Acceptable level of violence

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British Home Secretary Reginald Maudling's reference to an "acceptable level" of violence in the Northern Ireland conflict was a political gaffe that helped shape public discussion about the conflict.

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Maudling said in a December 1971 press conference that the British government could not eliminate the Provisional Irish Republican Army's terrorist attacks but only reduce them to an "acceptable level". Critics maintained that any violence was unacceptable. Nevertheless, the concept influenced the British government's strategy in dealing with Northern Irish terrorism, and continues to be used in discussions of ongoing political violence in Northern Ireland.

Origin

In a 15 December 1971 news conference, British Home Secretary Reginald Maudling commented on the escalation of violence as the Northern Ireland conflict was beginning. Maudling said, "I don't think one can speak of defeating the IRA [ Provisional Irish Republican Army ], of eliminating them completely, but it is the design of the security forces to reduce their level of violence to something like an acceptable level." [1] [2] [3] It was the first time that the British government acknowledged that it did not have the power to eliminate Irish republican terrorism. [3] According to historian Charles Townshend, this was "wholly unprecedented in public rhetoric". [4]

At the time, Maudling's remark was widely regarded as a gaffe. [5] [6] His remarks were criticized in the Northern Ireland Parliament, with Ian Paisley saying that no level of violence was acceptable. Maudling was subsequently boycotted by Northern Irish opposition parties. [2] Nevertheless, the idea of "acceptable level of violence" was "half accepted, half rejected", according to Townshend, who notes: "If terrorism cannot be eliminated, it must perforce at some level be tolerated—and it can be." [4] [7] The mindset influenced the British government's strategy for dealing with Northern Irish terrorism: to reduce the violence to the point that most people were not impacted as they went about their daily lives. [7] [8] According to Brewer's Dictionary of Irish Phrase & Fable, the idea of an acceptable level of violence amounted to "implicit toleration of death and destruction", even of terrorist attacks in Great Britain. [3]

Later uses

Unionist politicians subsequently developed their own interpretation, which was that there was an acceptable level of Ulster loyalist terrorism to counter the IRA. [9]

American journalist P. J. O'Rourke suggests that in Northern Ireland, "acceptable level of violence" is similar to the air-quality index in American cities. He describes a week of "acceptable" violence in 1988, which included shootings, bombs, Molotov cocktails, and multiple paramilitary punishment attacks. [10]

According to Colin Knox, defining what is an "acceptable level of violence" in post-ceasefire Northern Ireland, and what constitutes a violation of the ceasefire, "has caused considerable political controversy". Knox writes that ultimately the governments decides what is an acceptable level of violence by choosing to ignore the ongoing paramilitary punishment attacks. Knox disagrees, writing that "[m]utilations, torture, beatings and exiling" must not be considered acceptable. [11]

According to a 2009 The Spectator article, although "no one is quite so indelicate as to employ the infamous phrase", the spirit of Maudling's remarks continues to be reflected in British policy. [12] A 2018 article in The Irish Times suggested that the 158 people killed since the Good Friday Agreement were considered acceptable losses—although "no one wishes to use the term 'acceptable level of violence'"—because they come from working-class neighbourhoods. [13] Also in 2018, an editorial in the Belfast Telegraph argued that the violence was no longer at an acceptable level due to expectations having been recalibrated since the agreement. [14]

In a 2010 speech at Oxford, Hugh Orde, recently chief constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland, discussed the threat of the dissident Irish republican campaign. Orde said that "To borrow a phrase from the past, we may be at an 'acceptable level of violence'—albeit at a far lower level than when the phrase was first coined" because dissident republicans were unlikely to respond to negotiation. Democratic Unionist Party MLA Jimmy Spratt called Orde's comments "outrageous" and an insult to those killed by dissident republicans. [15] A Belfast Telegraph editorial described it as an unacceptable gaffe which "give[s] succour to terrorists" and argued that "for the vast majority of people there is no acceptable level of violence". [5]

American political scientist Robert Goodin suggests that the idea of an acceptable risk is key to managing public risk perceptions of terrorism, which tends to be exaggerated. He notes that a 1978 survey found that 60 per cent of Americans considered the threat of terrorism "very serious" compared to 30 per cent of British people, even though there had been no terrorist deaths that year in the United States but 88 of them in the United Kingdom. According to Goodin, the perceived threat of terrorism can be more harmful than the actual level of terrorism, provided that the individual is not directly impacted by terror attacks. [7]

Related Research Articles

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The Provisional Irish Republican Army, officially known as the Irish Republican Army and informally known as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary force that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent republic encompassing all of Ireland. It was the most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It argued that the all-island Irish Republic continued to exist, and it saw itself as that state's army, the sole legitimate successor to the original IRA from the Irish War of Independence. It was designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland, both of whose authority it rejected.

