Āli Musliyār | |
---|---|
![]() Āli Musliyār in 1922, at Coimbatore Central Jail | |
Born | Erikkunnan Pālattu Mūlayil Āli 1861 |
Died | 17 February 1922 |
Cause of death | Caught and executed hanging by Thiyyar Regiment of British Indian Army |
Nationality | British Indian |
Movement | Khilafat Movement [1] |
Āli Musliyār (born Erikkunnan Pālattu Mūlayil Āli; 1861–1922) was the leader of Malabar Rebellion, and a freedom fighter. [2] Musliyār was the Imam of Tirurangadi Masjid from 1907 until his eventual execution at Coimbatore Prison for the allegation against him for calling to fight against British rule. He was an active orator of the Khilafat Movement in Malabar region. [3] [1] [4]
Āli Musliyar was born in Nellikkunattu desom, Eranad taluk, Malabar district to Kunhimoitīn Molla and Kōtakkal Āmina. Kōtakkal Āmina was a member of the famous Maqdoom family of Ponnani, known for their radical islamist sect of religious law. [5] Musliyar's grandfather, Mūsa, was one of several "Malappuram Martyrs". Ali Musliyar began his education studying the Qur'an, tajwīd and the Malayālam language with Kakkadammal Kunnukammu Molla. He was sent to Ponnani Darse for further studies in religion and philosophy, under the tutelage of Sheikh Zainuddin Maqdum I (Akhir), which he successfully completed after 10 years.[ citation needed ]
He then went to Haram, Mecca for further education. Throughout this period, he was guided by several famous scholars, including Sayyid Ahmed Sahni Dahlan, Shiekh Muhammed Hisbullahi Makki, and Sayyid Husain Habshi. After spending seven years in Mecca, he went on to serve as the Chief Qasi in Kavaratti, Laccadive Islands.
In 1907 he was appointed as the Chief Musliyar of the mosque at Tirurangadi, Eranad taluk.
He became a Khilafat or Islamic Caliphate leader, [6] on the introduction of the Khilafat movement, was installed as Caliph Emir on 22 August 1921 at the Jamat Mosque and issued edicts proclaiming his assumption, of office and directing that in future market fees, ferry and toll revenue from Jizya taxes on non-muslims belong to the Islamic Khilafat Government.
He posed as a leader of the people. Islamic caliphate Khilafat meetings were held regularly under Ali Musaliar, and "these constant preachings for jihad, combined with the resolution passed in the All-India Khilafat Conference at Karachi last July, led the Moplahs to believe that the end of British rule in India was near. Ali Musaliar and his lieutenants were making secret preparations for active jihad and direct hostility against the colonial government. [7] [ failed verification ][ unreliable source? ] Khilafat or Islamic Caliphate volunteers for holy jihad were recruited and made to swear on the Holy Koran that they would be ready to Martyr for the cause of the Khilafat in a holy war. Ali Musaliar also made his volunteer corps of Jihadis parade throughout the locality, armed and in their uniforms, and such demonstrations added to the strength of this mischievous movement." (Public Prosecutor's speech, West Coast Spectator, 6 October 1920). [8]
The beginnings of the future Khilafat army of jihad were in the 'making, and, at an anti-non-co-operation Meeting held at Ponnani on 24 July to counteract the effects of the Khilafat agitation, Ali Musaliar, "turned up with his volunteer jihadi force of about 50 to 100 volunteers armed with big Khilafat knives and clad in Khilafat uniform, marching under a red flag, with shouts of Allah-Ho-Akbar. The volunteers rushed the Police in the bazaar." (Judgement in Case No. 7/21). [8]
The agrarian discontent, but it would appear that there was some trouble – what it was, it is not possible to say – between the Pookotur Moplahs and the Manager Tirumulpad of the Pookotur Estate. This lack of cordiality was aggravated by the police search instituted at the instance of the Manager, and V. Mohammad exploited the Khilafat movement and the radical islamist ideology of his co-religionists to wreak vengeance. and in this jungly, remote and fanatical hamlet of Pookotur, the civil administration practically ceased to function from 2 August 1921. [8]
The revolt of 1921–22 began following the police attempt to arrest three Islamist leaders, of which Ali Musaliar was one, on 20 August 1921. Rumors were spread by Moplahs that the colonial government troops had destroyed the Mampuram Mosque, and the Moplah jihadi gangs were brought out in huge numbers, estimated to be between 15,000 and 30,000. This led to a large scale massacre of colonial troops, ethnic cleansing of native Hindu families including women and children and severe damage to the colonial government infrastructure including buildings, rail bridges, roads, etc. throughout South Malabar. [9]
Although the colonial troops were quick to take the upper hand in many towns, a number of jihadi rebels initiated guerilla operations, forcing the colonial government to deploy additional military units and introduce "aggressive" patrolling. The revolt came to an end in February 1922. Ali Musliyar was among a dozen jihadi leaders who were tried and sentenced to death. He was subsequently hanged at the Coimbatore Prison on 17 February 1922. [9]
His name is listed in the fifth volume of ‘The Dictionary of Martyrs, India’s Freedom Struggle from 1857 to 1947’ [10]
However, [11] [12] [13] [14] the Indian Council of Historical Research considered removing the names of Ali Musliyar and 386 others from the Dictionary of Martyrs of India's Freedom Struggle for the ethnic cleansing of Hindus and being associated with the Khilafat Movement. [15] But it has not been removed since. [10]
Malappuram, is one of the 14 districts in the Indian state of Kerala, with a coastline of 70 km (43 mi). The most populous district of Kerala, Malappuram is home to around 13% of the total population of the state. The district was formed on 16 June 1969, spanning an area of about 3,554 km2 (1,372 sq mi). It is the third-largest district of Kerala by area. It is bounded by Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea on either side. The district is divided into seven Taluks: Eranad, Kondotty, Nilambur, Perinthalmanna, Ponnani, Tirur, and Tirurangadi.
