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The Benedictines,officially the Order of Saint Benedict,are a mainly contemplative monastic order of the Catholic Church for men and for women who follow the Rule of Saint Benedict. Initiated in 529 they are the oldest of all the religious orders in the Latin Church. The male religious are also sometimes called the Black Monks,especially in English speaking countries,after the colour of their habits. Not all Benedictines wear black however,with some like the Olivetans wearing white. They were founded by Benedict of Nursia,a 6th-century Italian monk who laid the foundations of Benedictine monasticism through the formulation of his Rule. Benedict's sister,Scholastica,possibly his twin,also became a religious from an early age,but chose to live as a hermit. They retained a close relationship until her death.
Monasticism,also called monachism or monkhood,is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work. Monastic life plays an important role in many Christian churches,especially in the Catholic,Orthodox and Anglican traditions as well as in other faiths such as Buddhism,Hinduism,and Jainism. In other religions,monasticism is criticized and not practiced,as in Islam and Zoroastrianism,or plays a marginal role,as in modern Judaism.
Lapis lazuli,or lapis for short,is a deep-blue metamorphic rock used as a semi-precious stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color. Originating from the Persian word for the gem,lāžward,lapis lazuli is a rock composed primarily of the minerals lazurite,pyrite and calcite. As early as the 7th millennium BC,lapis lazuli was mined in the Sar-i Sang mines,in Shortugai,and in other mines in Badakhshan province in modern northeast Afghanistan. Lapis lazuli artifacts,dated to 7570 BC,have been found at Bhirrana,which is the oldest site of Indus Valley civilisation. Lapis was highly valued by the Indus Valley Civilisation. Lapis beads have been found at Neolithic burials in Mehrgarh,the Caucasus,and as far away as Mauritania. It was used in the funeral mask of Tutankhamun.
Edgar was King of the English from 959 until his death in 975. He became king of all England on his brother's death. He was the younger son of King Edmund I and his first wife Ælfgifu. A detailed account of Edgar's reign is not possible,because only a few events were recorded by chroniclers and monastic writers were more interested in recording the activities of the leaders of the church.
A scriptorium was a writing room in medieval European monasteries for the copying and illuminating of manuscripts by scribes.
Christian monasticism is a religious way of life of Christians who live ascetic and typically cloistered lives that are dedicated to Christian worship. It began to develop early in the history of the Christian Church,modeled upon scriptural examples and ideals,including those in the Old Testament. It has come to be regulated by religious rules and,in modern times,the Canon law of the respective Christian denominations that have forms of monastic living. Those living the monastic life are known by the generic terms monks (men) and nuns (women). The word monk originated from the Greek μοναχός,itself from μόνος meaning 'alone'.
Eucherius was a high-born and high-ranking ecclesiastic in the Christian church in Roman Gaul. He is remembered for his letters advocating extreme self-abnegation. From 439,he served as Archbishop of Lyon,and Henry Wace ranked him "the most distinguished occupant of that see" after Irenaeus. He is venerated as a saint within the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church.
The Cluniac Reforms were a series of changes within medieval monasticism in the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life,encouraging art,and caring for the poor. The movement began within the Benedictine order at Cluny Abbey,founded in 910 by William I,Duke of Aquitaine (875–918). The reforms were largely carried out by Saint Odo and spread throughout France,into England,and through much of Italy,northern Portugal and Spain.
Oswald of Worcester was Archbishop of York from 972 to his death in 992. He was of Danish ancestry,but brought up by his uncle,Oda of Canterbury,who sent him to France to the abbey of Fleury to become a monk. After a number of years at Fleury,Oswald returned to England at the request of his uncle,who died before Oswald returned. With his uncle's death,Oswald needed a patron and turned to another kinsman,Oskytel,who had recently become Archbishop of York. His activity for Oskytel attracted the notice of Archbishop Dunstan who had Oswald consecrated as Bishop of Worcester in 961. In 972,Oswald was promoted to the see of York,although he continued to hold Worcester also.
Christianity in medieval Scotland includes all aspects of Christianity in the modern borders of Scotland in the Middle Ages. Christianity was probably introduced to what is now Lowland Scotland by Roman soldiers stationed in the north of the province of Britannia. After the collapse of Roman authority in the fifth century,Christianity is presumed to have survived among the British enclaves in the south of what is now Scotland,but retreated as the pagan Anglo-Saxons advanced. Scotland was largely converted by Irish missions associated with figures such as St Columba,from the fifth to the seventh centuries. These missions founded monastic institutions and collegiate churches that served large areas. Scholars have identified a distinctive form of Celtic Christianity,in which abbots were more significant than bishops,attitudes to clerical celibacy were more relaxed and there were significant differences in practice with Roman Christianity,particularly the form of tonsure and the method of calculating Easter,although most of these issues had been resolved by the mid-seventh century. After the reconversion of Scandinavian Scotland in the tenth century,Christianity under papal authority was the dominant religion of the kingdom.
