Ahmad Monshi Ghomi | |
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Native name | Persian: احمد منشی قمی |
Born | 1547 Qom, Safavid Iran |
Notable works | Golestan-e Honar |
Ahmad Monshi Ghomi, also known as Ghazi Ahmad, was a Persian [1] author and calligrapher.
Ghazi Ahmad was born in 1547 in Qom. He was the son of Sharaf ed-Din Hossein Ghomi, who was the scrivener of Sam Mirza Safavi in Herat. When he was 11 years old, he moved with his father to Mashhad and spent 20 years in that city. Under protection of Ibrahim Mirza, he took lessons from the famous masters like Shah Mahmud Nishapuri, Mir Ahmad Mashhadi and Malek Deylami until the age of 31. Ebrahim Mirza was a well-educated man in the field of art and science and some of prominent poets, calligraphers and painters worked in his library. Ghazi Ahmad spent his youth in the art circles of Ebrahim Mirza's court. He had also relations with many painting and calligraphy masters out of Ebrahim mirza's library and because of this he could recounted many details about the artists' lives in the Safavid era. His works, Golestan-e Honar , introduces artists, whom he knew personally or knew about them by other trusted persons. He has other books like Kholassat ot-Tavarikh, which is the history of Safavid dynasty from Safi-ad-din Ardabili to the early period of Abbas I, and also Majma osh-Shoara and Managheb of-Fozala. In 1599, Abbas I got angry at Ghazi Ahmad and ordered his dismissal. After he was dismissed he went to Ghom. In 1607, he met Molana Mohammad Amir Aghili Rostamdari Ardebili, who was a well-known calligrapher in that time. Ghazi Ahmad wrote about him in Golestan-e Honar. [2]
The Safavid dynasty was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736. Their rule is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history, as well as one of the gunpowder empires. The Safavid Shāh Ismā'īl I established the Twelver denomination of Shīʿa Islam as the official religion of the Persian Empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the Safavid order of Sufism, which was established in the city of Ardabil in the Iranian Azerbaijan region. It was an Iranian dynasty of Kurdish origin, but during their rule they intermarried with Turkoman, Georgian, Circassian, and Pontic Greek dignitaries, nevertheless, for practical purposes, they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified. From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over parts of Greater Iran and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region, thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Sasanian Empire to establish a national state officially known as Iran.
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Mir Emad is perhaps the most celebrated Persian calligrapher. He was born in Qazvin, Iran. It is believed that the Nastaʿlīq style reached its highest elegance in Mir Emad's works. These are considered amongst the finest specimens of Nastaʿlīq calligraphy and are kept in several museums in the world.
Saib Tabrizi was an Iranian poet, regarded as one of the greatest masters of a form of classical Persian lyric poetry characterized by rhymed couplets, known as the ghazal. He also established the "Indian style" in the literature of his native language, Azerbaijani, in which he is known to have written 17 ghazals and molammaʿs.
Sultan ‛Ali Mashhadi, Persian: سلطانعلی مشهدی was a Persian calligrapher and master of nastaliq script.
Ibrahim Mirza, Solṭān Ebrāhīm Mīrzā, in full Abu'l Fat'h Sultan Ibrahim Mirza was a Persian prince of the Safavid dynasty, who was a favourite of his uncle and father-in-law Shah Tahmasp I, but who was executed by Tahmasp's successor, the Shah Ismail II. Ibrahim is now mainly remembered as a patron of the arts, especially the Persian miniature. Although most of his library and art collection was apparently destroyed by his wife after his murder, surviving works commissioned by him include the manuscript of the Haft Awrang of the poet Jami which is now in the Freer Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.
Dust Muhammad was a Persian painter of miniatures, calligrapher, and art historian, active from about 1510 to 1564. Later in life he worked in India.
Abu'l-Hasan Khan Ghaffari Kashani was an Iranian painter, miniature and lacquer artist, and book illustrator. When he became the Chief Court Painter, he also became known as Sani al-Mulk (صنیعالملک), meaning "The Crafter of the Kingdom." He was a student of Mihr Ali and a court painter in Mohammad Shah Qajar's court. After being dismissed as a court painter, he went to Europe to study, most notably in Italy. When he returned to Iran, he became the Director of Printing and Chief Illustrator for Nasir al-Din Shah and earned the separate title Chief Court Painter. He supervised the illustration of a famous One Thousand and One Nights manuscript, which can be viewed today in Tehran in the Golestan Palace Library.
Jaʿfar Tabrīzī Persian: جعفر تبریزی was an Iranian calligrapher and master of nastaliq script.
Abd ol-Baghi Tabrizi was a prominent Iranian calligrapher during the reign of Safavid dynasty. He was specially an expert in the Thuluth, Naskh and Reqa script. He lived during the era of Abbas I and was a student of Alaeddin Tabrizi and Ali Reza Abbassi. He died in 1629.
Ali Reza Abbasi Tabrizi was a prominent Persian calligrapher and calligraphy teacher, who flourished in 16th-17th century Safavid Iran. He was titled by Abbas I as Šāhnavāz Xān. Abbasi was a master of Naskh and Thuluth scripts and the initiator of his own style of Nastaʿlīq script. Besides he was an expert of various other scripts like Muhaqqaq, Reqa, Reyhan, Tevki and Taʿlīq scripts.
Mohammad Hossein Tabrizi was a Persian calligrapher in 16th-century Safavid Iran. Tabrizi learnt calligraphy from the famous Ahmad Mashhadi. He later became a teacher of the equally renowned Mir Emad Hassani. Due to his great command in the art of calligraphy, a renowned profession in Iran, he was bestowed with the honorary title mihin Ustad.
Ahmad Mashhadi, also known as Mir Seyyed Ahmad, was an important Persian Nastaliq calligrapher in the 16th century. He was from Mashhad. He was also a poet and some of his original poems still exist.
Golestan-e Honar is a book written by Ahmad Monshi Ghomi. It is one of few sources, which gives valuable information about calligraphers and painters and the history of art of bookmaking in Persia in the late Timurid to the middle of Safavid period and contains first-hand information on some of the artists and patrons, whom the author and his family members came into contact with. The book was written in 1598 in the Safavid era. In 1607, another edition of this book was published with some deletions and additions in the previous edition. Golestan-e Honar introduces artists, whom the author knew personally or knew about them by other trusted persons. Therefore, the book is one of the main sources for study and research about the art and artists in the Safavid era. The author used poems of famous poets in all parts of the book.
Molana Malek Deylami was a Persian scrivener and calligrapher in the 16th century. He was born and died in Qazvin. He was a skillful Nastaliq calligrapher, who wrote bold and fine script skillfully.
Sam Mirza was a Safavid prince and poet in 16th-century Iran, who wrote the Tohfa-ye Sami, a collection of biographies of contemporary Persian poets. He was the third son of Shah Ismail I, the founder of the Safavid dynasty.
Abu'l Ghazi Sultan Alqas Mirza, better known as Alqas Mirza, was a Safavid prince and the second surviving son of king (shah) Ismail I. In early 1546, with Ottoman help, he staged a revolt against his brother Tahmasp I, who was king at the time.
Bahram Mirza Safavi was a Safavid prince, governor and military commander in 16th-century Iran. He was the youngest son of Shah Ismail I, the founder of the Safavid dynasty.
Qum(m)i, Qadi Ahmad Ibrahim Husayni: Persian chronicler and chancery clerk; 1546-?. He wrote a chronicle in five volumes, of which the fifth volume only has been preserved. It describes the history of the Safawids down to the first years of Shah Abbas * I. He is also the author of a treatise on calligraphers and painters.