Aerial stem modification

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Grapevine tendrils and leaves. Young grapevine leaves, tendrils and flowers 5.jpg
Grapevine tendrils and leaves.
Thorns. Epine.jpg
Thorns.
Cladodes. Semele androgyna 2 (scott.zona).jpg
Cladodes.

Aerial stem modifications are modifications to the aerial stems, [1] vegetative buds and floral buds of plants growing in different conditions and which perform functions such as climbing, protection, support, synthesis of food, or vegetative propagation. [2] [3] Aerial stem structures that undergo modifications to perform these special functions include tendrils, thorns, hooks, phylloclade, tuberous stems, and bulbils. [4] [5] [6] The auxiliary or the terminal part of the modified structures shows their stem nature. [7]

Contents

Tendrils

Some weak-stemmed plants produce wiry, coiled, sensitive, and delicate organs for climbing. They are called tendrils. [8] These may develop from either the axillary bud or the terminal bud of the stem. In Passiflora , the tendrils develop from the axillary bud. In Cissus quadrangularis and in Vitis vinifera , the terminal bud develops into tendrils. [9] [10] [11]

Thorns

These are hard, woody, pointed structures meant for protection. They are provided with vascular tissue, [12] which may develop from the axillary bud or terminal buds. [13] They control transpiration by reducing the vegetative growth. In Bougainvillea , Punica granatum , and Duranta , the axillary bud develop into thorns. [14] [15] [16] [17] In Duranta, the thorns are provided with leaves and flowers. In Punica granatum , the thorns bear leaves and branches. [18] In Carissa carandas , the terminal bud produces a pair of thorns. They help in protection. [19]

Bulbils

When the axillary bud becomes fleshy and rounded due to the storage of food, it is called a bulb. [20] It gets detached from the plant, falls on the ground, and develops into a new plant. e.g. Dioscorea . [21] It is in the axil (the space between the leaf and stem). [22]

Cladode

These are green branches of limited growth (usually one internode long) that have taken up the functions of photosynthesis. [23] True leaves are reduced to scales or spines, e.g. Asparagus . [24]

References

  1. ↑ Lal, Uma Ranjan; Monika; Kotagiri, Ravikant (2022-04-30). "Pharmacognostic specifications of Abroma augusta stems and Cissus quadrangularis aerial part". The Journal of Phytopharmacology. 11 (2): 133–136. doi: 10.31254/phyto.2022.11215 . ISSN   2320-480X. S2CID   248645066.
  2. ↑ "Enzymatic Synthesis of Food Additives" , Trends in Food Engineering, CRC Press, pp. 323–334, 2000-06-07, doi:10.1201/9781482279085-36, ISBN   9780429181733 , retrieved 2023-09-23
  3. ↑ Rubber budding & vegetative propagation. [s.n.] 1920. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.152642.
  4. ↑ "Tuberous Medicinal Plants of India: Biology and Biotechnology" , Bulbous Plants, CRC Press, pp. 319–345, 2016-04-19, doi:10.1201/b16136-20, ISBN   9780429167904 , retrieved 2023-09-23
  5. ↑ "Stellar Tendrils" , After and Before the Lightning, University of Arizona Press, p. 97, 2022-08-16, doi:10.2307/j.ctv2vt022b.162 , retrieved 2023-09-23
  6. ↑ "phylloclade, n." , Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2023-03-02, doi:10.1093/oed/7789702023 , retrieved 2023-09-23
  7. ↑ DeWitt, Natalie; Baker, Monya (2007-06-07). "Welcome to Nature Reports Stem Cells". Nature Reports Stem Cells. doi: 10.1038/stemcells.2007.2 . ISSN   1754-8705.
  8. ↑ Hickey, Michael; King, Clive (2000-11-16). The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521794015.
  9. ↑ "Data S1: Additional Cissus quadrangularis chromosome images". doi: 10.7717/peerj.8201/supp-1 .{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ↑ Adam, Albert (2012), "Vitis vinifera sylvestris et Vitis vinifera vinifera" , In Vino Veritas, Presses de l’Université de Montréal, pp. 15–16, doi:10.4000/books.pum.7865, ISBN   9782760630994 , retrieved 2023-09-23
  11. ↑ Paniagua-Zambrana, Narel Y.; Bussmann, Rainer W.; Romero, Carolina (2020), "Passiflora caerulea L. Passiflora edulis L. Passiflora ligularis Juss. Passiflora mollissima (Kunth) L.H. Bailey Passiflora punctata L. Passiflora quadrangularis L. Passifloraceae", Ethnobotany of the Andes , Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–15, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77093-2_221-1, ISBN   978-3-319-77093-2, S2CID   241468632 , retrieved 2023-09-23
  12. ↑ Shoji, Toshihiro; Breuer, Christopher; Shinoka, Toshiharu (2020), "Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts for Children" , Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 533–548, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05336-9_19, ISBN   978-3-030-05335-2 , retrieved 2023-09-23
  13. ↑ "6309 terminal bud [n]" , Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, p. 1018, 2010, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_14594, ISBN   978-3-540-76455-7 , retrieved 2023-09-23
  14. ↑ "Duranta" . CABI Compendium. 2022-01-07. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.20191 . Retrieved 2023-09-23.
  15. ↑ "POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum)(Punica granatum)" , Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, p. 1032, 2008, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_2421 (inactive 11 July 2025), ISBN   978-1-4020-4584-4 , retrieved 2023-09-23{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
  16. ↑ Seybold, A. (1929), "Energetische Messungen der pflanzlichen Transpiration" , Die physikalische Komponente der Pflanzlichen Transpiration, Vienna: Springer Vienna, pp. 129–157, doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-9851-3_3, ISBN   978-3-7091-9604-5 , retrieved 2023-09-23{{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  17. ↑ Rojas-Sandoval, Julissa (2020-11-09). "Bougainvillea spectabilis (great bougainvillea)" . doi:10.1079/isc.9640.20203482916. S2CID   242373786 . Retrieved 2023-09-23.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ↑ "POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum)(Punica granatum)" , Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, p. 1032, 2008, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_2421 (inactive 11 July 2025), ISBN   978-1-4020-4584-4 , retrieved 2023-09-23{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
  19. ↑ "Carissa carandas (caranda (plum))" . CABI Compendium. 2022-01-07. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.13652. S2CID   253991500 . Retrieved 2023-09-23.
  20. ↑ Bickle, Ian (2014-02-15), "Phthisis bulbi", Radiopaedia.org, doi: 10.53347/rid-27686 , S2CID   239989681
  21. ↑ "YAM, CINNAMON-VINE (Dioscorea)Cinnamon-Vine (Dioscorea)" , Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, p. 1143, 2008, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_2758 (inactive 11 July 2025), ISBN   978-1-4020-4584-4 , retrieved 2023-09-23{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
  22. ↑ Schulenburg, Axel; Marian, Brigitte (2012-07-15), "Normal and Neoplastic Stem Cells" , Encyclopedia of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, doi:10.1002/3527600906.mcb.201100020, ISBN   978-3527600908 , retrieved 2023-09-23
  23. ↑ Hickey, Michael; King, Clive (2000-11-16). The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521794015.
  24. ↑ "ASPARAGUS (Asparagus officinalis)(Asparagus officinalis)" , Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, p. 734, 2008, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_1522 (inactive 11 July 2025), ISBN   978-1-4020-4584-4 , retrieved 2023-09-23{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
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