Afghan Boundary Commission

Last updated

The Afghan Boundary Commission (or Joint Anglo-Russian Boundary Commission) was a joint effort by the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire to determine the northern border of Afghanistan. [1] The Boundary Commission traveled and documented the northern border area during 1884, 1885, and 1886. [2] [3]

Contents

The commission was accompanied by Kazi Saad-ud-Din as the representative of the Amir of Afghanistan, but the Afghans did not have a real say in the matter. Tensions between Britain, Russia and Afghanistan grew in 1885, especially in the aftermath of the Panjdeh incident, in which several hundred Afghans were killed by a Russian army, witnessed by several members of the commission. From March until September, it seemed likely that this would lead to war between Russia and Britain, with the Commission at the epicentre (Britain controlled Afghanistan's foreign affairs following the Treaty of Gandamak). However, war was eventually averted. [4]

Between 1885 and 1888, the Afghan Boundary Commission agreed the Russians would relinquish the most remote territory captured in their military advances but they would retain Panjdeh. The agreement delineated a permanent northern Afghan frontier at the Amu Darya, with the loss of a large amount of territory, especially around Panjdeh. [5]

Some letters compiled by Charles Edward Yate "describe the sojourn of the British Commission around Herat during the summer of 1885; the subsequent meeting of the joint British and Russian Commissions in November of that year, and the progress of the demarcation of the frontier up to the time of their separation in September 1886; the return of the British Commission through Kabul to India in October 1886; the negotiations at St. Petersburg during the summer of 1887; the final settlement and demarcation of the frontier during the winter of 1887, and return through Russian Trans-Caspian territory in February 1888". [2]

Members of the Commission

Publications

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abdur Rahman Khan</span> Emir of Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901

Abdur Rahman Khan also known by his epithets, The Iron Amir, or The Dracula Amir, was Amir of Afghanistan from 1880 to his death in 1901. He is known for uniting the country after years of internal fighting and negotiation of the Durand Line Agreement with British India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European influence in Afghanistan</span> Overview of the influence of European colonial powers in Afghanistan

European influence in Afghanistan has been present in the country since the Victorian era, when the competing imperial powers of Britain and Russia contested for control over Afghanistan as part of the Great Game.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Game</span> 19th-century Anglo-Russian confrontation

The Great Game was a rivalry between the 19th-century British and Russian Empires over influence in Central Asia, primarily in Afghanistan, Persia, and Tibet. The two colonial empires used military interventions and diplomatic negotiations to acquire and redefine territories in Central and South Asia. Russia conquered Turkestan, and Britain expanded and set the borders of British colonial India. By the early 20th century, a line of independent states, tribes, and monarchies from the shore of the Caspian Sea to the Eastern Himalayas were made into protectorates and territories of the two empires.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hazarajat</span> Region in the central highlands of Afghanistan

Hazarajat, also known as Hazaristan, is a mostly mountainous region in the central highlands of Afghanistan, among the Kuh-e Baba mountains in the western extremities of the Hindu Kush. It is the homeland of the Hazara people who make up the majority of its population. Hazarajat denotes an ethnic and religious zone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Durand Line</span> Internation border between Afghanistan and Pakistan

The Durand Line, also known as the Afghanistan–Pakistan border, is a 2,611-kilometre (1,622 mi) international border between Afghanistan and Pakistan in South Asia. The western end runs to the border with Iran and the eastern end to the border with China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava</span> British public servant and prominent member of Victorian society (1826–1902)

Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava,, was a British public servant and prominent member of Victorian society. In his youth he was a popular figure in the court of Queen Victoria, and became well known to the public after publishing a best-selling account of his travels in the North Atlantic.

Related to 1896 in Afghanistan: Negotiations are going on between the Indian government and the amir tending to the appointment of a joint commission for determining the last 100 miles (160 km) of Indo-Afghan frontier yet unsettled, from Landi Kotal in the Khyber to Nawar Kotal on the Kunar River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mortimer Durand</span> British diplomat (1850–1924)

Sir Henry Mortimer Durand was a British diplomat and member of the Indian Civil Service. He is best-known as the namesake for the Durand Line, which serves as the international border between Afghanistan and Pakistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Astley Cooper Key</span> Royal Navy Admiral (1821–1888)

Admiral Sir Astley Cooper Key, was a Royal Navy officer. As a junior officer he saw action at the Battle of Vuelta de Obligado in November 1845 during the Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata and took part at the Battle of Bomarsund in August 1854 and the Bombardment of Sveaborg in August 1855 during the Crimean War. He also went ashore with the naval brigade to take part in the Battle of Canton in December 1857 during the Second Opium War. He later commanded a specially-formed Baltic Fleet created in February 1878 to intimidate Russia from entering Constantinople during the closing stages of the Russo-Turkish War. He became First Naval Lord in August 1879 in which role he was primarily interested in administration and technology rather than strategy: he kept the cost of running the Navy within budgets, sanctioned the construction of six Admiral-class battleships and ensured the Navy was properly prepared for the Panjdeh Incident in 1885 when Russian forces seized Afghan territory at Panjdeh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panjdeh incident</span> 1885 battle between Russia and Afghanistan

