The Alliance of Antifascist Intellectuals for the Defense of Culture (Alianza de Intelectuales Antifascistas para la Defensa de la Cultura) was a civil organization created on July 30, 1936, after the Spanish Civil War began. It had its initial headquarters in Madrid and moved to Valencia, accompanying the government of the Second Spanish Republic.
The origins of the organization dates back to 1935, during the I Congress of Antifascist Writers and the creation of the AIEDC (International Association of Writers in Defense of Culture), with the assistance of several Spanish delegates.
The Alliance of Anti-Fascist Intellectuals for the Defense of Culture was organized as an athenaeum, with various committees or divisions for subject areas. In addition to general cultural and sociopolitical activity, manifestos, talks and appeals were made against the rise of fascism represented by Franco's revolted army. [1]
Other groups converged in the Alliance, such as the Union of Proletarian Writers and Artists (a group of activists of left-wing Valencians) and Accio d'Art (a dissident regionalist group from the Círculo de Bellas Artes de Valencia). [2]
The Alliance published bulletins and magazines, the first of which, Milicia Popular , appeared on September 30, 1936, although the most important was El Mono Azul . The activities were diverse and, at an international level; The one that caused the greatest impact was the II International Congress of Writers for the Defense of Culture, held between July 4 and 17, 1937, with headquarters in Valencia, but which also had events in Madrid (in a city almost besieged) and Barcelona, and closed in Paris. [1]
Its members included María Zambrano, Rafael Alberti, Miguel Hernández, José Bergamín, María Teresa León, Rosa Chacel, Luis Buñuel, Luis Cernuda, Pedro Garfias, Juan Chabás, Rodolfo Halffter, Ramón J. Sender, Emilio Prados, Manuel Altolaguirre, Max Aub, Plaja and Rafael Morales, among others.
Foreign writers who collaborated with it included Pablo Neruda, Nicolás Guillén, Ernest Hemingway, César Vallejo, Raúl González Tuñón, Octavio Paz, André Malraux and Louis Aragon. [3]
Emilio Prados was a Spanish poet and editor, a member of the Generation of '27.
The Residencia de Estudiantes, literally the "Student Residence", is a centre of Spanish cultural life in Madrid. The Residence was founded to provide accommodation for students along the lines of classic colleges at Bologna, Salamanca, Cambridge or Oxford. It became established as a cultural institution that helped foster and create the intellectual environment of Spain's brightest young thinkers, writers, and artists. The students there included Salvador Dalí, Luis Buñuel and Federico García Lorca. Distinguished guests and speakers included Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, Juan Ramón Jiménez or Rafael Alberti.
The Iron Column was a Valencian anarchist militia column formed during the Spanish Civil War to fight against the military forces of the Nationalist Faction that had rebelled against the Second Spanish Republic.
María Amalia Vicenta Goyri also known as María Goyri de Menéndez Pidal was a Spanish Hispanist, literary critic, researcher, educator and advocate for women's rights. In 1896 she became the first Spanish woman to earn a degree in Philosophy and Letters and the first to earn her doctorate, in 1909, at a Spanish university. She was the wife of Ramón Menéndez Pidal.
José María Albiñana was a Spanish physician, neurologist, medical writer, philosopher and anti-republican right-wing politician.
José Bergamín Gutiérrez was a Spanish writer, essayist, poet, and playwright. His father served as president of the canton of Málaga; his mother was a Catholic. Bergamín was influenced by both politics and religion and attempted to reconcile Communism and Catholicism throughout his life, remarking "I would die supporting the Communists, but no further than that."
María Teresa León Goyri was a Spanish writer, activist and cultural ambassador. Born in Logroño, she was the niece of the Spanish feminist and writer María Goyri. She herself was married to the Spanish poet Rafael Alberti. She contributed numerous articles to the periodical Diario de Burgos and published the children's books Cuentos para soñar and La bella del mal amor.
María de Maeztu Whitney was a Spanish educator, feminist, founder of the Residencia de Señoritas and the Lyceum Club in Madrid. She was sister of the writer, journalist and occasional diplomat, Ramiro de Maeztu and the painter Gustavo de Maeztu.
