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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an organic compound that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, condensate dissolution, and chemical synthesis. Found in all known forms of life, ATP is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. When consumed in metabolic processes, it converts either to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or to adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Other processes regenerate ATP. The human body recycles its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day. It is also a precursor to DNA and RNA, and is used as a coenzyme.
The citric acid cycle (CAC)—also known as the Krebs cycle, Szent-Györgyi-Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)—is a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The Krebs cycle is used by organisms that respire (as opposed to organisms that ferment) to generate energy, either by anaerobic respiration or aerobic respiration. In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids, as well as the reducing agent NADH, that are used in numerous other reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest components of metabolism. Even though it is branded as a 'cycle', it is not necessary for metabolites to follow only one specific route; at least three alternative segments of the citric acid cycle have been recognized.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, and in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells, the cytosol. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Glycolysis is a sequence of ten reactions catalyzed by enzymes.
Citric acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula HOC(CO2H)(CH2CO2H)2. It is a colorless weak organic acid. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms.
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood products into a person's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Early transfusions used whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets, and other clotting factors.
Anticoagulants, commonly known as blood thinners, are chemical substances that prevent or reduce coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time. Some of them occur naturally in blood-eating animals such as leeches and mosquitoes, where they help keep the bite area unclotted long enough for the animal to obtain some blood. As a class of medications, anticoagulants are used in therapy for thrombotic disorders. Oral anticoagulants (OACs) are taken by many people in pill or tablet form, and various intravenous anticoagulant dosage forms are used in hospitals. Some anticoagulants are used in medical equipment, such as sample tubes, blood transfusion bags, heart–lung machines, and dialysis equipment. One of the first anticoagulants, warfarin, was initially approved as a rodenticide.
Carbohydrate metabolism is the whole of the biochemical processes responsible for the metabolic formation, breakdown, and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms.
A blood bank is a center where blood gathered as a result of blood donation is stored and preserved for later use in blood transfusion. The term "blood bank" typically refers to a department of a hospital usually within a Clinical Pathology laboratory where the storage of blood product occurs and where pre-transfusion and Blood compatibility testing is performed. However, it sometimes refers to a collection center, and some hospitals also perform collection. Blood banking includes tasks related to blood collection, processing, testing, separation, and storage.
A blood donation occurs when a person voluntarily has blood drawn and used for transfusions and/or made into biopharmaceutical medications by a process called fractionation. Donation may be of whole blood, or of specific components directly (apheresis). Blood banks often participate in the collection process as well as the procedures that follow it.
Trisodium citrate has the chemical formula of Na3C6H5O7. It is sometimes referred to simply as "sodium citrate", though sodium citrate can refer to any of the three sodium salts of citric acid. It possesses a saline, mildly tart flavor, and is a mild alkali.
Apheresis is a medical technology in which the blood of a person is passed through an apparatus that separates out one particular constituent and returns the remainder to the circulation. It is thus an extracorporeal therapy.
Fatty acid metabolism consists of various metabolic processes involving or closely related to fatty acids, a family of molecules classified within the lipid macronutrient category. These processes can mainly be divided into (1) catabolic processes that generate energy and (2) anabolic processes where they serve as building blocks for other compounds.
Plateletpheresis is the process of collecting thrombocytes, more commonly called platelets, a component of blood involved in blood clotting. The term specifically refers to the method of collecting the platelets, which is performed by a device used in blood donation that separates the platelets and returns other portions of the blood to the donor. Platelet transfusion can be a life-saving procedure in preventing or treating serious complications from bleeding and hemorrhage in patients who have disorders manifesting as thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction. This process may also be used therapeutically to treat disorders resulting in extraordinarily high platelet counts such as essential thrombocytosis.
Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is a blood product made from the liquid portion of whole blood. It is used to treat conditions in which there are low blood clotting factors or low levels of other blood proteins. It may also be used as the replacement fluid in plasma exchange. Using ABO compatible plasma, while not required, may be recommended. Use as a volume expander is not recommended. It is given by slow injection into a vein.
Monosodium citrate, more correctly, sodium dihydrogen citrate (Latin: natrium citricum acidulatum), is an acid salt of citric acid. Disodium citrate and trisodium citrate are also known. It can be prepared by partial neutralisation of citric acid with an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate or carbonate. It has a slightly acidic taste.
