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The top quark,sometimes also referred to as the truth quark,is the most massive of all observed elementary particles. It derives its mass from its coupling to the Higgs Boson. This coupling is very close to unity;in the Standard Model of particle physics,it is the largest (strongest) coupling at the scale of the weak interactions and above. The top quark was discovered in 1995 by the CDF and DØexperiments at Fermilab.
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment is one of two large general-purpose particle physics detectors built on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Switzerland and France. The goal of the CMS experiment is to investigate a wide range of physics,including the search for the Higgs boson,extra dimensions,and particles that could make up dark matter.
In particle physics,the W and Z bosons are vector bosons that are together known as the weak bosons or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary particles mediate the weak interaction;the respective symbols are
W+
,
W−
,and
Z0
. The
W±
bosons have either a positive or negative electric charge of 1 elementary charge and are each other's antiparticles. The
Z0
boson is electrically neutral and is its own antiparticle. The three particles each have a spin of 1. The
W±
bosons have a magnetic moment,but the
Z0
has none. All three of these particles are very short-lived,with a half-life of about 3×10−25 s. Their experimental discovery was pivotal in establishing what is now called the Standard Model of particle physics.
ATLAS is the largest general-purpose particle detector experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC),a particle accelerator at CERN in Switzerland. The experiment is designed to take advantage of the unprecedented energy available at the LHC and observe phenomena that involve highly massive particles which were not observable using earlier lower-energy accelerators. ATLAS was one of the two LHC experiments involved in the discovery of the Higgs boson in July 2012. It was also designed to search for evidence of theories of particle physics beyond the Standard Model.
The Underground Area 2 (UA2) experiment was a high-energy physics experiment at the Proton-Antiproton Collider —a modification of the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) —at CERN. The experiment ran from 1981 until 1990,and its main objective was to discover the W and Z bosons. UA2,together with the UA1 experiment,succeeded in discovering these particles in 1983,leading to the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer. The UA2 experiment also observed the first evidence for jet production in hadron collisions in 1981,and was involved in the searches of the top quark and of supersymmetric particles. Pierre Darriulat was the spokesperson of UA2 from 1981 to 1986,followed by Luigi Di Lella from 1986 to 1990.
The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) experimental collaboration studies high energy particle collisions from the Tevatron,the world's former highest-energy particle accelerator. The goal is to discover the identity and properties of the particles that make up the universe and to understand the forces and interactions between those particles.
The DØexperiment was a worldwide collaboration of scientists conducting research on the fundamental nature of matter. DØwas one of two major experiments located at the Tevatron Collider at Fermilab in Batavia,Illinois. The Tevatron was the world's highest-energy accelerator from 1983 until 2009,when its energy was surpassed by the Large Hadron Collider. The DØexperiment stopped taking data in 2011,when the Tevatron shut down,but data analysis is still ongoing. The DØdetector is preserved in Fermilab's DØAssembly Building as part of a historical exhibit for public tours.
The Higgs boson,sometimes called the Higgs particle,is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field,one of the fields in particle physics theory. In the Standard Model,the Higgs particle is a massive scalar boson with zero spin,even (positive) parity,no electric charge,and no colour charge that couples to mass. It is also very unstable,decaying into other particles almost immediately upon generation.
Sau Lan Wu is a Chinese American particle physicist and the Enrico Fermi Distinguished Professor of Physics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She made important contributions towards the discovery of the J/psi particle,which provided experimental evidence for the existence of the charm quark,and the gluon,the vector boson of the strong force in the Standard Model of physics. Recently,her team located at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN),using data collected at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC),was part of the international effort in the discovery of a boson consistent with the Higgs boson.
Young-Kee Kim is a South Korea-born American physicist and Louis Block Distinguished Service Professor of Physics at the University of Chicago. She is chair of the Department of Physics at the university.
James E. Brau is an American physicist at the University of Oregon (UO) who conducts research on elementary particles and fields. He founded the Oregon experimental high energy physics group in 1988 and served as director of the UO Center for High Energy Physics from 1997 to 2016. Prior to joining the Oregon faculty,he served in the Air Force and held positions at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and the University of Tennessee. He is a fellow of both the American Physical Society and also the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2006 he was appointed the Philip H. Knight Professor of Natural Science,an endowed professorship.
Vera G. Lüth is an experimental particle physicist and professor emerita at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC),Stanford University,in the United States. A senator of the Helmholtz Association,she has worked in particle physics at SLAC since 1974. She is a fellow of the American Physical Society.
Daniela Bortoletto is an Italian-British high energy physicist,head of Particle Physics at the University of Oxford and Nicholas Kurti Senior Research Fellow in Physics at Brasenose College,University of Oxford. She works in silicon detector development and was a co-discoverer of both the Higgs boson and the top quark.
]
George H. Trilling was a Polish-born American particle physicist. He was co-discoverer of the J/ψmeson which evinced the existence of the charm quark. Trilling joined the Physics Department faculty at the University of California,Berkeley,in 1960,where he was Department Chair from 1968 through 1972. Trilling was on sabbatical leave to CERN in 1973–74,where he worked on the study of the properties of charm particles,their decay modes and excited states. He was also Director of the Physics Division at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory from 1984 until 1987. Trilling was a principal proponent of the Superconducting Super Collider project and spokesperson for the Solenoidal Detector Collaboration. After the SSC was cancelled in 1993,Trilling transitioned most of the SDC team to collaborate on the ATLAS experiment at the LHC,which led to the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012. Trilling was elected Vice-President of the American Physical Society,beginning his term on 1 January 1999,and was President of the society in 2001.
Sinéad Farrington is a British particle physicist who works on the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider.
Meenakshi Narain was an Indian-born American experimental physicist. She was a Professor of Physics and Chair of the Department of Physics at Brown University,and was also Chair of the Collaboration Board of U.S. institutions in the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Collaboration. She contributed to the discovery of the top quark in 1995 and Higgs Boson in 2012.
Julia Apostolova Velkovska is a Bulgarian-American high energy particle physicist who is the Cornelius Vanderbilt Professor of Physics at Vanderbilt University. Her research considers nuclear matter in the extreme conditions generated at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. She hopes that this work will help to explain the mechanisms that underpin the strong force.
Lynne Hamilton Orr is an American theoretical high energy physicist whose research involves the phenomenology of particles in colliders,particularly focusing on the top quark,Higgs boson,and quantum chromodynamics. She is C.E. Kenneth Mees Professor of Physics at the University of Rochester.
David M. Strom is an experimental high energy particle physicist on the faculty of the University of Oregon.
References
- 1 2 3 4 "Alice L. Bean", Faculty Directory, University of Kansas, retrieved 2022-10-20
- ↑ KU physicists working on part for relaunch of world's largest particle collider, Lawrence Journal-World, retrieved 2022-10-20
- ↑ Shepherd, Sarah (23 March 2015). "KU physicists working on part for relaunch of world's largest particle collider". Lawrence Journal-World . Retrieved 2022-10-20.
- ↑ Unglesbee, Ben (13 October 2013). "KU research team helped find the Higgs boson". Lawrence Journal-World . Retrieved 2022-10-20.
- ↑ Particle Physics for Preschoolers, Symmetry Magazine, retrieved 2022-10-20
- ↑ 2011 APS Fellows, APS Division of Particles and Fields, retrieved 2022-10-20
- ↑ National Academies of Sciences, nationalacademies.org, retrieved 2022-10-20