Anita Grunder | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Alma mater | Stanford University |
| Scientific career | |
| Institutions | Oregon State University |
| Thesis | The Calabozos caldera complex : geology, petrology, and geochemistry of a major silicic volcanic center and hydrothermal system in the southern Andes (1986) |
Anita Lizzie Grunder is geologist known for her research on volcanic rocks and defining changes in volcanism over geologic eras. She is an elected fellow of the Geological Society of America.
Grunder has an A.B. in paleontology from the University of California, Berkeley (1977), [1] and subsequently worked as a field assistant at UC Berkeley, the University of California, Los Angeles, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, [2] and the United States Geological Survey. [3] She went to Stanford University for graduate school [4] where she described her position as an "adventure" in a 1983 magazine article. [3] She graduated in 1986 with a thesis project working on the geology of the southern Andes. [5] Grunder moved to Oregon in 1986, ultimately becoming a professor [2] and an associate dean. [6] As of 2019, Grunder is professor emeritus at Oregon State. [1]
Grunder is a field geologist who has worked on volcanoes and volcanic rocks in a variety of locations including Nevada, [7] Oregon, [8] [9] and the Aucanquilcha region in Chile. [10] Her early research was on the volcanic rocks [11] [12] and hydrothermal system [13] at Calabozos crater in the Chilean Andes. She uses oxygen-18 isotopes in different types of rocks to reveal changes in magmatic activity over millions of years. [7] [12] In 2005, Grunder co-edited a collection of articles on welding processes in volcanic systems, [14] and contributed an article on welded pyroclastic deposits from Oregon. [15] In Hawaii, she worked on the sulfur dioxide released by the Kilauea volcano and collaborated with a graduate student working in public health, Bernadette Longo, to reveal increased health issues for people living downwind of the volcano. [16] [17] In 2020 she examined the geology of the volcanic material in the area surrounding Steens Mountain in southeastern Oregon. [18] One of her students described her skills at explaining volcanic processes and noted that she is adept at making geology interesting to a range of people, both inside and outside academia. [19]
In 2009, Grunder was named the Association for Women Geoscientists' Outstanding Educator. [2] [20] Her paper on volcanism and gold deposits in hydrothermal material at Yanacocha, Peru [21] won the 2010 Brian J. Skinner award from Society of Economic Geologists. [22] She is also an elected fellow of the Geological Society of America.[ when? ] [23]
During a 2009 interview, Grunder noted her first job involved welding band saw blades because her lack of typing skills kept her from receiving a spot as a secretary. [2] She is married to John Dilles, a geosciences professor in Oregon and has three children, and in 1989 she discussed a job sharing arrangement she and her husband made upon moving to Oregon State. [24] Grunder volunteers in Oregon with the Independent Community Club, and one of their activities is the restoration of an old schoolhouse in Albany, Oregon that was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. [25] in 2008, [26] she led the effort to found the Muddy Creek Charter School in Oregon. [2] [4] [27] Her outside sculpture piece "Excess Baggage" developed collectively by Warren Lisser, Susie Lisser and Grunder was presented at Burning Man in 2013. [28] [29]
Tuff is a type of rock made of volcanic ash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption. Following ejection and deposition, the ash is lithified into a solid rock. Rock that contains greater than 75% ash is considered tuff, while rock containing 25% to 75% ash is described as tuffaceous. Tuff composed of sandy volcanic material can be referred to as volcanic sandstone.
Ignimbrite is a type of volcanic rock, consisting of hardened tuff. Ignimbrites form from the deposits of pyroclastic flows, which are a hot suspension of particles and gases flowing rapidly from a volcano, driven by being denser than the surrounding atmosphere. New Zealand geologist Patrick Marshall (1869–1950) coined the term ignimbrite from the Latin igni- [fire] and imbri- [rain].
Cerro Galán is a caldera in the Catamarca Province of Argentina. It is one of the largest exposed calderas in the world and forms part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, one of the three volcanic belts found in South America. One of several major caldera systems in the Central Volcanic Zone, the mountain is grouped into the Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex.
James Healy Seamount is a submarine volcano located among the South Kermadec Ridge Seamounts south of New Zealand's Kermadec Islands. It consists of a volcanic cone that reaches a depth of 1,150 metres (3,770 ft) below sea level, two 2–2.5 kilometres (1.2–1.6 mi) and 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) wide calderas and a parasitic cone that reaches a depth of 950 metres (3,120 ft) below sea level. The flanks of the volcano are covered with pumice and volcanic rocks, and hydrothermal venting occurs inside the caldera.
Jack Gordon Souther was an American-born Canadian geologist, volcanologist, professor and engineer. He contributed significantly to the early understanding of recent volcanic activity in the Canadian Cordillera. Many of his publications continue to be regarded as classics in their field, even now several decades after they were written.