Art and culture in Francoist Spain is a historiographic term, with little use beyond the chronological placement of artists and cultural events, or political identification. The term is used generically, without involving ideological or aesthetic evaluation of the entire art and culture of Francoist Spain (1939–1975), which would only be suitable for art and culture more identified with the Franco regime, where other expressions are sometimes used: 'Fascist art and culture in Spain', 'Falangist art and culture', or 'nationalist-catholic (nacional-católica) art and culture', and so forth. The terms 'Spanish Fascist art', 'Fascist Spanish painting', 'Spanish fascist sculpture', 'Spanish fascist architecture', 'Spanish fascist culture', 'Spanish fascist literature', and so on, are infrequently used, but there are examples, as in the writing of Spanish historian Julio Rodriguez-Puértolas. Such terms have a wide application, which can be restricted to cultural products more identified with Spanish Falangism and the azul (blue) familias del franquismo, although very often these more specific terms are generalized, to cover all of the art identified as "nacional" ('national') in Francoist Spain.
José María Ferrater Mora was a Spanish philosopher, essayist and writer. He is considered the most prominent Catalan philosopher of the 20th-century and was the author of over 35 books, including a four-volume Diccionario de filosofía and Being and Death: An Outline of Integrationist Philosophy (1962). Subjects he worked on include ontology, history of philosophy, metaphysics, anthropology, the philosophy of history and culture, epistemology, logic, philosophy of science, and ethics. He also directed several films.
The Fifth Regiment, was an elite corps loyal to the Spanish Republic at the onset of the Spanish Civil War. Made up of volunteers, the Fifth Regiment was active in the first critical phase of the war and became one of the most renowned units loyal to the Republic.
Antonio Bisquert Pérez was a Spanish painter and restorer. He participated in the Junta for the Preservation and Protection of Spain's Artistic Treasures during the Spanish Civil War.
Ángel Ferrant Vázquez was an avant-garde Spanish sculptor associated with surrealism and kinetic art.
Luis Lacasa Navarro was a Spanish architect. His work in Spain and Paris before and during the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) was rationalist and functional. He is best known as co-designer of the Spanish Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition, a work designed to showcase the modern legitimacy of the embattled Spanish Republic. After the war he went into exile in the Soviet Union.
Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol was a Spanish medieval historian, who worked at the Institut Milà i Fontanals and Institut d'Estudis Catalans.
The history of the far-right in Spain dates back to at least the 1800s and refers to any manifestation of far-right politics in Spain. Individuals and organizations associated with the far-right in Spain often employ reactionary traditionalism, religious fundamentalism, corporate Catholicism, and fascism in their ideological practice. In the case of Spain, according to historian Pedro Carlos González Cuevas, the predominance of Catholicism played an essential role in the suppression of external political innovations such as Social Darwinism, positivism, and vitalism in Spanish far-right politics.
The Ibero-American Alliance for Peace (Spanish: Alianza Iberoamericana por la Paz) is an international non-governmental organization working to promote peacebuilding, human rights and disarmament in the Ibero-American region. Co-founded in 2016 by Angelo Cardona and Maria Teresa Barrios in Berlin during the world congress 'Disarm for a Climate of Peace' of the International Peace Bureau. Initially the coalition was the International Peace Bureau Youth Network (IPBYN) for the region of Latin America known under the name of Latin American Youth Network for Peace'
The Defense Council was a ministry created by the Generalitat de Catalunya on August 2, 1936, and that existed during the first years of the Spanish Civil War to take charge of military matters in Catalonia, despite the fact that defense powers were exclusive to the government of the Republic.
El Mono Azul was an anti-fascist magazine which was published in Madrid during the Spanish Civil War. The magazine existed between 1936 and 1939 and was one of the major cultural, intellectual and artistic publications during the war with the subtitle hoja semanal de la Alianza de Intelectuales Antifascista para la Defensa de la Cultura.
María Teresa Oller was a Spanish composer and folklorist of the Valencian Community. Since the 1950s, she carried out extensive fieldwork to collect traditional Valencian music, highlight it, and make it known in numerous publications. Oller was a member of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Carlos de Valencia.
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