Anna Taddio | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1967 (age 55–56) |
| Academic background | |
| Education | BS., MS, 1994, PhD, 1997, University of Toronto |
| Thesis | Clinical pharmacology of lidocaine-prilocaine cream in infants. (1997) |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University of Toronto |
Anna Taddio (born 1967) is a Canadian pharmacist. She is a professor in the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy at the University of Toronto,and adjunct senior scientist and clinical pharmacist at SickKids Hospital.
Taddio was born in 1967. [1] She earned her undergraduate degree,Master's degree,and PhD from the University of Toronto (U of T). [2] While earning her Master's degree,Taddio co-published a study titled Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain responses during vaccination in boys. [3] The result of the study found that pain experienced at birth could have a lasting effect on a child's memory. They concluded this by studying newborns who had circumcisions with and without any numbing medicine and comparing their experiences at future immunizations. [4]
Upon earning her PhD,Taddio co-published Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination with Joel D. Katz. [5] Their study found that boys who were given anesthetic cream during their circumcision experienced less pain during the process than those with a placebo cream. [6] As an assistant professor of pharmacy at U of T and SickKids Hospital pharmacist,she led the first study to look at anticipatory pain responses in newborns. To reach this conclusion,the research team studied how infants who received heel lances over the first 24–36 hours of life (compared to a control group) reacted to a Venipuncture procedure. It was found that the babies who received heel lances had increased pain responses. [7] Her work reached beyond newborns and in 2005,Taddio helped establish a new topical anesthetic in order to reduce pain for children having IVs inserted. [8] She was subsequently awarded the Early Career Award from the Canadian Paediatric Society. [9]
Continuing her work with needles and pain,Taddio led a sucrose study on babies born at Mount Sinai Hospital in 2008 which found that those who received sugar water,or sucrose,had lower pain scores. However,the study did find that there was no significant difference in pain between the newborn and control group when it came to vitamin K injections. In spite of these findings,Taddio said "sugar water works,but it doesn’t work as well as we thought it did...We need to investigate other analgesics or other ways to make it work better." [10] [11] In the same year,Taddio co-founded HELPinKids&Adults (Help ELiminate Pain in Kids &Adults) at SickKids in an effort to reduce pain caused by vaccines. By 2010,they published the first clinical practice guideline on reducing pain during childhood vaccination. [12]
In 2011,Taddio and her research team developed and published an evidence-based practice guideline in order to reduce pain from childhood vaccinations. [13] Upon reviewing 18 studies of 831 patients,they discovered that warming vaccines using water baths,incubators,fluid warmers,baby food warmers,a warming tray,or a syringe warmer could greatly reduce the pain patients feel. [14] As a result of her research,the World Health Organization invited Taddi to their 2015 Strategic Advisory Group of Experts meeting in Geneva and announced they would adopt many of her proposed pain mitigation techniques. [15] She also co-published an updated guideline for healthcare providers in the Canadian Medical Association Journal which included recommendations for all ages. [16] In recognition of her efforts,she was honoured with the Pfizer Research Career Award by the Association of Faculties of Pharmacy of Canada. [17]
By 2018,Taddio was the recipient of a $1 million Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) grant to continue her work on reducing fear of needles in youth. [18] Using this grant and the assistance of HELPinKids&Adults,she developed the CARD method to relieve the fear of needles. [19] The CARD System (Comfort,Ask,Relax,Distract) is an evidence-based approach which allows patients to select coping strategies during their vaccines. [20] Her subsequently published paper Overview of a Knowledge Translation (KT) Project to improve the vaccination experience at school:The CARD System earned her the 2020 Noni MacDonald Award from the Canadian Paediatric Society. [21]
Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB). It is named after its inventors Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin. In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common,one dose is recommended in healthy babies as soon after birth as possible. In areas where tuberculosis is not common,only children at high risk are typically immunized,while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated. Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously immunized,but are frequently exposed,may be immunized,as well. BCG also has some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Additionally,it is sometimes used as part of the treatment of bladder cancer.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe,its toxins,or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat,destroy it,and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
The Hospital for Sick Children (HSC),corporately branded as SickKids,is a major pediatric teaching hospital located on University Avenue in Toronto,Ontario,Canada. Affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Toronto,the hospital was ranked the top pediatric hospital in the world by Newsweek in 2021.
Lidocaine/prilocaine is a eutectic mixture of equal quantities of lidocaine and prilocaine. A 5% emulsion preparation,containing 2.5% each of lidocaine/prilocaine,is marketed by APP Pharmaceuticals under the trade name EMLA. As a spray,it is marketed under the name Tempe (PSD502) that can be used by men to help with premature ejaculation. The spray is manufactured by Plethora Solutions and branded as Fortacin in the UK and Recordati in the EU.
