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Pope Pius XII,born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli,was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958. Before his election to the papacy,he served as secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs,papal nuncio to Germany,and Cardinal Secretary of State,in which capacity he worked to conclude treaties with various European and Latin American nations,including the Reichskonkordat treaty with the German Reich.
The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva,Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement,the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people". Membership in the WJC is open to all representative Jewish groups or communities,irrespective of the social,political or economic ideology of the community's host country. The World Jewish Congress headquarters are in New York City,and the organization maintains international offices in Brussels,Belgium;Jerusalem;Paris,France;Moscow,Russia;Buenos Aires,Argentina;and Geneva,Switzerland. The WJC has special consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council.
During World War II,some individuals and groups helped Jews and others escape the Holocaust conducted by Nazi Germany.
The history of the Jews in Italy spans more than two thousand years to the present. The Jewish presence in Italy dates to the pre-Christian Roman period and has continued,despite periods of extreme persecution and expulsions,until the present. As of 2019,the estimated core Jewish population in Italy numbers around 45,000.
The history of the Jews in Greece can be traced back to at least the fourth century BCE. The oldest and the most characteristic Jewish group that has inhabited Greece are the Romaniotes,also known as "Greek Jews." The term "Greek Jew" is predominantly used for any Jew that lives in or originates from the modern region of Greece.
The Catholic Church and Judaism have a long and complex history of cooperation and conflict,and have had a strained relationship throughout history,with periods of persecution,violence and discrimination directed towards Jews by Christians,particularly during the Middle Ages.
David G. McDonough is a member of the New York State Assembly,representing the 14th district,which includes portions of the town of Hempstead in Nassau County on Long Island. A Republican,McDonough was first elected through a special election in 2002.
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The relations between Pope Benedict XVI and Judaism remained fairly good,although concerns were raised by Jewish leaders over the political impact of Traditionalists in the Church during the papacy of Benedict.
The papacy of Pius XII began on 2 March 1939 and continued to 9 October 1958,covering the period of the Second World War and the Holocaust,during which millions of Jews were murdered by Adolf Hitler's Germany. Before becoming pope,Cardinal Pacelli served as a Vatican diplomat in Germany and as Vatican Secretary of State under Pius XI. His role during the Nazi period has been closely scrutinised and criticised. His supporters argue that Pius employed diplomacy to aid the victims of the Nazis during the war and,through directing his Church to provide discreet aid to Jews and others,saved hundreds of thousands of lives. Pius maintained links to the German Resistance,and shared intelligence with the Allies. His strongest public condemnation of genocide was,however,considered inadequate by the Allied Powers,while the Nazis viewed him as an Allied sympathizer who had dishonoured his policy of Vatican neutrality.
Three Popes and the Jews is a 1967 book by Pinchas Lapide,a former Israeli Consul to Milan,who at the time of publication was a deputy editor in the Israeli Prime Minister's press office. The "three popes" are Pope Pius XII (1939-1958),Pope John XXIII (1958-1963),and Pope Paul VI (1963-1978).
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The Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah (Holocaust) was the first official Vatican commemoration of the murder of six million Jews by the Nazis during World War II. It took place in the Sala Nervi at the Vatican on April 7,1994. The concert was conceived and created at the direct behest of Pope John Paul II by the American conductor Gilbert Levine,who had first met the Pope after he was appointed artistic director and conductor of the Krakow Philharmonic,in December 1987. Pope John Paul II,Rav Elio Toaff,the Chief Rabbi of Italy,and Oscar Luigi Scalfaro,President of Italy jointly presided over the event,and viewed it from positions of equal honor.
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Anna Kaplan is an American politician from Great Neck,New York. A Democrat,she was a member of the New York State Senate,representing New York's 7th State Senate district,which runs from the North Shore to roughly the central part of Western Nassau County on Long Island. She was a member of the so-called "Long Island Six," a group of six Democrats who represent Long Island in the New York State Senate and often vote as a block. She was elected in 2018 as part of a wave of Democrats who defeated Republican incumbents and brought control of the New York Senate to the Democrats for only the third time since World War II. She lost re-election in 2022 to Jack Martins.
Tibor Baranski was a Hungarian-American man credited with saving more than 3,000 Hungarian Jewish women,men and children from the Nazis during the Holocaust.
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John Mikulin is a member of the New York State Assembly representing the 17th district,which includes portions of the towns of Hempstead and Oyster Bay in Nassau County on Long Island. A Republican,Mikulin was first elected in a 2018 special election.
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Edward Mosberg was a Polish-American Holocaust survivor,educator,and philanthropist. During the Holocaust,he was held by the Nazis from 14 years of age in Kraków Ghetto,Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp,Auschwitz concentration camp,Mauthausen concentration camp,and a slave labor camp in Linz,Austria,that was liberated by the US Army in 1945. Nearly all of his family were murdered in the Holocaust.
References
- ↑ "Man reunites with the Jewish family his father protected during Holocaust". www.cbsnews.com. January 27, 2018. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
- ↑ "Long Island Assembly races: Focus on two open seats" . Retrieved 2017-01-04.
- ↑ Bolger, Timothy. "Miller, D'Urso Win Open Assembly Seats on Long Island" . Retrieved 2017-01-04.
- ↑ "Our Campaigns - NY Assembly 16 Race - Nov 06, 2018". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
- ↑ ArbitalJacoby, Sheri (1 March 2019). "Residents Honored By Pope Francis". Great Neck Record. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
- ↑ Phillips, Ted. "Assemb. D'Urso tells pope how his family saved Jews during Holocaust". Newsday. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
- ↑ "About - D'Urso for Assembly". Archived from the original on 2017-01-05. Retrieved 2017-01-04.