International English is the concept of using the English language as a global means of communication similar to an international auxiliary language,and often refers to the movement towards an international standard for the language. Related and sometimes synonymous terms include:Global English,World English,Common English,Continental English,General English,and Engas. Sometimes,these terms refer to the actuality of the situation,where English is spoken and used in numerous dialects around the world. These terms may acknowledge the diversity and varieties of English spoken throughout the world.
In bilingual education,students are taught in two languages. It is distinct from learning a second language as a subject because both languages are used for instruction in different content areas like math,science,and history. The time spent in each language depends on the model. For example,some models focus on providing education in both languages throughout a student's entire education while others gradually transition to education in only one language. The ultimate goal of bilingual education is fluency and literacy in both languages through a variety of strategies such as translanguaging and recasting.
Cross-cultural communication is a field of study investigating how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate,in similar and different ways among themselves,and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures. Intercultural communication is a related field of study.
Yukio Tsuda is Professor Emeritus in the Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Tsukuba and Director of the Institute of Peace Linguistics. He is also Professor in the Department of English at Matsuyama University.
Acculturation is a process of social,psychological,and cultural change that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society. Acculturation is a process in which an individual adopts,acquires and adjusts to a new cultural environment as a result of being placed into a new culture,or when another culture is brought to someone. Individuals of a differing culture try to incorporate themselves into the new more prevalent culture by participating in aspects of the more prevalent culture,such as their traditions,but still hold onto their original cultural values and traditions. The effects of acculturation can be seen at multiple levels in both the devotee of the prevailing culture and those who are assimilating into the culture.
Linguistic imperialism or language imperialism is occasionally defined as "the transfer of a dominant language to other people". This language "transfer" comes about because of imperialism. The transfer is considered to be a sign of power;traditionally military power but also,in the modern world,economic power. Aspects of the dominant culture are usually transferred along with the language. In spatial terms,indigenous languages are employed in the function of official (state) languages in Eurasia,while only non-indigenous imperial (European) languages in the "Rest of the World". In the modern world,linguistic imperialism may also be considered in the context of international development,affecting the standard by which organizations like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank evaluate the trustworthiness and value of structural adjustment loans by virtue of views that are commonly foregrounded in English-language discourse and not neutral.
English as a second or foreign language is the use of English by speakers with different native languages,often with students whose native language is not English and are learning to speak and write English,commonly among students. Language education for people learning English may be known as English as a foreign language (EFL),English as a second language (ESL),English for speakers of other languages (ESOL),English as an additional language (EAL),or English as a new language (ENL),which refers to the practice of studying English in a country where it is not the dominant language. These programs,especially ESL,are usually an academic subject,course,or program designed to teach English to students who are not yet proficient in the language. While some people only refer to learning in an English-speaking country,learning this language can also entail learning in a non-English speaking or non-native nation.
Intercultural communication is a discipline that studies communication across different cultures and social groups,or how culture affects communication. It describes the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals from different religious,social,ethnic,and educational backgrounds. In this sense,it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act,communicate,and perceive the world around them. Intercultural communication focuses on the recognition and respect of those with cultural differences. The goal is mutual adaptation between two or more distinct cultures which leads to biculturalism/multiculturalism rather than complete assimilation. It promotes the development of cultural sensitivity and allows for empathic understanding across different cultures.
In sociolinguistics,language planning is a deliberate effort to influence the function,structure or acquisition of languages or language varieties within a speech community. Robert L. Cooper (1989) defines language planning as "the activity of preparing a normative orthography,grammar,and dictionary for the guidance of writers and speakers in a non-homogeneous speech community". Along with language ideology and language practices,language planning is part of language policy –a typology drawn from Bernard Spolsky's theory of language policy. According to Spolsky,language management is a more precise term than language planning. Language management is defined as "the explicit and observable effort by someone or some group that has or claims authority over the participants in the domain to modify their practices or beliefs" Language planning is often associated with government planning,but is also used by a variety of non-governmental organizations such as grass-roots organizations as well as individuals. Goals of such planning vary. Better communication through assimilation of a single dominant language can bring economic benefits to minorities but is also perceived to facilitate their political domination. It involves the establishment of language regulators,such as formal or informal agencies,committees,societies or academies to design or develop new structures to meet contemporary needs.
Intercultural learning is an area of research,study and application of knowledge about different cultures,their differences and similarities. On the one hand,it includes a theoretical and academic approach. On the other hand,it comprises practical applications such as learning to negotiate with people from different cultures,living with people from different cultures,living in a different culture and the prospect of peace between different cultures.
Cultural competence,also known as intercultural competence,is a range of cognitive,affective,behavioural,and linguistic skills that lead to effective and appropriate communication with people of other cultures. Intercultural or cross-cultural education are terms used for the training to achieve cultural competence.
An English-medium education system is one that uses English as the primary medium of instruction—particularly where English is not the mother tongue of students.
