Background
Albert Vetere was born in 1907 in Italy. In his teens, he ran away from home. [2]
Al Lannon (1907-1969), born Albert Vetere, was an Italian-American leader in the Communist Party USA and a co-founder of the National Maritime Union (NMU), best known for organizing and activism for American labor unions on behalf of merchant mariners and stevedores (1930-1955). [1] [2] [3] [4]
Albert Vetere was born in 1907 in Italy. In his teens, he ran away from home. [2]
Lannon joined the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and attended the International Lenin School in Moscow. [3]
At some time during his career, Albert Vetere changed his name to Albert Francis Lannon. [1]
Lannon was an organizer for the Marine Workers Industrial Union, [3] and Roy Hudson national MWIU secretary). [5]
In the 1930s, Lannon worked in the waterfront sections of both the national CPUSA and for the New York State Communist Party. [1] [5]
In May 1937, Lannon became one of the founders of the National Maritime Union (NMU), representing merchant mariners on the East and Gulf coasts, and on the Great Lakes. [1] [3]
From 1943-45 he served as district organizer of the Party's Maryland-Washington, D.C., district. [1] During 1943, after the Tehran Conference, as Earl Browder considered reform of the CPUSA and Joseph Stalin dissolved the Comintern, Lannon advised local Maryland CP members to integrate into existing neighborhood clubs. He banned recruitment of African Americans in eastern Maryland while continuing to recruit them in western Maryland to support these policy shifts. [6] On July 23, 1943, as District 34 Secretary, Lannon and Franklin Victor Reno met so Lannon could obtain the results of an election at Local 43 for the Bethlehem Fairfield Shipyard. [7] On October 19, 1943, he and fellow CPUSA Roy Hudson met with Father John Francis Cronin in Baltimore to discuss the labor situation at the Bethlehem Fairfield shipyard, then the largest shipyard in America. [8] During World War II, Lannon dispatched Corinne Shear Wood (1925-2009), at the time a shipyard worker in Baltimore, to Jacksonville, Florida to help seamen there produce their union newsletter. [9] Lannon also recruited African-American sea captain Hugh Mulzac. [10]
On July 21, 1947, Walter S. Steele named Lannon before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) as head of a "Coordinating Committee, National Maritime Field." [11]
On June 20, 1951, Lannon was among 17 second-tier CPUSA leaders arrested under the Smith Act, followed by more than 100 more party members arrested between 1951 and 1956. [4] As CPUSA head William Z. Foster wrote in 1952:
The final conviction of the eleven top Communist Party leaders was immediately followed by further arrests: on June 20, 1951, in New York —Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Claudia Jones, Pettis Perry, Israel Amter, Betty Gannett, Alexander Bittelman, Alexander Trachtenberg, Simon W. Gerson, V. J. Jerome, Albert Lannon, William Weinstone, Marion Bachrach, Louis Weinstock, George B. Charney, Isidore Begun, Jacob Mindel, and Arnold Johnson (four others were indicted with this group, —who did not appear in court—Fred Fine, Sid Stein, James Jackson and William Norman); on July 26th, in California-Al Richmond, P. M-Connelly, William Schneiderman, Rose Chernin, Dorothy R. Healey. H. Steinberg, E. O. Fox, R. Lambert, A. J. Lima, Oleta O'Connor Yates, Loretta S. Stack, and Bernadette Doyle; on August 8th in Maryland-Roy Wood, G. Meyers, Maurice Braverman, Philip Frankfeld, Dorothy M. Blumberg, and Regina Frankfeld; on August 17th, in Western Pennsylvania—Andrew Onda, James H. Dolsen, Benjamin Carreathers, Steve Nelson, William Albertson, and I. Weissman; on August 28th in Hawaii t W. Hall, C. K. Fugimoto, Eileen T. Fugimoto, K. Oryoshi, D. J. Freeman, J. D. Kimoto, and Dr. J. E. Reinecki; on August 31st, in California— F. Carlson, B. Dobbs, and Frank Spector. Meanwhile, Frederick V. Fields, Dashiell Hammett, Alphaeus Hunton, and Abner Green, trustees of the bail fund of the Civil Rights Congress, were thrown into jail for contempt of court because they refused to furnish names of contributors to the bail fund to federal inquisitors. In November 1951 came the trial of Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, the noted, 83-year-old scholar, Kyrle Elkin, Abbott Simon, Sylvia Soloff, and Elizabeth Moos, charged with failing to register as "foreign agents" because, in the Peace Information Center, they had circulated pledges for peace. It was so outrageous that the trial judge threw the case out of court. The F.B.I, announced that all these arrests were only the beginning, as it had 43,000 Communists under surveillance for early arrest, and also that half a million Party supporters would be thrown into concentration camps in case of war. [12]
On July 11, 1951, FBI informant Mary Stalcup Markward named Lannon as a CPUSA leader before HUAC. [13] Lannon went to prison in the second-string Smith Act trials [3] in the Federal Correctional Complex, Petersburg in Petersburg, Virginia, for two years. [14] [15] [16]