Calabozos is a Holocene caldera in central Chile's Maule Region. Part of the Chilean Andes' volcanic segment, it is considered a member of the Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ), one of the three distinct volcanic belts of South America. This most active section of the Andes runs along central Chile's western edge, and includes more than 70 of Chile's stratovolcanoes and volcanic fields. Calabozos lies in an extremely remote area of poorly glaciated mountains.
Cerro Guacha is a Miocene caldera in southwestern Bolivia's Sur Lípez Province. Part of the volcanic system of the Andes, it is considered to be part of the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ), one of the three volcanic arcs of the Andes, and its associated Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex (APVC). A number of volcanic calderas occur within the latter.
The magma supply rate measures the production rate of magma at a volcano. Global magma production rates on Earth are about 20–25 cubic kilometres per year (4.8–6.0 cu mi/a).
Panizos is a Late Miocene caldera in the Potosí Department of Bolivia and the Jujuy Province of Argentina. It is part of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex of the Central Volcanic Zone in the Andes. 50 volcanoes active in recent times are found in the Central Volcanic Zone, and several major caldera complexes are situated in the area. The caldera is located in a difficult-to-access part of the Andes.
Irruputuncu is a volcano in the commune of Pica, Tamarugal Province, Tarapacá Region, Chile, as well as San Pedro de Quemes Municipality, Nor Lípez Province, Potosí Department, Bolivia. The mountain's summit is 5,163 m (16,939 ft) high and has two summit craters—the southernmost 200 m (660 ft)-wide one has active fumaroles. The volcano also features lava flows, block and ash flows and several lava domes. The volcano is part of the Andean Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ).
Jotabeche is a Miocene-Pliocene caldera in the Atacama Region of Chile. It is part of the volcanic Andes, more specifically of the extreme southern end of the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ). This sector of the Andean Volcanic Belt contains about 44 volcanic centres and numerous more minor volcanic systems, as well as some caldera and ignimbrite systems. Jotabeche is located in a now inactive segment of the CVZ, the Maricunga Belt.
Laguna Amarga is a caldera and associated ignimbrite in the Andes of northwestern Argentina.
Laguna del Maule is a volcanic field in the Andes mountain range of Chile, close to, and partly overlapping, the Argentina–Chile border. The bulk of the volcanic field is in the Talca Province of Chile's Maule Region. It is a segment of the Southern Volcanic Zone, part of the Andean Volcanic Belt. The volcanic field covers an area of 500 km2 (190 sq mi) and features at least 130 volcanic vents. Volcanic activity has generated cones, lava domes, lava coulees and lava flows, which surround the Laguna del Maule lake. The field gets its name from the lake, which is also the source of the Maule River.
Lastarria is a 5,697 metres (18,691 ft) high stratovolcano that lies on the border between Chile and Argentina. It is remote and the surroundings are uninhabited but can be reached through an unpaved road. The volcano is part of the Central Volcanic Zone, one of the four segments of the volcanic arc of the Andes. Over a thousand volcanoes - of which about 50 are active - lie in this over 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) long chain of volcanoes, which is generatedby subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate.
Chimpa is a volcano in Argentina, close to the border between the Jujuy Province and the Salta Province. The volcano is of Miocene age, one date given being 12 million years ago and another is 7 million years ago.
The Cascade Volcanic Arc is a chain of volcanoes stretching from southern British Columbia down to northern California. Within the arc there is a variety of stratovolcanoes like Mount Rainier and broad shield volcanoes like Medicine Lake. But calderas are very rare in the Cascades, with very few forming over the 39 million year lifespan of the arc.
Edward Wesley Hildreth III, is an American field geologist and volcanologist employed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). He is a fellow of both the Geological Society of America (GSA), and the American Geophysical Union (AGU). Hildreth was described as "one of the great volcanologists/petrologists of our time" in the magazine Wired.
The Rotoiti Caldera is a postulated, mainly infilled sub caldera of the Ōkataina Caldera based upon gravitational and magnetic evidence. It erupted 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of magma that is used in the recent stratigraphy of much of the northern North Island. It was formed in the larger paired eruption with the lesser Earthquake Flat vents linked by tectonic interaction across the length of the Ōkataina Caldera. The series of eruptions was about 50,000 years ago, with the resulting widespread Rotoiti ignimbrite and several layers of Rotoiti/Rotoehu tephra/brecca/ash giving challenges in consistent dating. It was subsequently infilled by later eruptive activity to a depth of over 2 km (1.2 mi). The paired eruptions may have erupted about 240 cubic kilometres (58 cu mi) of tephra.
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