The Bennett scale,also called the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS),was developed by Milton Bennett. The framework describes the different ways in which people can react to cultural differences. Bennett's initial idea was for trainers to utilize the model to evaluate trainees' intercultural awareness and help them improve intercultural sensitivity,also sometimes referred to as cultural sensitivity,which is the ability of accepting and adapting to a brand new and different culture.
Intercultural theater,also known as cross-culturaltheatre,may transcend time,while mixing and matching cultures or subcultures. Mixing and matching is the unavoidable process in the making of inner connections and the presentations of interculturalities. The majority of the works in intercultural theatre deal basically with thinking and doing around the themes,stories,pre-performative or performative concepts of Asian classical theatre or traditional performing arts forms and practices,mixing and matching the concepts or the ideas of the foreign. After the well-known success of Peter Brook's production of the Mahabharata,the trend has been evolving tremendously around the globe and many the cultural institutions of many governments have become directly interested in pushing the boundaries of intercultural senses and sensitivities by financially investing on new theatrical productions,university research,conferences and fellowships
English as a lingua franca (ELF) is the use of the English language "as a global means of inter-community communication" and can be understood as "any use of English among speakers of different first languages for whom English is the communicative medium of choice and often the only option". ELF is "defined functionally by its use in intercultural communication rather than formally by its reference to native-speaker norms" whereas English as a second or foreign language aims at meeting native speaker norms and gives prominence to native-speaker cultural aspects. While lingua francas have been used for centuries,what makes ELF a novel phenomenon is the extent to which it is used in spoken,written and computer-mediated communication. ELF research focuses on the pragmatics of variation which is manifest in the variable use of the resources of English for a wide range of globalized purposes,in important formal encounters such as business transactions,international diplomacy and conflict resolution,as well as in informal exchanges between international friends.
Intercultural bilingual education(Educación bilingüe intercultural) is a language-planning model employed throughout Latin America in public education,and it arose as a political movement asserting space for indigenous languages and culture in the education system. IBE is designed to address the educational needs of indigenous communities,and consists of various bilingual curriculum designs.
Translingual phenomena are words and other aspects of language that are relevant in more than one language. Thus "translingual" may mean "existing in multiple languages" or "having the same meaning in many languages";and sometimes "containing words of multiple languages" or "operating between different languages". Translingualism is the phenomenon of translingually relevant aspects of language;a translingualism is an instance thereof. The word comes from trans-,meaning "across",and lingual,meaning "having to do with languages (tongues)";thus,it means "across tongues",that is,"across languages". Internationalisms offer many examples of translingual vocabulary. For example,international scientific vocabulary comprises thousands of translingual words and combining forms.
Translanguaging is a term that can refer to different aspects of multilingualism. It can describe the way bilinguals and multilinguals use their linguistic resources to make sense of and interact with the world around them. It can also refer to a pedagogical approach that utilizes more than one language within a classroom lesson. The term "translanguaging" was coined in the 1980s by Cen Williams in his unpublished thesis titled “An Evaluation of Teaching and Learning Methods in the Context of Bilingual Secondary Education.”Williams used the term to describe the practice of using two languages in the same lesson,which differed from many previous methods of bilingual education that tried to separate languages by class,time,or day. In addition,Vogel and Garcia argued that translanguaging theory posits that rather than possessing two or more autonomous language systems,as previously thought when scholars described bilingual or multilingual speakers,bilinguals and multilingual speakers select and deploy their languages from a unitary linguistic repertoire. However,the dissemination of the term,and of the related concept,gained traction decades later due in part to published research by Ofelia García,among others. In this context,translanguaging is an extension of the concept of languaging,the discursive practices of language speakers,but with the additional feature of using multiple languages,often simultaneously. It is a dynamic process in which multilingual speakers navigate complex social and cognitive demands through strategic employment of multiple languages.
Virtual exchange is an instructional approach or practice for language learning. It broadly refers to the "notion of 'connecting' language learners in pedagogically structured interaction and collaboration" through computer-mediated communication for the purpose of improving their language skills,intercultural communicative competence,and digital literacies. Although it proliferated with the advance of the internet and Web 2.0 technologies in the 1990s,its roots can be traced to learning networks pioneered by Célestin Freinet in 1920s and,according to Dooly,even earlier in Jardine's work with collaborative writing at the University of Glasgow at the end of the 17th to the early 18th century.
Native-speakerism is the belief that native-speaker teachers embody Western cultural ideals in both English language and teaching methodology. The term was coined by A. Holliday. However,the ideology of native-speakerism has been present much longer than that. Native-speakerism relies upon the dichotomous discourse of us and them,of native speakers and non-native speakers where the former is seen as ideal and the latter is seen as inferior. One example which illustrates this preference of native-speaker language over non-native-speaker is that of interlanguage fossilization,a concept within linguistics and language learning that is often used to dictate what is right and wrong with the second language use.
