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Christian monasticism is the devotional practice of Christians who live ascetic and typically cloistered lives that are dedicated to Christian worship. It began to develop early in the history of the Christian Church,modeled upon scriptural examples and ideals,including those in the Old Testament,but was not mandated as an institution in the scriptures. It has come to be regulated by religious rules and,in modern times,the Canon law of the respective Christian denominations that have forms of monastic living. Those living the monastic life are known by the generic terms monks (men) and nuns (women). The word monk originated from the Greek μοναχός,itself from μόνος meaning 'alone'.
Eucherius was a high-born and high-ranking ecclesiastic in the Christian church in Roman Gaul. He is remembered for his letters advocating extreme self-abnegation. From 439,he served as Archbishop of Lyon,and Henry Wace ranked him "the most distinguished occupant of that see" after Irenaeus. He is venerated as a saint within the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church.
The Cluniac Reforms were a series of changes within medieval monasticism of the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life,encouraging art,and caring for the poor. The movement began within the Benedictine order at Cluny Abbey,founded in 910 by William I,Duke of Aquitaine (875–918). The reforms were largely carried out by Saint Odo and spread throughout France,into England,and through much of Italy,northern Portugal and Spain.
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Christianity in Medieval Scotland includes all aspects of Christianity in the modern borders of Scotland in the Middle Ages. Christianity was probably introduced to what is now Lowland Scotland by Roman soldiers stationed in the north of the province of Britannia. After the collapse of Roman authority in the fifth century,Christianity is presumed to have survived among the British enclaves in the south of what is now Scotland,but retreated as the pagan Anglo-Saxons advanced. Scotland was largely converted by Irish missions associated with figures such as St Columba,from the fifth to the seventh centuries. These missions founded monastic institutions and collegiate churches that served large areas. Scholars have identified a distinctive form of Celtic Christianity,in which abbots were more significant than bishops,attitudes to clerical celibacy were more relaxed and there were significant differences in practice with Roman Christianity,particularly the form of tonsure and the method of calculating Easter,although most of these issues had been resolved by the mid-seventh century. After the reconversion of Scandinavian Scotland in the tenth century,Christianity under papal authority was the dominant religion of the kingdom.
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References
- ↑ "Women scribes book production and monastic reform twelfth century bavaria - Anglo Saxon and medieval literature". Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ "Trauma monastic reform community and conflict twelfth century germany - Church history". Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ "A G F E M".
- ↑ "Cambridge History of Medieval Monasticism in the Latin West". Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ "AMIAS". Institute for Advanced Study. 31 October 2018.
- ↑ "The Ronald and Deborah Ratner Distinguished Teaching Awards". Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2017-12-04.
- ↑ "Alison Beach Receives Ratner Award". Department of History. 2 November 2017.
- ↑ Radini, A.; Tromp, M.; Beach, A.; Tong, E.; Speller, C.; McCormick, M.; Dudgeon, J. V.; Collins, M. J.; Rühli, F.; Kröger, R.; Warinner, C. (2019). "Medieval women's early involvement in manuscript production suggested by lapis lazuli identification in dental calculus". Science Advances. 5 (1): eaau7126. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.7126R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau7126. PMC 6326749 . PMID 30662947.
- ↑ Yin, Steph (9 January 2019). "In an Ancient Nun's Teeth, Blue Paint — and Clues to Medieval Life". The New York Times.
- ↑ McGrath, Matt (9 January 2019). "Blue tooth reveals hidden medieval artist". BBC News.
- ↑ "Die Nonne aus Dahlheim". Mediathek. 10 January 2019.
- ↑ "Was Zahnstein über die Kunst von Nonnen erzählt". science.ORF.at. 9 January 2019.
- ↑ Spiering, Hendrik (10 January 2019). "Lapis lazuli verraadt vergeten middeleeuwse tekenares". NRC.
- ↑ "Du lapis-lazuli entre les dents d'une nonne". Le Monde.fr. 15 January 2019 – via Le Monde.
- ↑ Criado, Miguel Ángel (10 January 2019). "El sarro azul en los dientes de una monja que resultó ser lapislázuli". El País– via elpais.com.
- ↑ Schuster, Ruth (9 January 2019). "Blue Plaque Signals That Women Illuminated Religious Texts 1,000 Years Ago in Germany". Haaretz.
- ↑ Braziliense, Correio (12 January 2019). "Anlise de ossos revela surpresa de monastrio alemo do sculo 11". Correio Braziliense.