The Khilafat movement (1919–22) was a political campaign launched by Indian Muslims in British India over British policy against Turkey and the planned dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire after World War I by Allied forces.
Manjeri is a major town and municipality in Malappuram district, Kerala, India. It is the fourth-most populous municipality in state. It is situated 23 kilometres (14 mi) southeast of Karipur International Airport and 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) northeast of Malappuram, the district headquarters, and forms a part of Malappuram metropolitan area. It is one of the major commercial towns under the Malappuram urban agglomeration and serves as the headquarters of Eranad Taluk. Manjeri Municipality is a Local Self Government Institution with a jurisdiction of three villages namely Manjeri, Payyanad, and Narukara.
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Malabar District, also known as British Malabar or simply Malabar was an administrative district on the southwestern Malabar Coast of Bombay Presidency (1792–1800), Madras Presidency (1800–1937), Madras Province (1937–1950) and finally, Madras State (1950–1956) in India. It was the most populous and the third-largest district in the erstwhile Madras State. The historic town of Kozhikode was the administrative headquarters of this district.
Mappila songs are a folklore Muslim song genre rendered to lyrics, within a melodic framework (Ishal), in Arabi Malayalam by the Mappilas of the Malabar region in Kerala, India. Mappila songs have a distinct cultural identity, while at the same time remain closely linked to the cultural practices of Kerala.
E. Moidu Moulavi (1886–1995) was an Indian National Congress (INC) leader,Islamic scholar, one of the Salafi movements reformers, scholar and educationist of Malabar District, born at Maranchery in Ponnani. He was a supporter of the Islahi movement in Kerala and a co-worker with leaders like K. M. Maulavi, Sayyid Sanaulla Makti Thangal, Mohammed Abdul Rahiman and K. M. Seethi Sahib
Thavanur is a village on the southern bank of the Bharathapuzha, the longest river of Kerala in the Malappuram District of Kerala state in India. This village is located at the border of Tirur and Ponnani Taluks. The Bharathappuzha River separates Thavanur from Tirunavaya and Kuttippuram towns in Tirur Taluk.
K. N. Panikkar is an Indian Marxist historian, associated with the Marxist school of historiography.
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Nellikuth is a town in Manjeri Municipality in Malappuram district of Kerala, India. It is situated 8 km west to Manjeri and 16 km north west to the Malappuram, the district headquarters. It is one of the major place in Payyanad Village, in Eranad Taluk.
Chakkiparamban Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji sometimes called Variyamkunnan was a prominent leader during the war in Malabar against the British, during the Malabar rebellion, and the founder of a parallel government. He was an Indian freedom fighter, opposer of the Jenmi system, and an ordinary member of the Khilafat movement.
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The Nilgiri Malabar Battalion (NMB) was an Auxiliary Force (India) of the British Colonial Auxiliary Forces of the British Indian Army, composed of Eurasians/Anglo-Indians. Enrollment in the Auxiliary Force was open to all European British subjects and to persons of European descent. After the Mutiny of 1857, a Volunteer Force was created, whose primary function was to protect British families in India. The Volunteer Force units were later absorbed into the Auxiliary Force India, which was created in 1920 for internal security duties. Its terms of service were similar to the Territorial Army of the UK. The Auxiliary Force India, which provided officers to the Army during World War II, was disbanded in 1947.
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Musliyar is an honorific associated with South Indian, chiefly Malayali, scholars of Islam. Notable people with the surname include:
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The Battle of Pookkottur was a battle that the Mappilas of Malabar fought against the British army during anti-colonial struggles in Malabar province of Northern Kerala, India. The battle took place on 26 August 1921 at Pookkottur in Malappuram district. Indian forces were led by Vadakkuveettil Mohammed, the Secretary of the Khilafat Committee in the Malabar region. He led the force of Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji, while Cuthbert Buxton Lancaster and Captain P. McEnroy led the British force. The Battle played an important role in Malabar rebellion.
The Tirurangadi Taluk Office, also known as Hajur Kacheri, is a historic building located in Tirurangadi Talk of Malappuram District in the Indian state of Kerala. It houses the Tirurangadi Taluk Office since the post-independence Malabar District or British-era Madras Presidency. The Taluk office, which was once the Hajur Kacheri (Huzur Office) under the British, was one of the major administrative centers of the British government in Malabar region. The building also functioned as the headquarters of a short-lived Khilafat government during the rebellion.
Contemporary evaluation within India tends to the view that the Malabar Rebellion was an ethnic cleansing of Hindus in the Malabar region, but still in 1971 the Kerala Government granted the remaining active participants in the revolt the accolade of Ayagi
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