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Comparative law is the study of differences and similarities between the law of different countries. More specifically, it involves the study of the different legal "systems" in existence in the world, including the common law, the civil law, socialist law, Canon law, Jewish Law, Islamic law, Hindu law, and Chinese law. It includes the description and analysis of foreign legal systems, even where no explicit comparison is undertaken. The importance of comparative law has increased enormously in the present age of internationalism, economic globalization, and democratization.
Bachelor of Civil Law is the name of various degrees in law conferred by English-language universities. The BCL originated as a postgraduate degree in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, but many universities now offer undergraduate law degrees under the same label. Reference to civil law was not originally in contradistinction to common law, but to canon law, although it is true that common law was not taught in the civil law faculties in either university until at least the second half of the 18th century. However, some universities in English-speaking countries use the degree in the former sense.
Sir Henry James Sumner Maine,, was a British Whig comparative jurist and historian. He is famous for the thesis outlined in his book Ancient Law that law and society developed "from status to contract." According to the thesis, in the ancient world individuals were tightly bound by status to traditional groups, while in the modern one, in which individuals are viewed as autonomous agents, they are free to make contracts and form associations with whomever they choose. Because of this thesis, Maine can be seen as one of the forefathers of modern legal anthropology, legal history and sociology of law.
The term soke, at the time of the Norman conquest of England, generally denoted "jurisdiction", but its vague usage makes it probably lack a single, precise definition.
Ancient Greek law consists of the laws and legal institutions of Ancient Greece.
Sir Basil Markesinis QC, LLD, DCL, FBA is a Greek-British barrister and legal scholar currently holding the position of Jamail Regents Professor at the University of Texas, Austin. He was previously Professor of Common and Civil Law at University College London.
Islamic criminal law is criminal law in accordance with Sharia. Strictly speaking, Islamic law does not have a distinct corpus of "criminal law." It divides crimes into three different categories depending on the offense – Hudud ; Qisas ; and Tazir. Some add the fourth category of Siyasah, while others consider it as part of either Hadd or Tazir crimes.
Wael B. Hallaq is a scholar of Islamic law and Islamic intellectual history.
Legal cultures are described as being temporary outcomes of interactions and occur pursuant to a challenge and response paradigm. Analyses of core legal paradigms shape the characteristics of individual and distinctive legal cultures. "Comparative legal cultures are examined by a field of scholarship, which is situated at the line bordering comparative law and historical jurisprudence."
Mark Edward Lewis is an American sinologist and historian of ancient China.
Harold John Cook is John F. Nickoll Professor of History at Brown University and was Director of the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at University College, London (UCL) from 2000 to 2009, and was the Queen Wilhelmina Visiting Professor of History at Columbia University in New York during the 2007-2008 academic year.
David Nelken is a Distinguished Professor of Legal Institutions and Social Change Faculty of Political Science, University of Macerata and the Distinguished Visiting Research Professor, Faculty of Law, Cardiff University. His work focuses primarily on comparative criminal justice and comparative sociology of law.
Edward Lipiński, or Edouard Lipiński, is a Belgian Biblical scholar and Orientalist.
William Lawrence Twining, FBA is the Emeritus Quain Professor of Jurisprudence at University College London, having held the post until 1996. He is a leading member of the Law in Context movement, and has contributed especially to jurisprudence, evidence and proof, legal method, legal education, and intellectual history. He has focused recently on "globalization" and legal theory.
David John Freeman was a British solicitor who founded the law firm D J Freeman, which grew from a one man firm in 1952 to a leading London law firm.
Sir Charles Hilary Jenkinson was a British archivist and archival theorist, regarded as the figure most responsible for bringing continental European concepts of archival theory to the English-speaking world.
Randall Christoph Herman Lesaffer is a Belgian historian of international law. He has been professor of legal history at Tilburg University since 1999, where he also served as dean of Tilburg Law School from 2008 to 2012. His work focuses on the Early Modern Age.
Sir Jeffrey Jowell is a practising barrister at Blackstone Chambers specialising in public law. He was the inaugural Director of the Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law from 2010 - 2015. He is Emeritus Professor of Public Law at University College London where he was Dean and Head of the Law Faculty and Vice Provost. He is the author of leading publications in his field.
Jill Diana Harries is Professor Emerita in Ancient History at the University of St Andrews. Professor Harries is known for her work on late antiquity, particularly aspects of Roman legal culture and society.
James Henderson Burns, was a Scottish historian of medieval and modern political thought who also studied utilitarianism and Jeremy Bentham.
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