Amrita Pande is an Indian sociologist and feminist ethnographer based in South Africa, tenured as a professor at the University of Cape Town. [1] She was the first to publish a detailed ethnographical study on the surrogacy industry in India with her book Wombs in Labor (2014). [2] Pande has also been appointed as the lead for the National Research Foundation project into the surrogacy industry of South Africa. [3]
Pande was born in India to an academic family and graduated from the University of Delhi with a Bachelor of Arts in economics followed by a Master of Arts at the Delhi School of Economics. [4] [5] She states that the practice and curriculum at the premier but inflexible and apolitical institute killed her interest in the field and from which she sough refuge through the discipline of sociology. [4] Eventually, she earned a Master of Arts from the University of Massachusetts and completed her doctoral studies in transnational surrogacy, sustained by a fellowship from the public university. [4] [5]
She conducted her post doctoral research among African domestic workers in Tripoli, Lebanon and was eventually tenured as a lecturer at the University of Cape Town in 2010. [4] Between 2010 and 2014, she would occasionally visit India for her research into transnational commercial surrogacy and eventually published Wombs in Labor in 2014. [6] The work was published and described by the Columbia University Press as the first detailed ethnographical study into the transnational surrogacy industry in India. [2] Her work has also been cited in a Yale Law Journal paper on anti-discrimination and family law. [7]
Pande's works have been published in a number of international journals including Anthropologica , [8] Qualitative Sociology , [9] Current Sociology , [10] Critical Social Policy , [11] Feminist Studies [12] and International Migration Review. [13] The South African National Research Foundation has appointed her to lead a project into the surrogacy industry in the country. [3] One of her papers was quoted by the Centre for Social Research in its own study into the surrogacy industry in India. [14]
The Guardian notes that the media in India frames surrogacy either in terms of a great positive, as a boom of a life changing sum of money or as a great negative of poverty stricken women being forced into "renting wombs", a binary which according to Pande is detrimental to discourse and removes agency from the women involved. [6] She has occasionally appeared as a subject matter expert on op-eds in various national newspapers such as The Hindu and Mail & Guardian , and in various international news outlets such as on the BBC show conducted by Laurie Taylor, on Sarah Carey's show on Newstalk and on the Danish channel DR2 show called Deadline. [5] [15] [16] She also works as a performer-educator with a multimedia theatre production called Made in India: Notes from a Baby Farm, which is based on her work on the surrogacy industry. [2] [17]
Dorothy Edith Smith was a British-born Canadian ethnographer, feminist studies scholar, sociologist, and writer with research interests in a variety of disciplines. These include women's studies, feminist theory, psychology, and educational studies. Smith was also involved in certain subfields of sociology, such as the sociology of knowledge, family studies, and methodology. She founded the sociological sub-disciplines of feminist standpoint theory and institutional ethnography.
Surrogacy is an arrangement, often supported by a legal agreement, whereby a woman agrees to delivery/labour on behalf of another couple or person, who will become the child's parent(s) after birth. People may seek a surrogacy arrangement when a couple do not wish to carry a pregnancy themselves, when pregnancy is medically impossible, when pregnancy risks are dangerous for the intended mother, or when a single man or a male same sex couple wish to have a child.
Saskia Sassen is a Dutch-American sociologist noted for her analyses of globalization and international human migration. She is a professor of sociology at Columbia University in New York City, and the London School of Economics. The term global city was coined and popularized by Sassen in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo.
Feminist sociology is an interdisciplinary exploration of gender and power throughout society. Here, it uses conflict theory and theoretical perspectives to observe gender in its relation to power, both at the level of face-to-face interaction and reflexivity within social structures at large. Focuses include sexual orientation, race, economic status, and nationality.
Intersectionality is an analytical framework for understanding how individuals' various social and political identities result in unique combinations of discrimination and privilege. Intersectionality identifies multiple factors of advantage and disadvantage. Examples of these factors include gender, caste, sex, race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, religion, disability, weight, species and physical appearance. These intersecting and overlapping social identities may be both empowering and oppressing. However, little good-quality quantitative research has been done to support or undermine the theory of intersectionality.
Transnationalism is a research field and social phenomenon grown out of the heightened interconnectivity between people and the receding economic and social significance of boundaries among nation states.
Madhu Purnima Kishwar is an Indian academic and a Hindutva commentator. She is currently employed as a chair Professor in the Indian Council of Social Science Research. Kishwar along with fellow-academic Ruth Vanita co-founded the journal Manushi.
