| Acehnese invasion of Kedah | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Sultanate of Aceh |  Kedah Sultanate  Patani Kingdom | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Iskandar Muda | Sulaiman Shah II  | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 50 Galleys | Unknown Kedah Garrison 2,000 Patani warriors | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | 7,000 captured | ||||||
The invasion of Kedah in 1619 was launched by Aceh Sultanate to destroy the rival pepper port of Kedah. The Acehnese were victorious, and Kedah was destroyed.
Kedah was a popular pepper port that was often traded by the Portuguese in the fort. The Acehnese sultan, Iskandar Muda, was determined to destroy the port; his determination to destroy the Portuguese hegemony grew year after year, and with the trade incomes, he managed to enlarge his navy alongside the victories he made on other ports such as Johor and Pahang. [1]
The Kedahnese Sultan, Sulaiman Shah II, built a fort called Kuala Kedah with the assistance of the Portuguese. The rectangular-shaped fort served as a trading factory by the Portuguese rather than a military outpost, which certainly became a target for the Acehnese. [2]
With an armada of 50 Galleys, [3] the Acehnese attacked Kedah, destroyed the Kota Kuala fort, [4] and began cutting down all the pepper vines, killing the cattle, and ravaging everything in their way. Kedah was no longer available for pepper production. A neighboring kingdom, the Patani Kingdom, sent a force 2,000 to assist Kedah against Aceh. The Acehnese then laid siege to Kedah for three months, The Kedahnese sultan and his family hid behind the city and surrendered to the Acehnese after being convinced that Iskandar Muda would not hurt the sultan because he admired his great stamina and the manner in which he controlled his dependencies. Suliaman had no choice as he lacked water and was badly injured. The crown prince who advised his father against surrendering, was able to flee and evade the Acehnese. [5] The Acehnese destroyed all the fruit trees, killed the surviving cattle, burnt the city, and took 7,000 prisoners to Aceh. [6] [7] The Acehnese made sure that pepper was no longer available to foreigners. Out of 7,000 captives, only 500 survived, as they were deprived of food and necessities. [8]
Banda Aceh is the capital and largest city in the province of Aceh, Indonesia. It is located on the island of Sumatra and has an elevation of 35 meters. The city covers an area of 61.36 square kilometers (23.69 sq mi) and had a population of 223,446 people at the 2010 Census, rising to 252,899 at the 2020 Census. The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 261,969.
The Johor Sultanate was founded by Sultan of Malacca Mahmud Shah's son, Alauddin Riayat Shah II in 1528.
Johor Lama is a mukim in Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Malaysia. It is situated on the banks of Johor River. It was once a thriving port and the old capital of the Johor Sultanate.
Kuala Kedah is a mukim and parliamentary constituency in Kota Setar District, Kedah, Malaysia. It is a fishing port, located at the mouth of the Kedah River, and serves as a terminus for ferries to the tourist island of Langkawi. It is home to a fort, Kota Kuala Kedah. Kuala Kedah is accessible by bus or taxi from Alor Setar.
The Sultanate of Aceh, officially the Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam, was a sultanate centered in the modern-day Indonesian province of Aceh. It was a major regional power in the 16th and 17th centuries, before experiencing a long period of decline. Its capital was Kutaraja, the present-day Banda Aceh.
Ali Mughayat Syah was the first Sultan of Aceh Darussalam in Northern Sumatra, reigning from about 1514 until his death. His reign not only saw the foundation of the Aceh Sultanate, but also the conquest of neighboring Daya (1520), Pidie (1521), and Pasai (1524). Despite his accomplishments, Ali Mughayat's life is poorly documented and must be pieced together from various Acehnese, Malay and European accounts.
Alauddin Ri'ayat Syah al-Kahar was the third Sultan of the Aceh Sultanate, reigning from either 1537 or 1539 until his death. He is considered to be one of the strongest rulers in the history of the sultanate and greatly strengthened Aceh. Alauddin's reign was marked by increased conflict with his Portuguese and Malay rivals and his dispatching of envoys to the Ottoman sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent in the 1560s.