The DPT vaccine or DTP vaccine is a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans:diphtheria,pertussis,and tetanus. The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and either killed whole cells of the bacterium that causes pertussis or pertussis antigens. The term toxoid refers to vaccines which use an inactivated toxin produced by the pathogen which they are targeted against in order to generate an immune response. In this way,the toxoid vaccine generates an immune response which is targeted against the toxin which is produced by the pathogen and causes disease,rather than a vaccine which is targeted against the pathogen itself. The whole cells or antigens will be depicted as either "DTwP" or "DTaP",where the lower-case "w" indicates whole-cell inactivated pertussis and the lower-case "a" stands for "acellular". In comparison to alternative vaccine types,such as live attenuated vaccines,the DTP vaccine does not contain the pathogen itself,but rather uses inactivated toxoid to generate an immune response;therefore,there is not a risk of use in populations that are immune compromised since there is not any known risk of causing the disease itself. As a result,the DTP vaccine is considered a safe vaccine to use in anyone and it generates a much more targeted immune response specific for the pathogen of interest. However,booster doses are recommended every ten years to maintain immune protection against these pathogens.
Vaccine hesitancy is a delay in acceptance,or refusal,of vaccines despite the availability of vaccine services and supporting evidence. The term covers refusals to vaccinate,delaying vaccines,accepting vaccines but remaining uncertain about their use,or using certain vaccines but not others. The scientific consensus that vaccines are generally safe and effective is overwhelming. Vaccine hesitancy often results in disease outbreaks and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases. Therefore,the World Health Organization characterizes vaccine hesitancy as one of the top ten global health threats.
Fear of needles,known in medical literature as needle phobia,is the extreme fear of medical procedures involving injections or hypodermic needles. This can lead to avoidance of medical care and vaccine hesitancy.
The Canadian Institutes of Health Research is a federal agency responsible for funding health and medical research in Canada. Comprising 13 institutes,it is the successor to the Medical Research Council of Canada.
Circumcision is a procedure that removes the foreskin from the human penis. In the most common form of the operation,the foreskin is extended with forceps,then a circumcision device may be placed,after which the foreskin is excised. Topical or locally injected anesthesia is generally used to reduce pain and physiologic stress. Circumcision is generally electively performed,most commonly done as a form of preventive healthcare,as a religious obligation,or as a cultural practice. It is also an option for cases of phimosis,other pathologies that do not resolve with other treatments,and chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs). The procedure is contraindicated in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health.
Immunization during pregnancy is the administration of a vaccine to a pregnant individual. This may be done either to protect the individual from disease or to induce an antibody response,such that the antibodies cross the placenta and provide passive immunity to the infant after birth. In many countries,including the US,Canada,UK,Australia and New Zealand,vaccination against influenza,COVID-19 and whooping cough is routinely offered during pregnancy.
The Expanded Program on Immunization(EPI) in the Philippines began in July 1979. And,in 1986,made a response to the Universal Child Immunization goal. The four major strategies include:
The Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy is a pharmacy school and an academic division of the University of Toronto. The faculty is located on the northwestern corner of College Street and University Avenue,placing it across from the Ontario Legislative Building and at the entrance to Queen's Park station. It is also situated 1–2 blocks away from four internationally renowned hospitals—The Hospital for Sick Children,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre,Toronto General Hospital and Mount Sinai Hospital. It is part of Toronto's Discovery District.
Pain in babies,and whether babies feel pain,has been a large subject of debate within the medical profession for centuries. Prior to the late nineteenth century it was generally considered that babies hurt more easily than adults. It was only in the last quarter of the 20th century that scientific techniques finally established babies definitely do experience pain –probably more than adults –and developed reliable means of assessing and of treating it. As recently as 1999,it was widely believed by medical professionals that babies could not feel pain until they were a year old,but today it is believed newborns and likely even fetuses beyond a certain age can experience pain.
Neonatal infections are infections of the neonate (newborn) acquired during prenatal development or within the first four weeks of life. Neonatal infections may be contracted by mother to child transmission,in the birth canal during childbirth,or after birth. Neonatal infections may present soon after delivery,or take several weeks to show symptoms. Some neonatal infections such as HIV,hepatitis B,and malaria do not become apparent until much later. Signs and symptoms of infection may include respiratory distress,temperature instability,irritability,poor feeding,failure to thrive,persistent crying and skin rashes.
Christine Therese Chambers is a Canadian clinical psychologist at Dalhousie University. She holds a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Children's Pain.
Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration (SIRVA) is "shoulder pain and limited range of motion occurring after the administration of a vaccine intended for intramuscular administration in the upper arm. .. thought to occur as a result of unintended injection of vaccine antigen or trauma from the needle into and around the underlying bursa of the shoulder".
Rebecca Rita Elizabeth Riddell (née Pillai) is a Canadian clinical psychologist and a basic-behavioural scientist. She is a full professor at York University and Tier 2 York Research Chair in Pain and Mental Health.
COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario began in December 2020,when the first doses of the Pfizer vaccine were administered. In February 2021,shipments for both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines increased significantly. By May 2021,over 50 percent of Ontarians had received their first dose.
C. Céleste Smith Johnston is a Professor Emerita in the Ingram School of Nursing at McGill University’s Faculty of Medicine. Johnston's research focused on the measurement and non-pharmacological management of pain in preterm neonates.
Jayne S. Danska is an immunologist in Canada. Danska is a Senior Scientist at the Hospital for Sick Children,a Professor at the University of Toronto's Faculty of Medicine,and the Anne and Max Tanenbaum Chair in Molecular Medicine.
| International | |
|---|---|
| Academics | |