During 1956-1957, Lannon was leader of the left faction that opposed the reforms of John Gates, [3] who had accepted Nikita Khrushchev's criticisms of Stalin and supported Howard Fast, who was quite critical of the USSR. In 1957, Lannon moved to San Francisco, California, [1] because the FBI had killed his employment chances in New York, while the CPUSA would not help out because of Lannon's political differences. [14] Eventually, he got a job in warehouse under ILWU Local 6. [4]
In 1935, Lannon married Elva Elizabeth Lund. They had a daughter Karen [14] and son Albert Francis Lannon Jr., [1] also known as Albert Vetere Lannon (1938-2020), became president of ILWU Local 6 (1982-1988) and later became chair of the Labor Studies program at Laney College. [4] [14]
The Lannons lived in Brooklyn, the Upper West Side, East Bronx, Washington Heights, and the Lower East Side in New York City; Baltimore, Maryland; Elizabeth, New Jersey; Biloxi, Mississippi. [15] During the late 1940s, his son later recalled:
I lived with my parents and my kid sister Karen at 212 East 12th Street, a five-story walk-up across from a paper factory. We actually lived in three apartments on the second floor that had been renovated into a single unit. To help make the rent my folks rented out a room to comrades... The first tenant I remember was Dora Lipschitz, who was deported to Poland. Next were Gerhardt and Hilde Eisler; Gerhardt was the brother of composer Hans Eisler, and reported in the press to be the Comintern’s number one spy in the U.S. Hilde was a clothes hound stuck with one small closet in the large room they occupied. I remember Gerhardt as kind, always treating Karen and me to vanilla wafers until, facing prison, he secretly stowed away on a Polish ship to make his way to East Germany and become a government official. Hilde soon followed, becoming editor of a popular magazine which had an “art” photo of a naked woman in each issue. Then came an old Russian, Boris Sklar, brother of a close comrade of Dad’s from Chicago... [15]
In 1999, Lannon's son published a biography of his father, Second String Red. [17]
Lannon's son gave Tamiment Library at New York University his archives about his father: 12 FBI files on Lannon, two files on his wife (also a Communist), one file on his son, an FBI report "Communist Infiltration of the Merchant Marine (1955), and a file called "Notes from Al Lannon's FBI File" from historian Harvey Klehr [1]
Lannon was related to Frank Pinter of Baltimore. [15]
During the 1940s, Lannon and Pauline Rogers served as editor of West Side Record newspaper, published by the New York State Communist Party's 3rd and 5th Assembly Districts. [18]
Gus Hall was the General Secretary of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and a perennial candidate for president of the United States. He was Finnish-American. He was the Communist Party nominee in the 1972, 1976, 1980, and 1984 presidential elections. As a labor leader, Hall was closely associated with the so-called "Little Steel" Strike of 1937, an effort to unionize the nation's smaller, regional steel manufacturers. During the Second Red Scare, Hall was indicted under the Smith Act and was sentenced to eight years in prison. After his release, Hall led the CPUSA for over 40 years, often taking an orthodox Marxist–Leninist stance.
Communist Party USA, officially the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA), also known as the American Communist Party, is a communist party in the United States which was established in 1919 after a split in the Socialist Party of America following the Russian Revolution.
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Mary R. Stalcup Markward was for seven years a member of the Washington, DC "District Communist Party" as director of the party's membership. She was actually working undercover for the FBI.
Harry Haywood was an American political activist who was a leading figure in both the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). His goal was to connect the political philosophy of the Communist Party with the issues of race.
Hugh Nathaniel Mulzac was an African-Caribbean member of the United States Merchant Marine. He earned a Master rating in 1918, which should have qualified him to command a ship, but racial discrimination prevented this from occurring until September 29, 1942.
The Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders took place in New York City from 1949 to 1958. These trials were a series of prosecutions carried out by the US federal government during the postwar period and the Cold War era, which was characterized by tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. The leaders of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) faced accusations of violating the Smith Act, a statute that made it illegal to advocate for the violent overthrow of the government. In their defense, the defendants claimed that they advocated for a peaceful transition to socialism and that their membership in a political party was protected by the First Amendment's guarantees of freedom of speech and association. The issues raised in these trials were eventually addressed by the US Supreme Court in its rulings Dennis v. United States (1951) and Yates v. United States (1957).
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