The Panjdeh Incident was an armed engagement between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Russian Empire in 1885 that led to a diplomatic crisis between Great Britain and the Russian Empire regarding the Russian expansion south-eastwards towards the Emirate of Afghanistan and the British Raj (India). After nearly completing the Russian conquest of Central Asia, the Russians captured an Afghan border fort, threatening British interests in the area. Seeing this as a threat to India, Britain prepared for war but both sides backed down and the matter was settled diplomatically. The incident halted further Russian expansion in Asia, except for the Pamir Mountains, and resulted in the definition of the north-western border of Afghanistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Holdich</span>

Colonel Sir Thomas Hungerford Holdich was an English geographer and president of the Royal Geographical Society. He is best known as Superintendent of Frontier Surveys in British India, arbiter in the Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case and author of numerous books, including The Gates of India, The Countries of the King's Award and Political Frontiers and Boundary Making.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Evans-Gordon</span> British Army officer and politician (1857–1913)

Major Sir William Eden Evans Gordon was a British member of Parliament (MP) who had served as a military diplomat in India.

The Durand Baronetcy, of Ruckley Grange in the County of Shropshire, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 8 April 1892 for Edward Durand, British Resident in Nepal from 1888 to 1891. He was the eldest son of Sir Henry Marion Durand and the elder brother of Sir Mortimer Durand, and he had served on the Afghan Boundary Commission from 1884 to 1886. The third Baronet was a Brigadier in the Army.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles MacGregor</span>

Major General Sir Charles Metcalfe MacGregor KCB CSI CIE was a British explorer, geographer and officer of the British Indian Army. He was the Quartermaster General for the British Army in India, the head of the Intelligence Department for the British Indian Army and served under Frederick Roberts in the Second Anglo-Afghan War. The MacGregor Medal is awarded in his honour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sir Charles Yate, 1st Baronet</span> Administrator in British India

Colonel Sir Charles Edward Yate, 1st Baronet, was an English soldier and administrator in British India and later a politician in Britain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Lumsden</span> British general (1829–1918)

General Sir Peter Stark Lumsden was a British military officer who served in India. Born in Belhelvie, Aberdeenshire, he was the fourth son of Colonel Thomas Lumsden CB. He studied at Addiscombe Military Seminary, before officially joining military service as an ensign in the 60th Bengal Native Infantry in 1847. From 1852 to 1857 he served on the North-West Frontier, where, among other activities, he participated in the suppression of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the capture of Tantya Tope in 1859.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afghanistan–Turkmenistan border</span> International border

The Afghanistan–Turkmenistan border is 804 km (500 mi) in length and runs from the tripoint with Iran to the tripoint with Uzbekistan.

Nazir Muhammad Sarwar Khan was the Governor of Herat from August 1882 to November 1886. A loyal supporter of Abdur Rahman, he accompanied the future Amir into exile and was rewarded with high office upon their return to Afghanistan. However, he was stripped of his role after accusations of corruption, and died in prison.

Saad-ud-Din, later Kazi Saad-ud-Din Khan, was a politician in Afghanistan under Abdur Rahman Khan and Habibullah Khan; he was, for a time, Habibullah Khan's father-in-law. He was the Governor of Herat for eighteen years, between 1887 and 1904, and he became the Chief Justice in 1914. He was bestowed the title "Khan e Ulum", which translates to "Master of Knowledge".

Sir Richard Udny, KCSI was an official in British India, best known for his role in defining the border with the Emirate of Afghanistan. He took part in the border survey for the stretch between the Hindu Kush range in the north-east to Landi Kotal. This demarcation was the first stage in making the Durand Line of 1893 concrete in geographical terms, a process that lasted into the 20th century.

References

  1. Holdich, Thomas. Thomas Holdich served as a cartographer. Preliminary Map of the Routes Followed by the Members of the Afghan Boundary Commission. 1885, via World Digital Library.
  2. 1 2 Yate, Charles Edward. Northern Afghanistan; Or, Letters from the Afghan Boundary Commission Edinburgh & London: W. Blackwood & Sons, 1888.
  3. Yate, Arthur Campbell. England and Russia Face to Face in Asia; Travels with the Afghan Boundary Commission. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood, 1887.
  4. Salisbury, Robert (2020). William Simpson and the Crisis in Central Asia, 1884-5. ISBN   978-1-5272-7047-3
  5. International Boundary Study of the Afghanistan-USSR Boundary (1983) Archived 2014-08-17 at the Wayback Machine by the US Bureau of Intelligence and Research
  6. Afghan Boundary Commission (1884). "18 plates of ornamental tiles from the Afghan Boundary Commission". Afghan Boundary Commission. Retrieved 2018-08-06.