Janice G. Raymond is an American lesbian radical feminist and professor emerita of women's studies and medical ethics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. She is known for her work against violence, sexual exploitation, and medical abuse of women, and for her controversial work denouncing transsexuality and the transgender rights movement.
France Winddance Twine is a Black and Native American sociologist, ethnographer, visual artist, and documentary filmmaker. Twine has conducted field research in Brazil, the UK, and the United States on race, racism, and anti-racism. She has published 11 books and more than 100 articles, review essays, and books on these topics.
Amrita Basu is an American academic and political scientist. She currently is a professor at Amherst College where she holds affiliations in the departments of Political Science, Sexuality, Women's, & Gender Studies, Asian Languages & Civilizations, and Black Studies.
Shamita Das Dasgupta is an Asian Indian scholar and activist. A social activist since early 1970s, she co-founded Manavi in 1985. It is the first organization of its kind that focuses on violence against South Asian women in the United States. A part-time teacher and full-time community worker, she has written extensively in the areas of ethnicity, gender, immigration, and violence against women. Her books include: A Patchwork Shawl: Chronicles of South Asian Women in America, Body Evidence: Intimate Violence Against South Asian Women in America, Globalization and Transnational Surrogacy in India: Outsourcing Life and Mothers for Sale: Women in Kolkata’s Sex Trade.
Surrogacy in India and Indian surrogates became increasingly popular amongst intended parents in industrialised nations because of the relatively low costs and easy access offered by Indian surrogacy agencies. Clinics charged patients between $10,000 and $28,000 for the complete package, including fertilization, the surrogate's fee, and delivery of the baby at a hospital. Including the costs of flight tickets, medical procedures and hotels, this represented roughly a third of the price of the procedure in the UK and a fifth of that in the US. Surrogate mothers received medical, nutritional and overall health care through surrogacy agreements.
Gail Dines is professor emerita of sociology and women's studies at Wheelock College in Boston, Massachusetts.
Barbara Risman is Professor and Head of Sociology at the University of Illinois at Chicago.
Commodification of the womb is a Marxist concept related to the sale of functions performed by the human uterus.
Chandra Talpade Mohanty is a Distinguished Professor of Women's and Gender Studies, Sociology, and the Cultural Foundations of Education and Dean's Professor of the Humanities at Syracuse University. Mohanty, a postcolonial and transnational feminist theorist, has argued for the inclusion of a transnational approach in exploring women’s experiences across the world. She is author of Feminism Without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity, and co-editor of Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism, Feminist Genealogies, Colonial Legacies, Democratic Futures, Feminism and War: Confronting U.S. Imperialism,, The Sage Handbook on Identities, and Feminist Freedom Warriors: Genealogies, Justice, Politics, and Hope.
Donna Rae Gabaccia is an American historian who studies international migration, with an emphasis on cultural exchange, such as food and from a gendered perspective. From 2003 to 2005 she was the Andrew Mellon Professor of History at the University of Pittsburgh and from 2005 to 2012 she held the Rudolph J. Vecoli Chair of Immigration History at the University of Minnesota. During the same period, she was the director of the Immigration History Research Center at the University of Minnesota. In 2013, her book, Foreign Relations: Global Perspectives on American Immigration won the Immigration and Ethnic History Society's Theodore Saloutos Prize in 2013.
Oliva Maria Espín is a Cuban American counseling psychologist known for her pioneering intellectual contributions to feminist therapy, immigration, and women's studies, and her advocacy on behalf of refugee women to help them to gain access to mental health services. Her interdisciplinary scholarly work brings together perspectives from sociology, politics, and religion to further understanding of issues and barriers related to gender, sexuality, language, and race. She is in the vanguard of transnational psychology, that applies transnational feminist lenses to the field of psychology to study, understand, and address the impact of colonization, imperialism, and globalization. She is the first Latina Professor Emerita of Women’s Studies at San Diego State University.
Jyoti Puri is Hazel Dick Leonard Chair and Professor of Sociology at Simmons University. She is a leading feminist sociologist who advocates for transnational and postcolonial approaches to the study of gender, sexuality, state, nationalism, and death and migration. She has published three books, and her most recent book, Sexual States: Governance and the Struggle Against the Antisodomy Law in India’s Present received the Distinguished Book Award from the Sociology of Sexualities Section of the American Sociological Association. She has delivered keynote lectures and given talks across a wide range of universities in North America and Europe.
Kalpana Wilson is an author and scholar with a focus on South Asia. She is a founding member of the South Asian Solidarity Group. She has taught at the London School of Economics, SOAS University of London, and Birkbeck, University of London.