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Somali,officially the Federal Republic of Somalia and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic,is a country located in the Horn of Africa. The country was an important centre for commerce with the rest of the ancient world,and according to most scholars,it was the seat of ancient Land of Punt that thrived during bronze age. During the classic era until the Middle Ages,several powerful Somali states and port towns dominated the regional trade,including the Sultanate of Mogadishu and the Ajuran Sultanate,both centered around the port town of Mogadishu. Additionally,the port towns of Barawe and Merca played significant roles in this commercial network which were part of the Azania city states during classic era. Preceding these medieval states were ancient civilisations such as the legendary Macrobian Kingdom,noted by Herodotus for its wealth and wisdom,and the Barbario civilisation,an early pre-Islamic civilisation that helped lay the foundations for the region's prosperous trade routes.
The culture of Somalia is an amalgamation of traditions that were developed independently since the Proto-Somali era. The hypernym of the term Somali from a geopolitical sense is Horner and from an ethnic sense,it is Cushite.
The Somali people are a Cushitic ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa who share a common ancestry,culture and history. The East Cushitic Somali language is the shared mother tongue of ethnic Somalis,which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family,and they are predominantly Sunni Muslim. Forming one of the largest ethnic groups on the continent,they cover one of the most expansive landmasses by a single ethnic group in Africa.
The Isaaq is a major Somali clan. It is one of the largest Somali clan families in the Horn of Africa,with a large and densely populated traditional territory.
The Hawiye are one of the principal and largest of the Somali clans,tracing their lineage back to Sheikh Ahmed Bin Abdulrahman Bin Uthman,also known as Sheikh Hawiye,the eponymous figure of the clan. They are considered the earliest documented clan to have settled in the Somali peninsula,as noted in the 12th century by Al-Idrisi,occupying the regions spanning from Ras Hafun to Merca,which served as their capital. Presently,the Hawiye reside in central and southern Somalia,Somaliland,Djibouti,the Somali region of Ethiopia,Harar,Oromia,and Afar regions,as well as Kenya. Furthermore,they represent the majority of the population in the capital city of Mogadishu.
The Darod is a Somali clan. The forefather of this clan is Sheikh Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti,more commonly known as Darod. The clan primarily settles the apex of the Horn of Africa and its peripheries,the Somali hinterlands adjacent to Oromia (Ogaden),and both sides of the Kenya–Somalia border. The Darod clan is the largest Somali clan family in the Horn of Africa.
The Dir is one of the largest and most prominent Somali clans in the Horn of Africa. They are also considered to be the oldest Somali stock to have inhabited the region. Its members inhabit Djibouti,Somalia,Ethiopia,and northeastern Kenya.
The Marehan is a Somali clan,which is part of one of the largest Somali clan families,the Darod.
The Ogaden is one of the major Somali clans in the Horn of Africa.
The Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was internationally recognized as a provisional government of the Somalia from 14 October 2004 until 20 August 2012,when its tenure officially ended and the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) was inaugurated.
The Ethiopian–Somali conflict is a territorial and political dispute between Ethiopia,Somalia,and insurgents in the area.
The Battle of Jilib took place on the last day of 2006 during the Ethiopian invasion of Somalia. It was fought when Ethiopian National Defence Force (ENDF) troops and Transitional Federal Government (TFG) militia launched an offensive on the town of Jilib,held by the Islamic Courts Union (ICU).
The Awal,also contemporarily known as the Habr Awal,Subeer Awal,and alternately known as the Zubeyr Awal is one of the largest subclans of the wider Isaaq clan family,and is further divided into eight sub-clans of whom the two largest and most prominent are the Isamusa and Sa'ad Musa sub-clans. Its members form a part of the Habar Magadle confederation.
The Sheekhaal,also known as Fiqi Cumar is a clan that inhabits Somalia,Ethiopia,Djibouti and with considerable numbers also found in the Northern Frontier District (NFD) in Kenya.
Jubaland,or the Juba Valley,is a Federal Member State in southern Somalia. Jubba River,stretching from Dolow to the Indian Ocean,while its western side flanks the North Eastern Province in Kenya,which was carved out of Jubaland during the colonial period.
Sir Nicholas Peter Kay is a British diplomat. He has served as the British ambassador to Afghanistan,Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. From 2013 to 2016 he was the United Nations Special Representative for Somalia.
Egypt–Somalia relations are bilateral relations between Egypt and Somalia. Both nations are Arab League members and engage in close development cooperation. Somalia also has an embassy in Cairo,and Egypt is slated to reopen its embassy in Mogadishu.
The Somaliland Declaration of Independence was made on 18 May 1991 by Somali sultans from the Isaaq,Dhulbahante,Issa,Gadabursi,Warsangali clans,as well as the Somali National Movement.
Abdisaid Muse Ali is a Somali politician and was the National Security Advisor to the President of Somalia from 2017 to 2021,and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Somalia to from 2021 to 2022. Ali was forced to leave office after he was suspended by then Prime Minister Mohamed Hussein Roble over an alleged crime which was later dismissed,and has not run for political office since. As Foreign Affairs Minister,Ali increased cooperation between Somalia and China and fought against growing Somaliland–Taiwan relations.
References
- ↑ Ibrahim, A. A. (2006). Taxanaha taariikhda Soomaaliya. United Kingdom: Xildhiban.
- ↑ The Statesman's Year-Book 1963: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of All Nations. (2016). United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan UK.pp.1390
- ↑ Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji; Castagno, Margaret (2003). Historical dictionary of Somalia (New ed.). Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4344-7.
- ↑ Mohammed Farah Aidid and His Vision of Somalia. (1994). India: Vikas Publishing House.pp.33
- ↑ Minbar Al-Islam. (1962). Egypt: Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, Ministry of Waqfs.pp.8
- ↑ Africa. (1961). United Kingdom: Africa.