Iskandar Muda was the twelfth Sultan of Acèh Darussalam, under whom the sultanate achieved its greatest territorial extent, holding sway as the strongest power and wealthiest state in the western Indonesian archipelago and the Strait of Malacca. "Iskandar Muda" literally means "young Alexander," and his conquests were often compared to those of Alexander the Great. In addition to his notable conquests, during his reign, Aceh became known as an international centre of Islamic learning and trade. He was the last Sultan of Aceh who was a direct lineal male descendant of Ali Mughayat Syah, the founder of the Aceh Sultanate. Iskandar Muda's death meant that the founding dynasty of the Aceh Sultanate, the House of Meukuta Alam died out and was replaced by another dynasty.
Sulṭāna Taj ul-Alam Safiatuddin Syah was the fourteenth ruler of Aceh. She was the daughter of the sultan Iskandar Muda and the wife of his successor, Iskandar Thani. She became sulṭāna upon the death of her husband and ruled from 1641 to 1675, being the first of four women to hold the position in succession.
Paduka Sri Sultan Sulaiman Shah II ibni al-Marhum Sultan Mudzaffar Shah III was the 12th Sultan of Kedah and reigned from 1602 to 1626. During his reign raids from the Aceh Sultanate destroyed many black pepper plantation in Langkawi, as Aceh wanted to monopolize the industry. He built the Kota Kuala Bahang as a defensive fortress in response to the Acehnese raid with assistance from the Portuguese Empire. A huge raid from Aceh in 1619 destroyed the fortress and forced the Portuguese to evacuate.
Sultan Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah was Sultan of Johor from 1615 to 1623. Before he became sultan of Johor, Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah was also known as Raja Bongsu, Raja Seberang or Raja di Hilir. Kota Seberang was described as the personal "fiefdom" of Raja Bongsu by Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge. He controlled the settlement which was located almost straight across the Johor River from the royal administrative center and capital Batu Sawar. He is also said to have controlled areas around the Sambas River on the island of Borneo.
Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III ibni Almarhum Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah III was the Sultan of Pahang and Johor who reigned from 1615 to 1617 and 1623 to 1677 respectively. Known as Raja Bujang before his accession, he was a son of the 5th Sultan of Johor, Alauddin Riayat Shah III and a nephew of the 6th Sultan of Johor, Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah. He was the last Sultan of Pahang of the Malacca dynasty to rule Pahang independently from Johor until the independence of the Pahang Kingdom.
The Battle of Duyon River was a naval engagement between the Portuguese forces commanded by Nuno Álvares Botelho, who is renowned in Portugal as one of the last great commanders of Portuguese India, and the forces of the Sultanate of Aceh, which were led by the Laksamana.
Sultan Alauddin Ri'ayat Syah Sayyid al-Mukammal was the tenth Sultan of Aceh in northern Sumatra, ruling from 1589 to 1604. His reign is important since it saw the arrival of three new European powers to the region of the Melaka Straits: the Dutch, English and French.
Paduka Sri Sultan Mukaddam Shah was the sixth Sultan of Perak. He is the son of the sister of Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin and Sultan Tajul Ariffin Shah, and he was the cousin of Raja Kecil Lasa Raja Inu. Before becoming Sultan, he was known as Raja Tua.
The Acehnese launched their invasion of Johor between 1613 and 1615 to subjugate and vassalize the Johor Sultanate, as part of the Acehenese expansion in the Malay peninsula under Iskandar Muda reign.
The Conquest of Perak was a military invasion launched by the Acehnese Sultanate to capture the port of Perak from its Sultan Mukaddam Shah of Perak, the attack was successful and its sultan was captured.
The Battle of Formoso River of 1615 was an naval battle that took place in the Malay Peninsula in the Formoso River, between a Portuguese fleet and a large fleet of the Sultanate of Aceh, one of the largest Aceh had ever mobilized against the Portuguese in Malacca.
Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts were the military engagements between the forces of the Portuguese Empire, established at Malacca in the Malay Peninsula, and the Sultanate of Aceh, fought intermittently from 1519 to 1639 in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula or the Strait of Malacca. The Portuguese supported, or were supported, by various Malay or Sumatran states who opposed Acehnese expansionism, while the Acehnese received support from the Ottoman Empire and the Dutch East India Company.
Inderapura, also known as Ujung Pagaruyung, was a kingdom located in the Pesisir Selatan Regency, present-day West Sumatra, bordering Bengkulu Province and Jambi. Officially, the kingdom was a vassal of the Pagaruyung Kingdom, although in practice it was independent and free to manage its internal and external affairs. The kingdom in its heyday covered the west coast of Sumatra from Padang in the north to Sungai Hurai in the south. Inderapura's most important products were pepper and gold.