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The Official Irish Republican Army or Official IRA was an Irish republican paramilitary group whose goal was to remove Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom and create a "workers' republic" encompassing all of Ireland. It emerged in December 1969, shortly after the beginning of the Troubles, when the Irish Republican Army (IRA) split into two factions. The other was the Provisional IRA. Each continued to call itself simply "the IRA" and rejected the other's legitimacy.

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References

  1. ↑ Ross, F. Stuart (2012). "It Hasn't Gone Away You Know: Irish Republican Violence in the Post-Agreement Era". Nordic Irish Studies. 11 (2): 63. ISSN   1602-124X. JSTOR   41702636.
  2. 1 2 "Maudling Statement Arouses Ulster Parliament". The New York Times. 16 December 1971. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  3. 1 2 3 McMahon, Sean; O'Donoghue, Jo (2006). "Acceptable level (of violence)". In McMahon, Sean; O'Donoghue, Jo (eds.). Brewer's Dictionary of Irish Phrase & Fable. Chambers Harrap Publishers. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199916191.001.0001. ISBN   9780199916191.
  4. 1 2 Townshend, Charles (2002). Terrorism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp.  27–28. ISBN   978-0-19-280168-5.
  5. 1 2 "Editor's Viewpoint: Orde's gaffe is just unacceptable". Belfast Telegraph . 11 March 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  6. ↑ Grant, David (2013). "Insider Knowledge: The Evolution of Belfast's Tinderbox Theatre Company". In Duggan, Patrick; Ukaegbu, Victor I. (eds.). Reverberations across Small-Scale British Theatre: Politics, Aesthetics and Forms. Intellect Books. p. 41. ISBN   978-1-78320-217-1.
  7. 1 2 3 Goodin, Robert E. (2013). What's Wrong With Terrorism?. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 162–163. ISBN   978-0-7456-5544-4.
  8. ↑ Geraghty, Tony (2002). The Irish War: The Hidden Conflict Between the IRA and British Intelligence. JHU Press. p. 42. ISBN   978-0-8018-7117-7.
  9. ↑ "What Led To The Troubles In Northern Ireland?". Forces Network . 16 April 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  10. ↑ O'Rourke, P. J. (2007). Give War a Chance: Eyewitness Accounts of Mankind's Struggle Against Tyranny, Injustice, and Alcohol-Free Beer. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. p. 25. ISBN   978-1-55584-712-8.
  11. ↑ Knox, Colin (2002). "'See No Evil, Hear No Evil'. Insidious Paramilitary Violence in Northern Ireland" (PDF). British Journal of Criminology. 42 (1): 171–172, 180. doi:10.1093/bjc/42.1.164.
  12. ↑ Godson, Dean (11 March 2009). "We are not ready for an escalation of violence in Ulster". The Spectator . Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  13. ↑ Nolan, Paul (23 April 2018). "'Post-conflict' Northern Ireland is still plagued by political violence". The Irish Times. Retrieved 1 December 2019. While no one wishes to use the term "acceptable level of violence", the fact that the killings have for the most part taken place in out-of-sight, deprived neighbourhoods means that they are a contained political problem, with only a small number of high-profile cases attracting any significant attention.
  14. ↑ McIntyre, Anthony (16 July 2018). "Low-level yes, but attacks break acceptable level of violence test". Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 1 December 2019. Decades ago the level of threat posed would have satisfied the yearning of many British politicians for what was termed an acceptable level of violence. Today, aided by the coercion poachers having become consent gamekeepers, expectations are higher and the threshold for acceptability has been considerably recalibrated.
  15. ↑ "MLA hits out at Orde comments". The News Letter . 12 March 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
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