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Abu Mansur Nasir ad-Din wa'd-Dawla Sabuktigin was the founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty, and amir of Ghazna from 977 to 997. Sabuktigin was a Turkic slave who was bought by Alp-Tegin, the commander of the royal guard of the Samanid dynasty. Alp-Tegin established himself as the governor of Ghazna in 962, and died a year later in 963. Afterwards, Sabuktigin built his prestige among other slave soldiers in Ghazna until he was elected by them as their ruler in 977.
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Khwarazmshah was an ancient title used regularly by the rulers of the Central Asian region of Khwarazm starting from the Late Antiquity until the advent of the Mongols in the early 13th-century, after which it was used infrequently. There were a total of four families who ruled as Khwarazmshahs—the Afrighids (305–995), Ma'munids (995–1017), the line of Altuntash (1017–1041), and the most prominent ones, the Anushteginids (1097–1231). Like other contemporary Central Asian titles, such as Afshin and Ikhshid, the title of Khwarazmshah is of Iranian origin.
Muhammad of Ghazni was Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire briefly in 1030, and then later from 1040 to 1041. He ascended the throne upon the death of his father Mahmud in 1030. He was the younger of a set of twins; this circumstance resulted in civil strife. His reign lasted five months before he was overthrown by his twin Ma'sud I, after which he was blinded and imprisoned on the order of Ma'sud I. According to Ferishta, his reign lasted only 50 days. Nine years later he was reinstated for a year before being slain by his nephew Maw'dud after losing a battle in Nangrahar.
Altuntash was a Turkic Khwarazmshah from 1017 until his death in 1032.
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Abuʾl-Ḥasan al-Qāsim Aḥmad ibn Ḥasan Maymandī was a Persian vizier of the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud of Ghazni and the latter's son Mas'ud I of Ghazni.
Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Ubaydallah Sadiq, commonly known as Ali Daya, was a Tajik commander who served under the early Ghaznavid rulers, but later fell out of favor and was executed.
Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Fadl ibn Ahmad Isfarayini, commonly known as Abu'l-Hasan Isfarayini, was a Persian vizier of the Ghaznavid sultan Mahmud of Ghazni from 998 to 1010.
Begtoghdi, also known by the Persianized form as Baktoghdi (بکتغدی), was a Turkic slave commander who served under the early Ghaznavid rulers, but later fell out of favor and was executed.
Alī ibn Īl-Arslān, was a powerful and influential Turkic statesman who served the early Ghaznavid Sultans.
Abu Sahl Muhammad ibn Husayn Zawzani, better known as Abu Sahl Zawzani, was a Persian statesman who served as the chief secretary of the Ghaznavids briefly in 1040, and later from 1041 to an unknown date. Zawzani died in 1054.
Abu Sahl Hamdawi was a Persian statesman and military officer of the Ghaznavids, and served briefly as the vizier of Sultan Muhammad in 1030.
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Hurra-yi Khuttali was a princess from the Ghaznavid dynasty and the daughter of Sabuktigin, ruler of Ghazna. She was married to two Maʽmunid rulers of the Khwarazm region, the brothers Abu Ali Hasan and Maʽmun II. It is not known if she had any children with any of her husbands. Her marriages were a direct cause of the annexation of Khwarazm by her brother, Mahmud of Ghazni. In 1030, upon Mahmud's death, she wrote a letter to her favourite nephew, Masʽud, urging him to claim the throne from his brother, Muhammad. After receiving her missive, Masʽud quickly marched to Ghazna and usurped the throne. Hurra's letter is considered the most prominent political act of a woman during the Ghaznavid era. She is last mentioned in 1040, leaving Ghazna for India; her ultimate fate is unknown.
References
- 1 2 Bosworth 1984, p. 647.
- ↑ Bosworth 1975, p. 188.