Aircraft ordnance

Grumman A-6 Intruder (A2F-1) attack aircraft displaying its weapons array, 1962

US Navy Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet multirole combat aircraft illustrating its array of weapons-type capabilities; All Hands magazine of the US Navy 1997

B-52H Stratofortress subsonic strategic bomber displaying its weapons array, 2006

Aircraft ordnance or ordnance (in the context of military aviation) is any expendable weaponry (e.g. bombs, missiles, rockets and gun ammunition) used by military aircraft. The term is often used when describing the payload of air-to-ground weaponry that can be carried by the aircraft or the weight that has been dropped in combat.^{[ citation needed ]} Aircraft ordnance also includes air-to-air, anti-ship and anti-submarine weapons.

Some aircraft types can carry a wide variety of ordnance – for example, the Fairchild AU-23 Peacemaker could use forward-firing gun pods, 500 and 250 pound bombs, napalm units, cluster bomb units, flares, rockets, smoke grenades and propaganda leaflet dispensers. ^[1]

Ordnance can be carried in a bomb bay or hung from a hardpoint.

For many weapons there is a limit to the length of time they can be flown (e.g. because of vibration damage); after this their safety or effectiveness is not guaranteed. This can be a problem if weapons designed for high intensity conflict are carried on multiple missions in a long counter-insurgency campaign. ^[2]

History

The first recorded use of aircraft ordinance during a conflict was during the Italo-Turkish War in 1911. The Italian Army Air Corps Blériot XI and Nieuport IV used monoplanes to bomb a Turkish camp at Ain Zara in Libya. ^[3] The First World War which followed shortly after saw rapid development for aircraft and their corresponding ordinance.

Guidance

Airman inspecting a Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) after being loaded onto an F-22 Raptor

A crew member of a British SS 'Z' Class airship about to throw a bomb from the rear cockpit of the gondola.

Ordnance can be divided into guided and unguided categories based on their targeting capabilities. Guided ordnance, such as Precision-guided munitions (PGMs), use advanced technologies like GPS, infared, radar or laser tracking to precisely hit designated targets. ^{[4] [5] [6]} Unguided ordnance, commonly known as "dumb bombs," lack guidance systems and rely on the aircraft’s release parameters to strike a target. Though less accurate, unguided bombs are often used for area strikes and are more cost-effective. ^[6]

Air-to-Ground vs. Air-to-Air Ordnance

Air-to-ground ordnance is a weapon that is fired or dropped from an aircraft to strike ground targets, such as the American Mk82 500 lb bomb or the Russian Kh-38. Air-to-air ordnance is a weapon fired from an aircraft to strike air targets, such as the Chinese PL-15 or the French MICA. Note that bullets from machine guns don't count as either air-to-ground or air-to-air ordnances.

See also

• List of aircraft weapons

References

1. "Factsheets : Fairchild AU-23A". Nationalmuseum.af.mil. Archived from the original on 2014-01-05. Retrieved 2013-11-16.
2. De-classified summary of conference at UK Joint Services Command and Staff College reported in Aerospace International (magazine) March 2011 page 24
3. Buckley (1999), p. 8
4. "Guest Editor's Introduction: Homing Missile Guidance and Control" (PDF). jhuapl.edu.
5. "Laser-Guided Bombs - Building LGB Capability". www.sps-aviation.com. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
6. "Precision-guided munitions". www.baesystems.com. Retrieved 2024-11-16.

Sources

• Buckley, J.D.; Buckley, J.J. (1999). Air Power in the Age of Total War. Indiana University Press. ISBN   978-0-253-21324-2 . Retrieved 2022-03-05.