A volume expander is a type of intravenous therapy that has the function of providing volume for the circulatory system. It may be used for fluid replacement or during surgery to prevent nausea and vomiting after surgery.
Pseudothrombocytopenia (PTCP) or spurious thrombocytopenia is an in-vitro sampling problem which may mislead the diagnosis towards the more critical condition of thrombocytopenia. The phenomenon occurs when the anticoagulant used while testing the blood sample causes clumping of platelets which mimics a low platelet count. The phenomenon has first been reported in 1969.
Alsever's solution is a saline liquid used to prevent coagulation of blood. It is composed of 2.05% dextrose, 0.8% sodium citrate, 0.055% citric acid, and 0.42% sodium chloride. For usage, an equal volume of blood is gently, but thoroughly, mixed with the solution. This solution is used to study in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of crude drugs by the human red blood cell stabilization method. It is also used to preserve blood cells from other sources.
Richard Lewisohn was a German-American surgeon. At Mount Sinai Hospital in Manhattan, he developed procedures that made blood transfusion practical.
Therapeutic apheresis is a treatment modality that processes whole blood through medical technologies for the purpose of separating it into components and removing identified pathological cellular or plasma components. Pediatric therapeutic apheresis treatments includes plasma exchange, red cell exchange/depletion, stem cell collections, leukodepletion and plasma exchange with secondary plasma device. There are considerations to be made when performing apheresis in pediatric patients, with the understanding that the apheresis technology and equipment used to perform adult apheresis are also used for pediatric apheresis. Additionally, pediatric patients require advance monitoring and clinical accommodations, due to their smaller body mass and immature body system functions, to safely perform treatments.
References
- ↑ "ORDER OF DRAW FOR MULTIPLE TUBE COLLECTIONS" (PDF). Michigan Medicine Laboratories. 2019-09-15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-11-26. Retrieved 2020-03-27.
- ↑ United States Pharmacopeia 26, 2002, pp 158.
- ↑ Loutit, J. F.; Mollison, P. L.; Young, I. Maureen; Lucas, E. J. (16 December 1943). "Citric Acid-Sodium Citrate-Glucose Mixtures for Blood Storage". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences. 32 (3): 183–202. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1943.sp000882.
- 1 2 D'Amici, Gian Maria; Mirasole, Cristiana (2012). "Red blood cell storage in SAGM and AS3: a comparison through the membrane two-dimensional electrophoresis proteome". Blood Transfusion. 10 Suppl 2: s46-54. doi:10.2450/2012.008S. PMC 3418620 . PMID 22890268.
- ↑ Gibson, J. G.; Kevy, S.; Pennell, R. (28 November 1968). "Citrate-Phosphate-Dextrose: An Improved Anticoagulant Preservative Solution for Human Blood". International Society of Blood Transfusion. 29: 758–763. doi:10.1159/000384704. ISBN 978-3-8055-0131-6. PMID 5728120.
- ↑ Mudge, MC; Macdonald, MH; Owens, SD; Tablin, F (September 2004). "Comparison of 4 blood storage methods in a protocol for equine pre-operative autologous donation". Veterinary Surgery. 33 (5): 475–86. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2004.04070.x. PMID 15362986.
- ↑ Barros, IO; Sousa, RS; Tavares, MD; Rêgo, RO; Firmino, PR; Souza, FJA; Abrantes, MR; Minervino, AHH; Araújo, CASC; Ortolani, EL; Barrêto Júnior, RA (8 February 2021). "Assessment of Donkey (Equus asinus africanus) Whole Blood Stored in CPDA-1 and CPD/SAG-M Blood Bags". Biology. 10 (2): 133. doi: 10.3390/biology10020133 . PMC 7915378 . PMID 33567685.
- ↑ Olson, PR; Cox, C; McCullough, J (August 1977). "Laboratory and clinical effects of the infusion of ACD solution during plateletpheresis". Vox Sanguinis. 33 (2): 79–87. doi:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1977.tb02237.x. PMID 883248. S2CID 24966385.
- ↑ Lee, G; Arepally, GM (2012). "Anticoagulation techniques in apheresis: from heparin to citrate and beyond". Journal of Clinical Apheresis. 27 (3): 117–25. doi:10.1002/jca.21222. PMC 3366026 . PMID 22532037.