12 at the Wayback Machine . Libya Observer. Published 10 April 2019.
- ↑ A quick to Libya's main players. European Council on Foreign Relations.