Diemoth was a recluse at Wessobrunn Abbey in Upper Bavaria,Germany,born around 1060 and died on 30 March,probably in 1130. She worked on 45 manuscripts from 1075 to 1130. Her name comes from the Middle High German word for "humility" or "modesty")
Monastic sign languages have been used in Europe from at least the 10th century by Christian monks,and some,such as Cistercian and Trappist sign,are still in use today—not only in Europe,but also in Japan,China and the USA. Unlike deaf sign languages,they are better understood as forms of symbolic gestural communication rather than languages,and some writers have preferred to describe them as sign lexicons.
Michael David Knowles was an English Benedictine monk,Catholic priest,and historian,who became Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge from 1954 to 1963.
Frithegod,was a poet and clergyman in the mid 10th-century who served Oda of Canterbury,an Archbishop of Canterbury. As a non-native of England,he came to Canterbury and entered Oda's service as a teacher and scholar. After Oda's death he likely returned to the continent. His most influential writing was a poem on the life of Wilfrid,an 8th-century bishop and saint,named Breviloquium Vitae Wilfridi. Several manuscripts of this poem survive,as well as a few other of Frithegod's poems. He was also known for the complexity of his writings,with one historian even calling them "damnably difficult".
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Janet Burton is professor of medieval history at the University of Wales Trinity Saint David. She researches medieval monasticism,religious orders and congregations. She is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries,the Royal Historical Society,and the Learned Society of Wales. She initiated the Monastic Wales project in July 2007 to research and disseminate knowledge on the medieval monasteries of Wales.
Anthusa of Mantinea,also called Anthusa the Confessor was an anchoress and abbess in Constantinople during the 8th century.
Engelberga of Provence,Duchess of Aquitaine (877–917) was a 8th-9th century Bosonid noblewoman.
Guibert of Gembloux was a Benedictine monk who served as secretary to Hildegard of Bingen. He later became abbot of Gembloux Abbey in the province of Namur,Belgium.
Matrona of Perge of the 6th century was a Byzantine female saint known for temporarily cross-dressing as the monk Babylos to avoid her husband after she decided to live following the sentence in chapter 7,verse 29 of the First Epistle to the Corinthians,"those who have wives [must] be [live] as if they had none".
References
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- ↑ "Trauma monastic reform community and conflict twelfth century germany - Church history". Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ "A G F E M".
- ↑ "Cambridge History of Medieval Monasticism in the Latin West". Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ "AMIAS". Institute for Advanced Study. 31 October 2018.
- ↑ "The Ronald and Deborah Ratner Distinguished Teaching Awards". Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2017-12-04.
- ↑ "Alison Beach Receives Ratner Award". Department of History. 2 November 2017.
- ↑ Radini, A.; Tromp, M.; Beach, A.; Tong, E.; Speller, C.; McCormick, M.; Dudgeon, J. V.; Collins, M. J.; Rühli, F.; Kröger, R.; Warinner, C. (2019). "Medieval women's early involvement in manuscript production suggested by lapis lazuli identification in dental calculus". Science Advances. 5 (1): eaau7126. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.7126R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau7126. PMC 6326749 . PMID 30662947.
- ↑ Yin, Steph (9 January 2019). "In an Ancient Nun's Teeth, Blue Paint — and Clues to Medieval Life". The New York Times.
- ↑ McGrath, Matt (9 January 2019). "Blue tooth reveals hidden medieval artist". BBC News.
- ↑ "Die Nonne aus Dahlheim". Mediathek. 10 January 2019.
- ↑ "Was Zahnstein über die Kunst von Nonnen erzählt". science.ORF.at. 9 January 2019.
- ↑ Spiering, Hendrik (10 January 2019). "Lapis lazuli verraadt vergeten middeleeuwse tekenares". NRC.
- ↑ "Du lapis-lazuli entre les dents d'une nonne". Le Monde.fr. 15 January 2019 – via Le Monde.
- ↑ Criado, Miguel Ángel (10 January 2019). "El sarro azul en los dientes de una monja que resultó ser lapislázuli". El País– via elpais.com.
- ↑ Schuster, Ruth (9 January 2019). "Blue Plaque Signals That Women Illuminated Religious Texts 1,000 Years Ago in Germany". Haaretz.
- ↑ Braziliense, Correio (12 January 2019). "Anlise de ossos revela surpresa de monastrio alemo do sculo 11". Correio Braziliense.
