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The Pueblo Revolt of 1680, also known as Popé's Rebellion or Po'pay's Rebellion, was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, larger than present-day New Mexico. Incidents of brutality and cruelty, coupled with persistent Spanish policies that stoked animosity, gave rise to the eventual Revolt of 1680. The persecution and mistreatment of Pueblo people who adhered to traditional religious practices was the most despised of these. The Spaniards were resolved to abolish "pagan" forms of worship and replace them with Christianity. The Pueblo Revolt killed 400 Spaniards and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. The Spaniards returned to New Mexico twelve years later.
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Nicolás de Aguilar a mestizo, was a Spanish official in New Mexico. He defended the Pueblo Indians who wanted to continue their earlier religious practices even after converting, clashed with the Franciscan missionaries, and was tried and found guilty of heresy by the Mexican Inquisition. As a result of this conviction, his public career ended and he was banished from New Mexico.
Francisco Martínez de Baeza was the colonial governor of New Mexico from November 1634 to 18 April 1637. He was heavily criticized for rejecting the participation of Franciscan missions in the territory, for impeding the conversion of indigenous people to Christianity, and for exploiting the labor of these people.
Bernardo López de Mendizábal was a Spanish politician, soldier, and religious scholar, who served as governor of New Mexico between 1659–1660 and as alcalde mayor in Guayacocotla. Among López's acts as governor of New Mexico, he prohibited the Franciscan priests from forcing the Native Americans to work if they were not paying a salary and recognized their right to practice their religion. These acts caused disagreements with the Franciscan missionaries of New Mexico in their dealings with the Native Americans. He was indicted by the Inquisition on thirty-three counts of malfeasance and the practice of Judaism in 1660. He was replaced in the same year and his administration ended. He was arrested in 1663 and died as a prisoner in 1664.
José Manrique was the Governor of New Mexico from 1808 to 1814 during the period just before the Republic of Mexico gained independence from Spain.
Pedro Zambrano Ortiz, O.F.M., was a Spanish Franciscan friar who was guardian of the Mission Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula de los Pecos in the settlement of Pecos, in the Province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México of New Spain, from no later than 1619 until the fall of 1621. He then served at Galisteo Pueblo, and was still in charge of the mission in 1632
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Pedro de Peralta was Governor of New Mexico between 1610 and 1613 at a time when it was a province of New Spain. He formally founded the city of Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1610. In August 1613 he was arrested and jailed for almost a year by the Franciscan friar Isidro Ordóñez. Later, he was vindicated by the Mexican Inquisition and held a number of other senior posts in the Spanish imperial administration.
Isidro Ordóñez was a Franciscan friar who seized control of New Mexico in 1613, imprisoning Governor Pedro de Peralta. Later he was summoned to Mexico City and reprimanded for his actions by the Mexican Inquisition.
Francisco Gomez Vicente was a prominent Portuguese military leader who held the charge of acting governor of New Mexico between 1641 and 1642. He was among the first settlers of Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Luis de Rosas was a soldier who served as the ninth Spanish Governor of New Mexico from 1637 until 1641, when he was then imprisoned and assassinated. During his administration, de Rosas clashed with the Franciscans, mainly because of his handling of the indigenous Americans, whom he forced to work for him or sold them as slaves. The Franciscans promoted a revolt of the citizens of New Mexico against him. De Rosas was imprisoned after an investigation relating to his position as governor. He was killed by soldiers while in prison.
Juan Manso de Contreras was the Governor of New Mexico between 1656 and 1659.
Alonso de Llanos y Posada González (1626-?) was a Franciscan missionary who worked among the Puebloans and the Hopi Indians in northern New Spain. He became the Custos (leader) of the Franciscans in New Mexico. Posada suppressed the indigenous religious practices of the Hopi and Puebloans. Posada was often in conflict with the secular government of New Mexico. He was the Franciscan leader in disputes with two New Mexican governors, Bernardo López de Mendizábal and Diego de Peñalosa, which led to their dismissal and prosecution. In the 17th century, the secular authorities and the Franciscan missionaries in New Mexico were often in conflict as they competed for power, wealth, and the resources and labor of the Indians. Historian John L. Kessell said, "No friar ever wielded the authority of the Inquisition in New Mexico" that Posada did.
Salvador de Guerra was a Franciscan missionary to New Spain. He was investigated and sentenced in 1655 for abuse of the Hopi at his mission. Later, he served as secretary to Alonso de Posada, and was involved with the Inquisition investigation of Governor Bernardo López de Mendizábal.
Nicolás de Freitas was a Franciscan missionary to New Spain.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kessell, John L. (1979). Kiva, Cross, and Crown: The Pecos Indians and New Mexico, 1540-1840. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. pp. 154–204. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
- ↑ "Ibargaray, Antonio de". uair.library.arizona.edu. University of Arizona. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
- 1 2 Levine, Frances (27 June 2016). Doña Teresa Confronts the Spanish Inquisition: A Seventeenth-Century New Mexican Drama. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8061-5662-0.
- ↑ Bloom, Lansing Bartlett; Walter, Paul A. F. (1945). New Mexico Historical Review. University of New Mexico. p. 64. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
- ↑ Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. The Museum. 1949. p. 187. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
- ↑ Douglass, John G.; Graves, William (1 March 2017). New Mexico and the Pimería Alta: The Colonial Period in the American Southwest. University Press of Colorado. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-60732-574-1.
- ↑ Sheridan, Thomas E.; Koyiyumptewa, Stewart B.; Daughters, Anton; Brenneman, Dale S.; Ferguson, T. J.; Kuwanwisiwma, Leigh J.; Lomayestewa, Leigh Wayne (12 November 2015). Moquis and Kastiilam: Hopis, Spaniards, and the Trauma of History, Volume I, 1540–1679. University of Arizona Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-8165-3184-4.
- ↑ Scholes, France V.; Simmons, Marc; Esquibel, José Antonio (15 May 2012). Juan Domínguez de Mendoza: Soldier and Frontiersman of the Spanish Southwest, 1627–1693. University of New Mexico Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-8263-5115-9.
- ↑ Notes from the Museum of Northern Arizona. Northern Arizona Society of Science and Art. 1955. p. 31. Retrieved 17 July 2024.